Fluid Mechanics

By: Engr. Lester Alfred M. Olasiman

Continuity Equation of Fluid
Objective
1. Define volume flow rate, weight flow rate,
and mass flow rate and their units.
2. Define steady flow and the principle of
continuity.
3. Write the continuity equation, and use it to
relate the volume flow rate, area, and
velocity of flow between two points in a
fluid flow system.
4. Describe five types of commercially
available pipe and tubing: steel pipe, ductile
iron pipe, steel tubing, copper tubing, and
plastic pipe and tubing.
5. Specify the desired size of pipe or tubing for
carrying a given flow rate of fluid at a
specified velocity.
6. State recommended velocities of flow and
typical volume flow rates for various types
of systems.
7. Define potential energy, kinetic energy, and
flow energy as they relate to fluid flow
systems.
8. Apply the principle of conservation of
energy to develop Bernoulli's equation, and
state the restrictions on its use.
9. Define the terms pressure head, elevation
head, velocity head, and total head
10. Apply Bernoulli's equation to fluid flow
systems.
11. Define Torricelli's theorem, and apply it to
compute the flow rate of fluid from a tank
and the time required to empty a tank.
 Law of Conservation of Mass
(Continuity Mass Equation)

The law of conservation of mass states that

“mass cannot be created nor destroyed.”
The total mass is a constant.
Law of Conservation of Mass
Law of conservation of mass states
that the mass is indestructible.
The quality of fluid passing thru a
given section is given by the
formula
Law of Conservation of Mass
𝑉ሶ = 𝐴𝑣̅
𝐴𝑣̅
ሶ → 𝑚ሶ = 𝐴𝑣̅𝜌; 𝑚ሶ =
𝑚ሶ = 𝑉𝜌
𝑣̅
Where:
𝑉=ሶ volume flow rate
𝐴= Area
𝑣̅= velocity
𝑚= ሶ mass flow rate
Closed System
m1=m2
Steady Flow System
𝑚ሶ 1 = 𝑚ሶ 2
Problem 1
A fluid moves in steady flow manner
between two section in flow line, at
ft
section 1: A = 10ft 2 , vത = 100 ,
min
ft3
v=4 . At section 2: A = 2ft 2 ,
lbm
lbm
ρ = 0.20 . Calculate
ft3
(a) The mass flow rate and
(b) The speed at section 2.
Law of Conservation of Energy
When a system undergoes
thermodynamic cycle then the net heat
supplied to the system from the
surroundings is equal to net work done by
the system on its surroundings.
a The First Law of Thermodynamics may also
be stated as follows :
“Heat and work are mutually convertible but
since energy can neither be created nor
destroyed, the total energy associated with
an Energy remains constant”.
Or
“Energy can’t be created nor destroyed, it
may be converted into another form of
energy”
Or
“No machine can produce energy without
corresponding expenditure of energy, i.e., it
is impossible to construct a perpetual
motion machine of first kind”
Types of Energy
1. Potential Energy
2. Kinetic Energy
3. Heat
4. Work
5. Internal Energy
6. Work flow
7. Enthalpy
Potential Energy
g

Gravitational potential energy is m

the energy possessed by a mass
due to the force of attraction of
earth when the mass is located at
some height above any arbitrary
datum. PE
𝑚𝑔ℎ Building h
𝑃𝐸 =
𝑘
m = mass
g = gravitational Acceleration
h = elevation
K = Proportionality Constant
Kinetic Energy
Kinetic energy is energy due to
motion or velocity of the object
v
(mass).
𝑚𝑣̅ 2
𝐾𝐸 = m
KE
2𝑘
• m = mass
• g = gravitational Acceleration
• v = velocity
• K = Proportionality Constant
Relation of Potential & Kinetic Energy
g

m v

PE = KE
𝑚𝑔ℎ 𝑚𝑣̅ 2
=
𝑘 2𝑘
h
Building
Internal Energy
Heat Food
The sum of the internal kinetic energy
and internal potential energy is called
the internal energy, which is “energy
stored within a body” or substance by
virtue of the activity and configuration
of its molecules and of the vibration of Heat
E Heat
the atoms within the molecules.

Δ𝑈 = 𝑚CΔT Work

m = mass
𝐶 = Specific Heat
𝛥𝑇 = Change in Temperature Heat
Work
The work of a force may be Linear work is the product of a
defined as the displacement of a constant force along its line of
body (considered as a particle) action. Mathematically
multiplied by the component of
the force in the direction of the 𝟐
displacement. 𝑾 = න 𝑷𝒅𝒗
𝟏
Like kinetic energy, work may be
linear or rotational.
Heat
Heat is a form of energy that occurs
only as a flow (or transfer) of energy
as a result of temperature difference.
This transfer of energy occurs by
conduction, by convection and by
radiation.
“The direction of heat flow in a
substance or across a single boundary
of a system is always from the higher
to the lower temperature”
Sensible Heat - if the heat flow does
cause change in temperature without
a change in phase
𝑸 = 𝒎𝐂𝚫𝐓
Latent Heat - no temperature change
involved during a phase change so
the equation for latent heat does not
include temperature term.
𝑸 = 𝒎𝒉𝒇
Work and Heat
Heat
+Q : heat is added to the system
(endothermic)

-Q : heat is rejected by the system

(exothermic) Heat
E +Q

+W : work is done by the system -W

Work
(work exits the system)

-W : work is done to the system

(work enters the system) -Q
Work Flow
This is the work by the fluid to Thus there is a flow-work term
overcome the normal stress, that entering and leaving the system
is, pressure, at the boundary. boundary.

