LESSON 3

Conservation Laws

EES 2: Basic Thermodynamics

Prepared by: Engr. Erika Cruz, REE
CONSERVATION OF MASS
• The Law of Conservation of Mass states that the mass can
neither be created nor destroyed. It just transforms into
components.
𝒎 𝟏 − 𝒎 𝟐 = ∆𝒎

• Steady-flow open system is an open system in which mass

entering the system is equal to the mass leaving the
system.
∆𝒎 = 𝟎
𝒎𝟏 = 𝒎𝟐
CONSERVATION OF MASS
• Continuity Equation is the conservation of mass expression for steady
flow open system; the volume flow rate for an ideal fluid is constant.
Volume flow rate:
w
c 𝑽
𝑽= = 𝑨𝓿 (Unit: m 3 /s)
𝒕

Mass flow rate:

w 𝒎
𝒎 =
c
= 𝝆𝑨𝓿 (Unit: kg /s)
𝒕
CONSERVATION OF MASS
EXAMPLE 1: A pump discharges into a 2.5m per side cubical tank. The
flow rate is 284 liter/min, and the fluid has a specific gravity of 1.2.
(a) Determine the time required to fill the tank if initially empty.
(b) Find the mass flow rate.
SOLUTION:
CONSERVATION OF MASS
EXAMPLE 2: Two gaseous steam enter a combining tube and leave as a
single mixture. These data apply at the entrance section. For one gas
(section 1), area = 75 sq.in., velocity = 500fps, sp. volume = 10 cu.ft./lb.
For the other gas (section 2), area = 50 sq.in., mass flow rate = 16.67 lb/s,
density = 0.12 lb/cu.ft. At exit (section 3), velocity = 350fps, sp. Volume = 7
cu.ft./lb. Find:
(a) the speed at section 2, and
(b) the mass flow rate and area at the exit station.
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
• Energy can be transferred to or from a closed system (a fixed mass) in
two distinct forms: heat (Q) and work (W).
• For control volumes, energy can also be transferred by mass flow.

• An energy transfer to or from a closed system is heat if it is caused by

a temperature difference.
• Otherwise, it is work, and it is caused by a force acting through a
distance.
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
• Energy can exist in numerous forms such as thermal, mechanical,
kinetic, potential, electric, magnetic, chemical, and nuclear and their
sum constitutes the total energy, 𝑬 of a system.
• The total energy of a system on a unit mass basis (specific energy) is
denoted by e and is expressed as:
𝑬
𝒆= (Unit: kJ/kg)
𝒎

• In thermodynamic analysis, it is often helpful to consider the various

forms of energy that make up the total energy of a system in two
groups: macroscopic and microscopic.
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
• The macroscopic forms of energy are those a system possesses as a
whole with respect to some outside reference frame, such as kinetic
and potential energies.
• Gravitational Potential Energy of a body is its energy due to its
position or elevation.
𝑷𝑬 = 𝒎 𝒈 𝒉
• Kinetic Energy is the energy or stored capacity for performing work
possessed by a moving body by virtue of its momentum.
𝒎𝓿𝟐
𝑲𝑬 =
𝟐
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
• The microscopic forms of energy are those related to the molecular
structure of a system and the degree of the molecular activity, and
they are independent of outside reference frames.
• The sum of all the microscopic forms of energy is called the internal
energy of a system and is denoted by 𝑼.
• Internal Energy is the energy stored within the body or substance by
virtue of the activity and configuration of its molecules and of the
vibration of the atoms within the molecules.
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
• Work is the product of the displacement of the body and the
component of the force in the direction of the displacement.
• Work is energy in transition, that is, it exist only when a force is
moving through a distance.
• Work of a non-flow system is the area under the curve of the process
on the PV plane represents the work done during a non-flow
reversible process.
NOTE: Work done by the system is POSITIVE.
Work done on the system is NEGATIVE.
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
• Flow Work / Work Transfer (𝑾𝑭) is the work done in pushing a fluid
across a boundary.
𝑾𝑭 = 𝑷𝑽

• Heat / Heat Transfer (𝑸) is energy in transit (on the move) from one
body or system to another solely because of a temperature difference
between the bodies or system.
NOTE: 𝑸 is positive when heat is added to the system.
𝑸 is negative when heat is rejected by the system.
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
• The Law of Conservation of Energy states that the energy is neither
created nor destroyed.
• The conservation of energy principle can be expressed as follows:
The net change (increase or decrease) in the total energy of the system
during a process is equal to the difference between the total energy
entering and the total energy leaving the system during that process.
𝑬 𝒊𝒏 − 𝑬 𝒐𝒖𝒕 = ∆𝑬
FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
The First Law of Thermodynamics states that energy can be neither
created nor destroyed during a process; it can only change forms.

