CHITTAGONG UNIVERSIITY OF

ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF PETROLEUM & MINING

ENGINEERING

COURSE CODE: ME-276

COURSE TITLE: FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY
EXPERIMENT NO: 01
EXPERIMENT NAME : VERIFICATION OF BERNOULLI’S EQUATION

Submitted By: REMARKS

Name: AHMED SAKIB
ID: 1807005
Group: 01
Date of Experiment: 05/12/2021
Date of Submission: 19/12/2021

OBJECTIVES:

The objective of this experiment is to investigate the validity of the Bernoulli

equation when it is applied to a steady flow of water through a tapered duct.

APPARTUS:

The following equipment is required to complete the demonstration of the

Bernoulli equation experiment:
• F1-15 Bernoulli’s apparatus test equipment, and
• A stopwatch for timing the flow measurement.
 Figure 1: Armfield F1-15 Bernoulli’s apparatus test equipment

THEORY:

Bernoulli’s equation for an ideal incompressible fluid, irrotational and

steady
flow is given by,
Pressure Head + Velocity Head + Datum Head = Total head = Constant
p V
 Υ + 2 g + Z = H = C. Where, P = Fluid pressure
V = fluid velocity
Υ = specific weight of manometric fluid
&
Z = datum head.
If there is head loss H l , due to friction between section 1 & section 2, then
Bernoulli’s equation in the case becomes

p 1 V 21 p V
2
+ + Z1 = 2 + 2 + Z 2 + H l
Υ 2g Υ 2g
 Where the subscript 1,2 indicated the quantities at point 1 and 2 in the
p
fluid flow field. A piezometer tube records the pressure head Υ at the
different section in the channel centerline. If the datum head is Z, the

(p )
piezometer tubes record Υ + Z

above the datum base line. A curve joining the piezometer levels constitutes the
2
V
hydraulic gradient line. Addition of the total velocity head to the
2g
piezometer level readings results in the total energy for the incompressible flow.

Experimental Data

Experiment-1
Roll No: 1807005 Date:05/12/2021
Table-1
Weight of empty bucket W1= 300 gm
No of obs. Weight of Weight of Time of water Flow rate
bucket water, collection=t, Q=W/(𝛾𝑡)
& water=W2 W=W2-W1 (sec) (cm3/sec)
(gm) (gm)
1 4190 3890 44.68 87.06
2 3350 3050 36.83 82.06

No Tube Diameter Distanc Velocity, Velocity Peizometer Total

of positio at trapped e of V= 4𝑄 head, head, head,H=
obs n position=d, tube Hp
Hv
. (cm) from the (cm/sec) (cm) (cm)
tube ‘a’
(cm)
a 2.50 0 17.74 0.17 19.3 19.47
1 b 1.39 6.028 57.37 1.6775 17.8 19.48
c 1.18 6.868 79.61 3.2303 16.3 19.5303
d 1.07 7.318 96.82 4.7778 14.5 19.2778
e 1.00 8.108 110.85 6.2629 11.3 17.563
f 2.50 14.154 17.74 .1694 13.9 14.07
a 2.50 0 16.87 .1451 24.0 24.1451
2 b 1.39 6.028 54.57 1.5178 22.5 24.018
c 1.18 6.868 75.72 1.9223 21.0 22.9223
d 1.07 7.318 92.09 4.3224 19.25 23.5724
e 1.00 8.108 105.44 5.6665 16.1 21.7665
f 2.50 14.154 16.87 1.451 18.7 20.151
Table-2

GRAPH :
 25 7

6
20

15
4

3
10

5
1

0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

HGL EGL Velosity Head

Figure 1: Graph of HGL EGL an Velocity Head over Distance of the tube 'a'

CALCULATION:

We know the flow rate,

Q = W/ (γt) (m3/sec)

For observation 1, flow rate

Q1 = ((3890 /1000)×9.81)/((1000×9.81)× 44.68) = 8.706×10-5 m3/sec

= 86.06 cm3/sec

For observation 2, flow rate

Q2 = 8.28×10-5 m3/sec

= 82.8 cm3/sec

For channel section position of observation 1:

Velocity, V = (4Q)/(πd2) cm/sec = (4×96.569)/(π×(2.50)2)

 = 17.74 cm/sec

Velocity Head, Hv = V^2/(2g) cm = 0.17 cm

Total Head, Ht = Piezometer Head + Velocity Head

= (p/γ+Z)+( V^2/2g) = (19.3+0.17) cm = 19.47 cm

For channel section position of observation 2:

Velocity, V = (4Q)/(πd2) cm/sec = 16.87 cm/sec

Velocity Head, Hv = V2/(2g) cm = 0.145 cm

Piezometer Head Hp = 24 cm

Total Head, Ht = Piezometer Head + Velocity Head

= (p/γ+Z)+( V^2/2g) = 0.145 + 24 = 24.145 cm

RESULT:

Bernoulli's equation has been studied and from graph figure 3, it is clear that the
equation is valid at different sections along the length. The hydraulic headline is
v^2/2g below the energy headline.

DISCUSSION:

Aim objective of this experiment was to verification of Bernoulli’s equation on

the basis of the test result. The total energy per unit weight of the fluid should
have been constant at each piezometer section under ideal conditions. However,
they did not work as well in practice as they did in the trial. The pressure head
had dropped extremely low in the piezometer, which could be seen. This could
be due to a miscalculation during the testing process. This could be attributed to
the flow rate generating the production of "eddies," which are fluid currents that
become more common as the fluid flow velocity increases due to friction with
the boundary, resulting in energy loss.

It can be concluded that the experiment was successful because there was a
difference in actual and theoretical value.This was because of the friction of the
fluid with surface .Fluid’s flow rate was not steady because there could be
leakage on pipe. The apparatus was quite old so there could be mechanical
error. For these reasons there was a value difference between theoretical and
actual value. The bubbles that were trapped on the tube's top could not be
released or observed.It's possible that the data time was not accurately
recorded.The internal resistance of the water is not taken into consideration
during the computation