FREQUENCY STABILIZATION OF ISOLATED AND GRID-CONNECTED

HYBRID MICRO GRID MODELS

Summer project submitted to the SASTRA Deemed to be University

in partial fulfilment of the requirements
for the award of the degree of

M. Tech Power Systems

Submitted by
HAMSA DEEPIKA M
(Reg. No.: 121047002)

JUNE 2020

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

THANJAVUR, TAMIL NADU, INDIA – 613 401

i
 SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

THANJAVUR – 613401

Bonafide Certificate
This is to certify that the project work titled “Frequency stabilization of isolated and grid-

connected hybrid microgrid models” submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the

award of the degree of M. Tech. Power Systems to the SASTRA Deemed to be University, is a bona-

fide record of the work done by Ms. Hamsa Deepika M (Reg. No. 12047002), during the second

semester of the academic year 2019-20, in the School of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, under

my supervision. This thesis has not formed the basis for the award of any degree, diploma,

associateship, fellowship or other similar title to any candidate of any University.

Signature of Project Supervisor : Dr Vigneysh T

Name with Affiliation : Dr Vigneysh T (AP-III)

Date : 29.08.2020

Project Viva voce held on 29.08.2020

Examiner 1 Examiner 2

ii
 SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
THANJAVUR – 613401

Declaration

I declare that the project work titled “Frequency stabilization of isolated and grid-

connected hybrid microgrid models” submitted by me is an original work done by me under

the guidance of Dr Vigneysh T, AP-III, School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,

SASTRA Deemed to be University during the second semester of the academic year 2019-20, in

the School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering. The work is original and wherever I have

used materials from other sources, I have given due credit and cited them in the text of the thesis.

This thesis has not formed the basis for the award of any degree, diploma, associate-ship, fellowship

or other similar title to any candidate of any University.

Signature of the candidates : Hamsa Deepika M

Name of the candidates : Hamsa Deepika M

Date : 29.08.2020

iii
 Acknowledgements

I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to the Vice chancellor, SASTRA Deemed to be University,
Dr S. VAIDYASUBRAMANIAM and the Registrar Dr R. CHANDRAMOULI for providing me
with all administrative support. I express my grateful thanks to Dr K. THENMOZHI, Dean, School
of Electrical and Electronics Engineering and Dr K. VIJAYAREKHA, Associate Dean (EEE),
SASTRA Deemed to be University, for giving me necessary encouragement.

I render my sincere thanks to the project coordinator Dr VELAMURI SURESH, AP-III, EEE for his
involvement and encouragement during this project.

I further acknowledge the suggestions and directions for further work given by the members of our
review panel during presentations. Lastly, I record my deep sense of gratitude to my guide Dr
VIGNEYSH T, AP-III, EEE for sustained encouragement and guidance during the course of the
project work.

I would like to acknowledge the crucial role of the suggestions and comments provided by my project
guide in successfully completing the project. In conclusion, I also record my gratitude for the manifold
help and support received by me from my parents during the course of the project work.

iv
 Abstract

This project inquires load frequency control of Isolated and Grid-connected hybrid power system
models (IHPS and GHPS). The generating units of IHPS are diesel engine generator (DEG), wind
turbine generator (WTG), and solar thermal power generation (STPG) whereas, the generating units
of GHPS include the integration of WTG and steam thermal power station (STPS). Superconducting
magnetic energy storage (SMES) is used as the energy storage device while the system is operated in
isolated mode. To stabilize the load frequency and enhance the dynamic performance of the system a
conventional proportional-integral (PI) controller is used. The transient response of the system
concerning step changes in the load demand is examined for IHPS and GHPS using Mat lab Simulink.

v
 Table of Contents

Title Page No.