Non-Flow Energy Equation (NFEE)

• The volume of the boundary may change.
• No fluid crosses the boundary.
• Energy may be transferred across the boundary.
• The only energy possessed by the fluid is internal energy.
∆𝑈 = 𝑄 − 𝑊𝑁𝐹
𝑸 = ∆𝑼 + 𝑾𝑵𝑭
FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
Steady-Flow Energy Equation (SFEE)
• Fluid enters and leaves through the boundary at a steady rate.
• Energy may be transferred into or out of the system.
• The fluid entering and leaving has potential energy, kinetic energy,
and enthalpy.
• Enthalpy (𝑯) is a composite property applicable to all fluids and is
defined by
𝑯 = 𝑼 + 𝑾 𝑭 = 𝑼 + 𝑷𝑽
FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
Steady-Flow Energy Equation (SFEE)

𝐸1 = 𝐸2
𝑃𝐸1 + 𝐾𝐸1 + 𝑈1 +𝑊 𝐹1 + 𝑄 = 𝑃𝐸2 + 𝐾𝐸2 + 𝑈2 +𝑊 𝐹2 +𝑊 𝑆𝐹
𝑄 = ∆𝑃𝐸 + ∆𝐾𝐸 + ∆𝑈 + ∆𝑊𝐹 + 𝑊𝑆𝐹
𝑸 = ∆𝑷𝑬 + ∆𝑲𝑬 + ∆𝑯 + 𝑾𝑺𝑭
FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
CONVERSIONS:
1 BTU = 1.055 kJ 1kW-hr = 3600 kJ
= 778 lbf–ft = 3413 BTU
= 252 calories = 860 kcal

1Hp-hr = 2545 BTU

1 cal = 4.187 J
1 Hp = 42.4 BTU/min
1 CHU = 9/5 BTU = 0.746 kW
= 1.899 kJ
= 1400.4 lbf–ft
FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
EXAMPLE 3: In a non-flow process, there is heat transfer loss of 1055 kJ
and an internal energy increase of 210 kJ. Determine the work transfer
and state whether the process is an expansion or compression.
SOLUTION:
FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
EXAMPLE 4: In a non-flow process carried out on 5.4 kg of a substance,
there was a specific internal energy decrease of 50 kJ/kg and a work
transfer from the substance of 85 kJ/kg. Determine the heat transfer
and state whether it is gain or loss.
SOLUTION:
FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
EXAMPLE 5: During a steady-flow process, the pressure of the working
substance drops from 200 to 20 psia, the speed increases from 200 to
1000 fps, the internal energy of the open system decreases 25 BTU/lb,
and the specific volume increases from 1 to 8 cu.ft./lb. No heat is
transferred. (a) Determine the work per lb. Is It done on or by the
substance? (b) Determine the power in hp for 10 lb/min.
LESSON 3
THE END
PLATE NO. 2 CONSERVATION LAWS
1. Assuming that there are no heat effects and no frictional effects, find the kinetic
energy and speed of a 3220-lb body after it falls 778 ft from rest. Start with the
steady flow equation, deleting energy terms which are irrelevant. 224 fps
2. Steam enters a turbine with an enthalpy of 1292 Btu/lb and leaves with an
enthalpy of 1098 Btu/lb. The transferred heat is 13 Btu/lb. What is the work in
Btu/min and in hp for a flow of 2 lb/sec? 512.3 hp
3. A thermodynamic steady flow system receives 4.56 kg per min of a fluid where
𝑝1 = 137.90 𝑘𝑃𝑎, 𝕧1 = 0.0388𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔, 𝓋1 = 122 𝑚/𝑠, and 𝑢1 = 17.16 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔. The fluid
leaves the system at a boundary where 𝑝2 = 551.6 𝑘𝑃𝑎, 𝕧2 = 0.193𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔, 𝓋2 =
183 𝑚/𝑠, and 𝑢2 = 52.80 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔. During passage through the system the fluid receives
3,000 J/s of heat. Determine the work. -486 kJ/min
4. A fluid moves in a steady flow manner between two sections in a flow line. At
section 1: 𝐴1 = 10𝑓𝑡 2 , 𝓋1 = 100𝑓𝑝𝑚, 𝕧1 = 4𝑓𝑡 3 /𝑙𝑏. At section 2: 𝐴2 = 2𝑓𝑡 2 , 𝜌1 =
0.20 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 3 . Calculate (a) the mass flow rate and (b) the speed at section 2.
(a) 15,000 lb/h (b) 10.42 fps
5. If a pump discharges 75 gpm of water whose specific weight is 61.5 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 3 (𝑔 =
31.95 𝑓𝑡/𝑠 2 ), find (a) the mass flow rate in lb/min, and (b) total time required to fill a
vertical cylinder tank 10 ft in diameter and 12 ft high. (a) 621.2 lb/min, (b) 93.97 min