Different Versions of Bernoulli Equation 𝑉2

1) Bernoulli equation based on energy/mass

𝑧2 𝑝2
𝑝1 1 2 𝑝2 1 2 2
+ 𝑉1 + 𝑔𝑧1 = + 𝑉2 + 𝑔𝑧2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 1 z
𝜌 2 𝜌 2 𝑉1 𝑧1
1 𝑝1
Flow Kinetic Potential
Per Unit Mass:
Energy + Energy + Energy = Constant on a streamline
2) Multiply the Bernoulli equation by density 𝝆 𝜌 × 𝑝 + 1 𝑉 2 + 𝑔𝑧 = 𝜌 × 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 1
𝜌 2
1 2 1 2
𝑝1 + 𝜌𝑉1 + 𝜌𝑔𝑧1 = 𝑝2 + 𝜌𝑉2 + 𝜌𝑔𝑧2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 2
2 2
Static Pressure + Dynamic Pressure + Hydrostatic Pressure = Constant on a streamline
𝑝 1 2
3) Divide the Bernoulli equation by 𝒈 + 𝑉 + 𝑔𝑧 ÷ 𝑔 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 1 ÷ 𝑔
𝜌 2
𝑝1 𝑉12 𝑝2 𝑉22
+ + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 3
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔
? + ?+?
28 February 2023 Heat and Flow Engineering Principles, by Prof. P. Rezai 1
 Bernoulli Equation based on Head Terms
𝑝 𝑉2
+ + 𝑧 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑎 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 → 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑚 → 𝐸𝐺𝐿
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔
Energy Grade Line (EGL)
p/g is the pressure head; it represents
the height of a fluid column that
produces the static pressure pstat.

V2/2g is the velocity head or dynamic

head; it represents the elevation needed 𝑝𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡 𝑉12 𝑝𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔
for a fluid to reach the velocity V during + =
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔
frictionless free fall.

z is the elevation head; it represents

the potential energy of the fluid.
z
28 February 2023 Heat and Flow Engineering Principles, by Prof. P. Rezai 2
Energy Grade Line (EGL) & Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL)
𝒑 𝑽𝟐
- Energy grade line (EGL): + +𝒛
𝜌𝑔 𝟐𝒈
The line that represents the total head of the fluid.
𝒑
- Hydraulic grade line (HGL): +𝒛
𝜌𝑔
The line that represents the sum of the static pressure
head and the elevation head.
𝑽𝟐
- Dynamic head: Difference between the heights of
𝟐𝒈
EGL and HGL.
Under the four limiting Bernoulli conditions
𝑝1 𝑉12 𝑝2 𝑉22
+ + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠.
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔

EGL 1 = EGL 2 = EGL of other points

28 February 2023 Heat and Flow Engineering Principles, by Prof. P. Rezai 3
 Notes on HGL and EGL
• For stationary bodies such as reservoirs
or lakes, the EGL and HGL coincide with
the free surface of the liquid.

• The EGL is always a distance V /2g above

2

the HGL. These two curves approach each

other as the
velocity decreases
and diverge as the
velocity increases.

28 February 2023 Heat and Flow Engineering Principles, by Prof. P. Rezai 4

• In an idealized Bernoulli-type flow, EGL is
horizontal and its height remains constant.
But this is not the case for HGL when the flow
velocity varies along the flow

𝑃 𝑉2
+ + 𝑧 = 𝐸𝐺𝐿 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 (𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑎 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒)
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔

• At a pipe exit, the pressure head is zero

gage (atmospheric pressure) and thus the
HGL (P/g+z) coincides with the pipe
outlet.

28 February 2023 Heat and Flow Engineering Principles, by Prof. P. Rezai 5

• The (gage) pressure of a fluid is zero at locations where the
HGL intersects the fluid. The pressure in a flow section that
lies above HGL is negative, and the pressure in a section that
lies below HGL is positive.

28 February 2023 Heat and Flow Engineering Principles, by Prof. P. Rezai 6

• The mechanical energy loss due to frictional
effects (conversion to thermal energy) causes
the EGL and HGL to slope downward in the
direction of flow. The slope is a measure of the
head loss (hfriction) in the pipe.
• A steep jump occurs in EGL and HGL whenever
mechanical energy is added to the fluid with a
pump or fan (hpump).
• A component, such as a valve or turbine, that
generates significant frictional effects causes a
sudden drop in both EGL and HGL at that
location (hTurbine).

Later Today and Next Class: We will discuss Energy Eq.

free from Bernoulli limitations (h is called HEAD LOSS)
𝑝1 𝑉12 𝑝2 𝑉22
+ + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2 + ℎ𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 + ℎ 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 − ℎ𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔

28 February 2023 Heat and Flow Engineering Principles, by Prof. P. Rezai 7

 Example
A necked-down section in a pipe flow, called a venturi, develops a
low throat pressure which can aspirate fluid upward from a reservoir, as in the
Figure. Considering no energy losses, derive an expression for the velocity V1
which is just sufficient to bring reservoir fluid into the throat.