Bona-fide certificate ii

Declaration iii

Acknowledgements iv

Abstract v

List of Figures vii

List of Tables viii

Abbreviations ix

1. Introduction 1
1.1 Preface 1
1.2 Literature Survey 1
1.3 Problem Formulation 2
1.4 Objectives 2
1.5 Organization of the work 3
2. System Configuration and Characteristics 4
2.1 Studied IHPS Model 4
2.2 Studied GHPS Model 5
2.3 Power Generating Units 5
2.3.1 Diesel Engine Generator 5
2.3.2 Wind Turbine Generator 6
2.3.3 Solar Thermal Power Generation 8
2.4 Energy storage device – SMES 8
2.5 Supplementary control mechanism – PI Controller 9
3. Results and Analysis 11
4. Conclusion 13
5. References 14

vi
 List of Figures

Figure No. Title Page No.

1 IHPS model- Block diagram 4

2 GHPS model- Block diagram 5

3 SMES model- Block diagram 9

4 Structure of PI Controller 9

5(a) Dynamic response of case 1 with 0.01 p.u. SLP ∆𝑓 without 12

SMES
5(b) Dynamic response of case 1 with 0.01 p.u. SLP ∆f with SMES 12

6 Dynamic response of Case 2 with 0.01 p.u. load disturbance 12

vii
 List of Tables

Table No Table Name Page No

1 Nominal parameters of the designed IHPS and GHPS models 10

viii
 ABBREVIATIONS

LFC Load Frequency Control

IHPS Isolated Hybrid Power System
GHPS Grid-Connected Hybrid Power System
STPS Steam Thermal Power Station
DEG Diesel Engine Generator
WTG Wind Turbine Generator
STPG Solar Thermal Power Generation
SMES Super conducting magnetic energy storage
PI Proportional-Integral
RES Renewable energy resources
PV Photovoltaic
DG Distributed Generation
ESD Energy Storage Device
PGU Power Generating Unit
SLP Step Load Perturbation

ix
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 PREFACE:

Increasing demand for electrical energy in the modern world due to industrial development and
accelerated population growth has cultivated a thriving interest in the integration of renewable
energy resources (RES) in power systems. RES like solar energy, off shore wind, hydropower,
ocean energy, biofuels, and biomass affords green energy and reduces the dependency on fossil
fuels. It offers a promising prospect in the future. Of all the RES mentioned above, wind and
solar photovoltaic (PV) generating units are becoming more reliable. The power quality and
reliability of the generated electricity can be enhanced by integrating RES with conventional
resources.

1.2 LITERATURE SURVEY:

Literature survey unfolds that due to the progressive depletion of fossil fuels and the increase
in fuel cost, the necessary demand in the power may not be met by the traditional power
generations. Subsequently, the integration of RES has gained popularity in recent times. Power
supplied by renewable sources cannot be efficiently predicted and it is irregular. These
ambiguities in the power supplied by the RES can affect the necessary balance between
generation and demand. As a result of perpetual fluctuations in frequency and voltage levels of
the power system its stability, is affected. In power system dynamics, the control of generation
and frequency is the most crucial issue for its reliable operation. To overcome these
predicaments, the notion of distributed generation (DG), is implemented for the regulation of
system voltage and frequency. DG is an approach that applies small-scale technologies to
generate electricity nearer to the end-users. Electrical power is supplied by diesel generators in
most isolated power systems. Additionally, wind energy is emerging as a leading renewable
energy option due to perpetual progression in its technology and the drop in component cost.
The research and improvements in semiconductor manufacturing technology improve swiftly
the installed capacity of PV power generation to satisfy the escalating power demand. [1]

The RES generation is sporadical and it relies on weather conditions. This might head to a
circumstance where the load demand is greater than the generated power. The energy storage
devices (ESDs) may save the surplus power available from the RES and delivers them when
the load demand is higher on the grid. Generally used ESDs include battery energy storage

1
system, flywheel energy storage system, super capacitor, compressed air energy storage
system, and superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) system. The main function of
these EDS is to store the excess available energy and deliver it at the time of peak load demand
[2]. SMES is considered as an efficient energy storage system amongst the above-mentioned
energy storage devices. Some of its advantages include large energy storage efficiency, 97%
for very large systems, and proportionately more diminutive for small applications. SMES
plays an important role in maintaining the grid reliability because it stores the electrical energy
with zero loss by the magnetic field of a coil comprising superconducting wire and it
emancipates high power within a fraction of cycle to compensate for the abrupt drop in the line
power. This makes SMES more environmentally advantageous and viable contrasted to the
other ESDs [3].

