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Module 9 in Hydraulics

This module discusses the fundamentals of fluid flow, including the hydraulic grade line (HGL) and energy grade line (EGL). The HGL represents the total potential energy of flow as a graphical line, sloping downward in the direction of flow. The EGL represents total energy (potential plus kinetic) and always slopes downward. For uniform pipes, the HGL and EGL are parallel. Problems are solved by applying Bernoulli's equation between two points, considering changes in pressure, elevation head, and velocity head. The loss in total head between points equals the head loss. Illustrations are used to show how the HGL and EGL change shape depending on features like pumps. More practice problems

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Julia Pomares
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157 views5 pages

Module 9 in Hydraulics

This module discusses the fundamentals of fluid flow, including the hydraulic grade line (HGL) and energy grade line (EGL). The HGL represents the total potential energy of flow as a graphical line, sloping downward in the direction of flow. The EGL represents total energy (potential plus kinetic) and always slopes downward. For uniform pipes, the HGL and EGL are parallel. Problems are solved by applying Bernoulli's equation between two points, considering changes in pressure, elevation head, and velocity head. The loss in total head between points equals the head loss. Illustrations are used to show how the HGL and EGL change shape depending on features like pumps. More practice problems

Uploaded by

Julia Pomares
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

J. E.

LABANEN, 2021

MODULE 9

I. Learning Outcome: This module is about the Fundamentals of Fluid Flow


Continuation 3
Topics: A. Energy and Hydraulic Grade Line
a) Hydraulic Grade Line
b) Energy Grade Line
B. Illustrating the HGL and the EGL
G. Problem Solving
H. Problems

(Based on the book: Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulics (Revised


Version) by D. Gillesania)

Time Factor: 4 hours (1 weeks)

I. Energy and Hydraulic Grade Line

A) Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL)


This is also known as Pressure Gradient and is a graphical representation of the
total potential energy of flow.

The Characteristics of HGL are:

1. It slopes downward in the direction of flow, but may rise or fall due to
changes in the velocity or pressure.
2. For uniform pipe cross-section, HGL is parallel to the EGL.
3. For horizontal pipes with uniform diameter, the drop in pressure heads
between any two points is also equal to the head lost between these

B) Energy Grade Line (EGL)


This is a graphical representation of the total energy of flow (the sum of kinetic
and potential energies). It is the distance of the datum plane.

The Characteristics of EGL are:

1. EGL always slopes downward in the direction of flow, and it will only rise
with the presence of a pump.
2. The drop of the EGL between any two points is the head lost between those
points.
3. For uniform pipe cross-section, EGL is parallel to the HGL.
4. EGL is always above the HGL by an amount equal to the velocity head of
v2/2g.
5. Neglecting head loss, EGL is horizontal.
II. Illustrating the HGL and the EGL

2
p v
E= + +Z
γ 2g

Pipe Datum Line


Note:
 Just imagine that a tube (piezometer) is inserted on the top of the pipe that
has running water inside.
 The center of the pipe is elevated at a vertical height of Z, the elevation.
 Due to pressure in the pipe, the running water causes the water to rise into
the tube (piezometer), this vertical distance from the center of the pipe is
p/ γ . If several tubes were placed on the pipe, the height within the tubes
(piezometers) may be traced--- -----connect these imaginary points and it
makes a line which is the HGL.
 Since the running water may fluctuate in velocity, it tends to give
2
v
additional rise of water within the tube (piezometer), this is and it is
2g
measured from the HGL vertically upward. If the top of the water in the
tubes(piezometers) are connected, this is the EGL.
 The total energy, E, is measured from the datum line up to the EGL. It
varies at every point within the pipe.

a) If a Pump was connected to the pipelines:


This gives a more complicated illustration for the HGL and the EGL. Refer to the
illustration. Pls self study this!
Note:
 If there is a reservoir, the HGL and the EGL starts from the top of the water
surface.
 If a pump is connected, the HGL and the EGL is illustrated just before and then
after the pumps or turbines.
 Observe the change of the HGL and the EGL wherever there are other
attachments such as a valves, nozzles, etc.
 Pls self study this!

III.Solving Problems:

1. For a pipe shown, v1 and v2 = 1.2 m/s. Determine the total head lost between 1 and 2.
Make the illustration of the HGL and EGL. The pressures at 1 is 280 KPa and at 2 is
200 KPa. The elevation head of 1 is 4.3 m and of 2 is 9.08 m
v12/2g
v22/2g

P1/γ P2/γ

1
Z2
Z1
Datum line

Bernoulli’s Energy Equation from pt.1 to pt.2

p 1 v 12 p 2 v 22
+ + z = + + z + HL
γ 2g 1 γ 2g 2

Since the velocities at 1 and 2 are the same, the velocity heads are eliminated.

p1 p2
+ z 1= + z 2+ HL
γ γ

280 200
+ 4.3= +9.08+ HL
9.81 9.81

HL = 3.375 m
For the Total Energy Head at point 1:

280 1.202
+ + 4.30=28.542+ 0.0734+4.3=32.9154 m
9.81 2(9.81)

For the Total Energy Head at point 2:

2
200 1.20
+ + 9.08=20.387+ 0.0734+9.08=29.5404 m
9.81 2(9.81)

Note:
The Total head goes lower at point 2. Refer to the illustration, it should coincide.

III.Problem:

Pls self-study more on this topic!

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