The energy transmitted across the 𝑾𝒇 = 𝑷𝒗

system boundary as a result of a
pumping process occurring
outside the system, causing the
fluid to enter the system.
Enthalpy
The sum of two energy properties
u and Pv is called enthalpy.

𝒉 = 𝒖 + 𝑷𝒗
 Bernoulli's Equation
𝑃1 𝑣̅12 𝑃2 𝑣̅22
+ + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔

Each term in Bernoulli's equation is

one form of the energy possessed by
the fluid per unit weight of fluid
flowing in the system
• p / y is called the pressure head.
• z is called the elevation head.
• 𝑣̅ 2 / 2g is called the velocity head. The
sum of these three terms is called the
total head.
 Conversion of energy(OPEN)

𝑃𝐸2
𝐾𝐸2
𝑣̅ƴ 2 2 𝑈2
𝑚ƴ 2
𝑣̅2 𝑊𝑓2
𝐸1 = 𝐸2
𝑄
𝑃𝐸1
𝛥𝑃𝐸 = 𝑃𝐸2 − 𝑃𝐸1
𝐾𝐸1
𝑣̅ƴ 1 𝑊 𝛥𝐾𝐸 = 𝐾𝐸2 − 𝐾𝐸1
𝑈1 1 𝑚ƴ 1 ℎ2
𝛥U = 𝑈2 − 𝑈1
𝑣̅1 𝛥𝑊𝑓 = 𝑊𝑓2 − 𝑊𝑓1
𝑊𝑓1
ℎ1 𝑄 = 𝛥𝑃𝐸 + 𝛥𝐾𝐸 + 𝛥U + 𝛥𝑊𝑓 + 𝑊

Final Energy – Initial Energy = Energy added to the system

𝐸2 − 𝐸1 = 𝑄 ± 𝑊
Bernoulli's Equation
Based on energy balance considering Q, 𝛥U and W are neglected
𝑃𝐸1 + 𝐾𝐸1 + 𝑊𝑓1 = 𝑃𝐸2 + 𝐾𝐸2 + 𝑊𝑓2
If 𝑊𝑓 = 𝑃𝑣̅; 𝑣̅ = volume
𝑃𝐸1 + 𝐾𝐸1 + 𝑃1 𝑣̅1 = 𝑃𝐸2 + 𝐾𝐸2 + 𝑃2 𝑣̅2
𝑚𝑣ത12 𝑚𝑣ത22 1
𝑚𝑔𝑧1 + + 𝑃1 𝑣̅1 = 𝑚𝑔𝑧2 + + 𝑃2 𝑣̅2
2 2 𝑚𝑔
𝑣ത12 𝑃1 𝑣1 𝑣ത22 𝑃2 𝑣2
𝑧1 + + = 𝑚𝑔𝑧2 + +
2𝑔 𝑚𝑔 2𝑔 𝑚𝑔
𝑣 1
If = and 𝜌𝑔 = 𝛾
𝑚 𝜌
𝑣̅12 𝑃1 𝑣̅22 𝑃2
𝑧1 + + = 𝑧2 + +
2𝑔 𝛾1 2𝑔 𝛾2
Problem 2
Water at 10°C is flowing from
section 1 to section 2. At section 1,
which is 25 mm in diameter, the
gage pressure is 345 kPa and the
velocity of flow is 3.0 m/s.
Section 2, which is 50 mm in
diameter, is 2.0 m above section 1.
Assuming there are no energy
losses in the system, calculate the
pressure P2_.
Problem 3
Figure shows a siphon that is used
to draw water from a swimming
pool. The tube that makes up the
siphon has an ID of 40 mm and
terminates with a 25-mm diameter
nozzle.
Assuming that there are no energy
losses in the system, calculate the
volume flow rate through the
siphon and the pressure at points
B-E.
Problem 4
The venturi meter shown in figure
carries water at 60°C . The inside
dimensions are machined to the
sizes shown in the figure.
The specific gravity of the gage
fluid in the manometer is 1.25.
Calculate the velocity of flow at
section A and the volume flow rate
of water.
Torricelli’s Theorem
Fluid is flowing from the side of a 𝑣̅12 𝑃1 𝑣̅22 𝑃2
tank through a smooth, rounded 𝑧1 + + = 𝑧2 + +
2𝑔 𝛾1 2𝑔 𝛾2
nozzle. To determine the velocity
of flow from the nozzle, write
𝑣̅22
Bernoulli's equation between a 𝑧1 = 𝑧2 +
reference point on the fluid 2𝑔
surface and a point in the jet
issuing from the nozzle: 𝑣̅22 = 2𝑔 𝑧2 − 𝑧1

𝑣̅2 = 2𝑔(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )
Problem 5
For the tank shown, compute the
velocity of flow from the nozzle for
a fluid depth h of 3.00 m.
Problem 6
Using a system similar to that
shown figure, compute the
required air pressure above the
water to cause the jet to rise 40.0
ft from the nozzle. The depth
h = 6.0 ft