1.3 PROBLEM FORMULATION:

From the literature survey, it is identified that due to unpredictable fluctuations in the speed of
the wind and solar energy radiations the power generated is profoundly fluctuating. So, it
becomes unreliable for stand-alone applications. However, to achieve it successfully, the power
generating and energy storing elements should be efficiently managed, coordinated, and
controlled. The main motive of this work turns out to be the stabilization of frequency in
various scenarios by tuning the controller parameters of the developed IHPs and GHPS models
subjected to load disturbances.

1.4 OBJECTIVES:

This work is intended to analyse the transient response of the system concerning step changes
in load. The objectives of this work is stated below:

1. To model an IHPS containing WTG, DEG, and STPG to manage the rural electricity
crisis.
2. To model a GHPS including a WTG and a STPS one RES and one non-RES
respectively for the continuous supply of power.
3. To investigate the advantages of SMES in the instance of IHPS to meet the required
power demand and for reliable power quality.
4. To maintain the scheduled frequency pertaining SLP, a PI controller is added.

2
 1.5 ORGANIZATION OF THE WORK:

This work includes the difficulties concerning the frequency regulation of both isolated and
grid-connected hybrid power system models subjected to step load disturbance. The work is
organized as follows

Chapter 1: Introduction- This chapter gives the brief introduction about integration
of renewable energy sources and the literature survey for the present work. It also
includes organization of the thesis.

Chapter 2: System configuration and characteristics- In this chapter the basic

concept on DEG, WTG, STPG, SMES, and PI controller are explained.

Chapter 3: Result and analysis- Simulation-based performance study and their

analysis are done in this chapter.

Chapter 4: Conclusion- the concluding remarks are summarized and presented in this
section.

3
 CHAPTER 2

SYSTEM CONFIGURATIONS AND CHARACTERISTICS

2.1 Studied IHPS Model:

The studied IHPS model includes a DEG, WTG, and STPG. Fig (1) shows the schematic of
the designed IHPS model. The chosen parametric values of the studied IHPS and GHPS model
are depicted in Table 1. As an energy storage device, a SMES block is added. A 150 kW WTG
and a 150 kW DEG is the system model considered [4]. The cumulative power balance equation
of the designed IHPS model is given by (1)

∆𝑃IPHS = ∆𝑃GD + ∆𝑃STPG + ∆𝑃GW − ∆𝑃L− ∆𝑃SMES (1)

Where,

∆𝑃IPHS - Total output deviation of IHPS model.

∆𝑃GD - Output power deviation of the DEG.

∆𝑃STPG - Output power deviation of the STPG.

∆𝑃GW - Output power deviation of the WTG.

∆𝑃L - Change in load demand.

∆𝑃SMES - Output power deviation of the SMES.

Fig 1: IHPS model- Block diagram

4
2.2 Studied GHPS Model:

The designed GHPS model is composed of a WTG and a STPS. The cumulative power balance
equation of the designed GHPS model is given by (2)

∆𝑃GPHS = ∆𝑃GW + ∆𝑃M − ∆𝑃L (2)

Where,

∆𝑃GPHS - Total output deviation of GHPS model.

∆𝑃GW - Output power deviation of the WTG.

∆𝑃M - Output power deviation of the steam turbine.