28 February 2023 Heat and Flow Engineering Principles, by Prof. P. Rezai 8

 1 2 1 2
𝑝1 + 𝜌𝑉1 + 𝜌𝑔𝑧1 = 𝑝2 + 𝜌𝑉2 + 𝜌𝑔𝑧2
2 2

2
For 𝑉1𝑚𝑖𝑛 , substitute the 𝑉2 we 𝐷2
found above from Bernoulli’s eq 𝑉1𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑉2 𝐷 =⋯
1
into equation B

28 February 2023 Heat and Flow Engineering Principles, by Prof. P. Rezai 9

Application of RTT in First Law of Thermodynamics
𝒅𝑩𝑺𝒚𝒔 𝒅
RTT in general form for a CV = න 𝜷 𝝆 𝒅∀ + න 𝜷 𝝆 𝑽. 𝒏 𝒅𝑨
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝑪𝑽 𝑪𝑺

Take the extensive parameter in RTT to be Energy 𝑩𝑺𝒚𝒔 = 𝑬𝑺𝒚𝒔

Substitute in
𝐵 𝐸𝑆𝑦𝑠
RTT Eq.
We had 𝛽 = 𝛽=
𝑚
= 𝑒 Energy per unit mass
𝑚
𝑑𝐸𝑆𝑦𝑠 𝑑 +
= න 𝑒𝜌 𝑑∀ + න 𝑒 𝜌 𝑽. 𝒏 𝑑𝐴 _
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝐶𝑉 𝐶𝑆 +
_
𝑑
𝐸ሶ = 𝑄ሶ − 𝑊ሶ = න 𝑒𝜌 𝑑∀ + න 𝑒 𝜌 𝑽. 𝒏 𝑑𝐴 1
𝑑𝑡 𝐶𝑉 𝐶𝑆

This is a scalar equation (each part has a magnitude and no direction)

Unknowns: 𝑊,
ሶ 𝑄,ሶ 𝑒 ?
28 February 2023 Heat and Flow Engineering Principles, by Prof. P. Rezai 10
 Rate of Work on a System 𝑾ሶ
We divide the work term into three parts

Shaft Work 𝑊ሶ 𝑠 Pressure Work 𝑊ሶ 𝑝 Viscous Stress Work 𝑊ሶ 𝑣

• Work that is deliberately • At CS only due to pressure • At control surfaces only

done by a machine (pump • 𝑑𝐹 = 𝑝 𝑑𝐴 displacing surface by 𝑥 due to viscous stresses
impeller, fan blade, piston) 𝑑𝑢
• 𝜏 = 𝜇 𝑑𝑦 → 𝑑𝐹 = 𝜏 𝑑𝐴
protruding through the 𝑑𝐹
control surface into the 𝑥 𝑑𝑊𝑣 −𝜏 𝑑𝐴 𝑥
𝑑𝑊ሶ 𝑣 = =
control volume. 𝑡 𝑡

𝑑𝑊𝑝 −𝑝 𝑑𝐴 𝑥
𝑑 𝑊ሶ 𝑝 = = = −𝑝 𝑑𝐴 𝑉 𝑑 𝑊ሶ 𝑣 = − 𝜏. 𝑽 𝑑𝐴
_ 𝑡 𝑡
+
𝑑𝑊ሶ 𝑝 = 𝑝 𝑽. 𝒏 𝑑𝐴
𝑊ሶ 𝑠
Turbine Pump 𝑊ሶ 𝑝 = න 𝑝 𝑽. 𝒏 𝑑𝐴 𝑊ሶ 𝑣 = − න 𝜏. 𝑽 𝑑𝐴
𝐶𝑆
𝐶𝑆

28 February 2023
𝑊ሶ = 𝑊ሶ 𝑠 + න 𝑝 𝑽. 𝒏 𝑑𝐴 + 𝑊ሶ 𝑣 𝑖𝑛 1 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑠𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑒 11
𝐶𝑆
 Appendix

28 February 2023 Heat and Flow Engineering Principles, by Prof. P. Rezai 12

 System Energy 𝑬𝒔𝒚𝒔 or Simply 𝑬
The net change (increase or decrease) in the total energy of the system
during a process is equal to the difference between the total energy entering
and the total energy leaving the system.
Exiting the system (NEGATIVE)

Entering
Exiting the system the system
𝑄𝑖𝑛 − 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝑊𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑊𝑖𝑛 = ∆𝐸 (POSITIVE) (NEGATIVE)
𝑊𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑊𝑖𝑛
Rearrange
𝑄𝑖𝑛 − 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 − (𝑊𝑖𝑛 − 𝑊𝑜𝑢𝑡 ) = ∆𝐸
÷ ∆𝑡 𝑄𝑖𝑛 − 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 (𝑊𝑖𝑛 − 𝑊𝑜𝑢𝑡 ) ∆𝐸
− = Entering the system (POSITIVE)
∆𝑡 ∆𝑡 ∆𝑡
Take limit for derivative
𝑑𝑄 𝑑𝑊 𝑑𝐸 Q denotes heat added to the
representation − = or 𝑄ሶ − 𝑊ሶ = 𝐸ሶ system and W denotes work
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 done by the system.
28 February 2023 Heat and Flow Engineering Principles, by Prof. P. Rezai 13