Fig 2: GHPS model- Block diagram

2.3 Power generating units:

2.3.1 Diesel engine generator:

DEG is the only power generating unit (PGU) that works anonymously. Hence, it plays an
important role in the IHPS model whereas, the other PGUs such as WTG, STPG, etc. are reliant
on the weather conditions. As DEG provides continuous and high-quality power, it is utilized
as the most reliable standby emergency generators. The operation, maintenance, and control of
the non-conventional PGUs are done in HPS. The dynamic model of DEG with simplified
dynamics of speed governor and diesel engine unit is shown in Fig (1) [5]. The transfer function
equations of the DEG are given as follows, (3) - (5)

5
 1
∆𝑃𝐺𝐷 = (1+𝑠𝑇 ) ∆𝑃𝐺𝑇 (3)
𝐷4

𝐾𝐷 (1+ 𝑠𝑇𝐷1 )
∆𝑃𝐺𝑇 = ((1+ ) ∆𝑃𝐺 (4)
𝑠𝑇𝐷2 )(1+ 𝑠𝑇𝐷3 )

1
∆𝑃𝐺 = ∆𝑃𝐶𝐷 − (𝑅 ) ∆𝑓 (5)
𝐷

Where,

∆𝑃𝐺 - Control signal of the speed governor (in p.u)

∆𝑃𝐺𝑇 - Control signal of the diesel generator (in p.u)

∆𝑃𝐶𝐷 - Control signal of the diesel governor (in p.u)

∆𝑓 - Frequency deviation

𝐾𝐷 - Gain of the governor

𝑅𝐷 - Speed governor’s regulation (Hz/p.u.)

𝑇𝐷1 , 𝑇𝐷2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇𝐷3 - Speed governor’s time constants (in sec)

𝑇𝐷4 - Turbine’s time constant (in sec)

2.3.2 Wind turbine generator:

The dynamic model of the WTG is shown in Fig (1). The Kinetic energy of the moving air is
converted into mechanical energy and subsequently to electrical energy by the wind turbine
generator. The output power of the aerodynamic power turbine (𝑃𝑡 ) is given by (6)

1
𝑃𝑡 = 2 𝐶𝑝 (𝜆, 𝛽 )𝜌𝜋𝑅2 𝜈 3 (6)

Where,

ρ - Air density

R - Blade radius

β - Pitch angle

ν - Linear wind speed

𝐶𝑝 - Power coefficient (Function of tip speed ratio and blade pitch angle).

6
The transfer function equations are presented in (7)–(11). The speed proportional to the
difference between the turbine and generator frequency is transferred by the fluid coupling
block. In response to this, the variation in generated power is asserted in (7) [6].

∆𝑃𝐺𝑊 = 𝐾𝐼𝐺 [∆𝐹𝑇 − ∆𝑓] (7)

Where,

𝐾𝐼𝐺 - Fluid coupling gain

∆𝐹𝑇 - Deviation in speed of the WTG.

The speed of wind turbine generator is presented in (8)

1
∆𝐹𝑇 = ( 1+𝑠𝑇 ) [𝐾𝑇𝑃 ∆𝐹𝑇 − ∆𝑃𝐺𝑊 + 𝐾𝑃𝐶 ∆𝑋3 + ∆𝑃𝐼𝑊 ] (8)
𝑊

𝐾𝑃𝐶 - Gain of blade characteristic

∆𝑃𝐼𝑊 - Wind power deviation input (in p.u.)

∆𝑋3 - Data fit pitch response’s output

The data fit pitch response block operates as a simple lag compensator that is matched with the
gain characteristics of the model. The output of data fit pitch response may be shown in (9).

𝑃3𝐾
∆𝑋3 = ∆𝑋2 (1+ 𝑠𝑇 ) (9)
𝑃3

Where,

∆𝑋2 - Hydraulic pitch actuator’s output

𝐾𝑃3 - Data fit pitch response block’s gain

𝑇𝑃3 - Data fit pitch response block’s time constant

The pitch angle of the turbine is regulated by the hydraulic pitch actuator. The output of the
hydraulic pitch actuator can be represented as (10).

𝑃2𝐾
∆𝑋2 = ∆𝑋1 (1+ 𝑠𝑇 ) (10)
𝑃2

Where,

∆𝑋1 - Pitch controller’s output

7
𝐾𝑃2 - Hydraulic pitch actuator’s gain

𝑇𝑃2 - Hydraulic pitch actuator’s time constant (in sec)

To get the maximum output power of the turbine the pitch angle of the WTG should be finely
selected. The output of the pitch angle block can be represented as (11).

𝐾𝑃1 (1+ 𝑠𝑇𝑃1 )

∆𝑋1 = ∆𝑃𝐶𝑊 [ ] (11)
1+𝑠

Where,

∆𝑃𝐶𝑊 - Pitch control block’s control signal (in p.u)

𝐾𝑃1 - Pitch control block’s gain

𝑇𝑃1 - Pitch control block’s Time constant (in sec)

2.3.3 Solar thermal power generation:

The recognition of STPG as a new technology by the power utilities is expanding day by day.
The working principle of the STPG is similar to that of a conventional steam thermal power
plant. The only peculiarity rests in the means of production of steam. The transfer function
model 𝐺𝑆𝑇𝑃𝐺 (𝑠) of the STPG unit is shown in (12) [7].

𝐾𝑇 𝑆 𝐾 ∆𝑃𝑆𝑇𝑃𝐺
𝐺𝑆𝑇𝑃𝐺 (𝑠) = (1+ 𝑠𝑇 ) (1+𝑠𝑇 )= (12)
𝑇 𝑆 ∆𝑃𝑆𝑂𝐿

𝐾𝑇 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐾𝑆 - Gains of the STPG

𝑇𝑇 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇𝑆 - Time constants of STPG (in sec)

∆𝑃𝑆𝑇𝑃𝐺 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∆𝑃𝑆𝑂𝐿 - Output and input power deviation of STPG

2.4 Energy storage device- SMES:

SMES is a device that stores power from the grid in the form of a magnetic field of a coil made
of superconducting wire. The structure of SMES as a frequency stabilizer is presented in Fig.
3. The change in power of the SMES (∆𝑃𝑆𝑀𝐸𝑆 ) is shown in (13) [8].

𝟏 𝟏+𝒔𝑻𝟏 𝟏+𝒔𝑻𝟑
∆𝑷𝑺𝑴𝑬𝑺 = [𝟏+𝒔𝑻 ][ ][ ] ∆𝒇𝑲𝑭 𝑲𝑺𝑴𝑬𝑺 (13)
𝑺𝑴𝑬𝒔 𝟏+𝒔𝑻𝟐 𝟏+𝒔𝑻𝟒

∆𝑷𝑺𝑴𝑬𝑺 - Incremental change in output power of the SMES

𝒔𝑻𝑺𝑴𝑬𝒔 - Time constant (in sec)

8
𝑲𝑭 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑲𝑺𝑴𝑬𝑺 - Control loop gains of SMES

𝑻𝟏, 𝑻𝟐, 𝑻𝟑 , 𝑻𝟒 - Time constants (in secs) to compensate for the phase lag between input
and output signals phase compensation is provided.

Fig 3: SMES model- Block diagram

2.5 Supplementary Control Mechanism- PI Controller:

A PI controller is used to enhance the dynamic response of the system and to maintain the load
frequency. It provides the output signal u(t), consisting of two terms- one proportional to the
input signal, e(t) and other proportional to the integral of the input signal, e(t).

𝑡
𝑢(𝑡) = 𝐾𝑝 𝑒(𝑡) + 𝐾𝑖 ∫0 𝑒(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 (14)

Where, 𝐾𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐾𝑖 are the proportional and integral gain.

The error inputs to the PI controller for the designed IHPS model are given in (15) and (16),
respectively.

𝑒1 (𝑡) = ∆𝑓 (15)

𝑒2 (𝑡) = ∆𝑃𝐺𝑊 − ∆𝑃𝐺𝑊(max) = ∆𝑃𝑔𝑤 (16)

The error input to the PI controller for the designed GHPS model are given in (17) and (18),
respectively.

𝑒3 (𝑡) = ∆𝑓 (17)

𝑒4 (𝑡) = ∆𝑃𝐺𝑊 − ∆𝑃𝐺𝑊(max) = ∆𝑃𝑔𝑤 (18)

9
 Fig 4: Structure of PI Controller

Table 1: Nominal parameters of the designed IHPS and GHPS models.

Model Parameters
Wind unit KP1= 1.25 TP1= 0.60s KTP= 0.0033
KP2= 1.00 TP2= 0.041s KIG= 0.9969
KP3= 1.40 TP3= 1.0s KPC= 0.080
Diesel unit KD= 0.3333 TD1= 1.00s TD3= 0.025s
RD= 3.0 Hz/pu TD2= 2.00s TD4= 3.0s
Thermal Tg= 0.8s RD= 2.4 Hz/pu
units Tt= 0.3s KP= 120
TP= 14.4s
SMES KF= 50
Solar unit KS= 1.8 TS= 1.8s
KT= 1 TT= 0.3s

10
 CHAPTER 3

RESULT AND ANALYSIS

Different combinations of energy resources and storage units for the studied IHPS and the
GHPS models are examined under various operating conditions. The models are simulated
Matlab Simulink for distinct types of load disturbances to perform the time-domain analysis.
A constant variation in grid frequency is recognized throughout the system due to the presence
of unpredictable renewable energy generation components like wind and solar power units.
Hence it is necessary to keep the power quality within expected limits. A controller is
incorporated in the loop to sort this problem out. The controller sends a signal to the energy
storage systems to consume/deliver a surplus/shortage of power from/into the grid. To meet
the short term load demands, it gives a command to the generating unit to deliver a large burst
of power into the grid.

3.1 Case 1: IHPS with DEG, WTG and STPG:

Fig. 1 shows the block diagram depiction of the model examined in this scenario. Base wind
power of 0.01 p.u. and 0.2 p.u. for the solar power system is applied for this model. The time-
domain response of the system is investigated under full load conditions. Fig. 5 shows the
simulation results of the studied model and Fig. 5(a) and 5(b) are the frequency deviation
profile of the designed model without SMES and with SMES respectively. The time-domain
analysis is performed and a SLP of 1% is applied at t=100s. On examining the curves, it is
evident that the system is not able to arrive the steady-state condition when SMES is not applied
to the system whereas, the scheduled frequency has arrived within 6.6s when SMES is applied
to the system. Hence, it is perceived from the above results that small signal stability is achieved
by introducing SMES to the system. Furthermore, it is observed that the oscillations are
attenuated. Thereby, the steady-state stability and damping characteristics are enhanced for the
system consisting of the PI controller designed with SMES.

11
Fig 5: Dynamic response of Case 1 with 0.01 p.u. SLP (a) ∆𝑓without SMES (b) ∆𝑓 with
SMES

12
3.2 Case 2: GHPS with WTG and STPS:

Case 2 deals with GHPS model with WTG and STPS. The time-domain analysis is performed
and a SLP of 1% is applied at t=100s. Fig. 6 shows the simulation results of the studied model.
A comparative time-domain analysis is performed for a system containing only STPS and with
the system containing WTG and STPS.

It is evident from the dynamic response of this system, employing WTG and STPS that Δf is
driven back to zero with fewer oscillations contrasted to the system with only STPS. For the
frequency deviation with WTG and STPS, the settling time is reduced.

13
Fig 6: Dynamic response of Case 2 with 0.01 p.u. load disturbance (a) with only STPS (b)
with WTG and STPS

14
 CHAPTER 4

CONCLUSION

The load frequency stabilization of the microgrid with the integration of RESs has been
investigated in this work. The investigation is done for the IHPS and GHPS models with several
uncertainties. In the studied IHPS model, a SMES unit is connected to enhance the system
stability and attenuate the power oscillations. With the designed PI controller and SMES the
system is brought back to its usual operating conditions following step load perturbation. On
examining the simulation results, it is apparent that the stabilization of load frequency is
achieved for the system with SMES connected to it.

The dynamic response of the studied GHPS model is also inquired and from the simulation
results, it is evident that the response of the system is enhanced with the addition of WTG to
the STPS.

15
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 APPENDIX

SMILARITY CHECK REPORT

17