COVER PAGE

NAME OF UNIVERSITY: TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF MOMBASA

NAME OF SCHOOL: FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
NAME OF DEPARTMENT: DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING AND CIVIL ENGINEERING
UNIT NAME: HYDRAULICS 1
UNIT CODE: TCV4315
NAME: MUSYOKI KELVIN MWANZIA
REG NO: BTCE/355J/2021
NAME OF PRACTICAL: DETERMINATION OF ELEMENTS OF A HYDRAULIC JUMP IN A
RECTANGULAR CHANNEL
INTRODUCTION
Downstream of many types of hydraulic structures such as dams and barrages, spillways, sluice gates and
draft tubes of hydraulic turbines, a considerable portion of the kinetic energy in supercritical flow must be
dissipated to prevent scour and erosion. Various methods of energy dissipation have been used to achieve
tranquil (sub critical) flow condition as the flow enters the downstream channel.
The primary purpose of all such methods is to convert as much as possible the kinetic energy of flow into
turbulent energy and ultimately into the heat energy which is dissipated into atmosphere. This objective is
most effectively accomplished by means of a local phenomenon known as hydraulic jump which may
assume several distinct forms depending on the geometry of the channel and tail water conditions.
Thus hydraulic jump is a phenomenon well known to hydraulic engineers as a useful means of dissipating
excess energy and thereby prevent scour and erosion downstream of spillways, chutes, power houses and
other appurtenances. It has also been used to raise the water level on the downstream to provide the
requisite head for diversion into canals and rivers etc for irrigation purpose. Hydraulic jump is a one of
the most frequently encountered cases of rapidly varied flow which occur when a supercritical flow
changes to sub critical flow
THEORY BEHIND PRACTICAL

To compare the experimental value of depth before a hydraulic jump to that calculated from theory and
calculate energy loss in a hydraulic jump.
APPARATUS

 Open channel flume

 Stop watch

PROCEDURE
(a) Start the pump and set the sluice gate to about 25mm
(b) Adjust the flow rate to give about 300 mm head above the sluice
(c) Raise the adjustable weir to form a hydraulic jump within the central portion of the flume.
(d) Note the depth before and after the jump
(e) Measure the flow rate and hand
(f) Repeat for a head 500 mm above the sluice and steps c, d & e
DATA COLLECTION
Channel width=7.5 cm
Area of tank=36.45 cm2

Number of Head in cm Depth y1 Depth y2 Level Time sec.

observations cm cm difference
(H2-H1)cm
1 3.2 5.5 8.7 3.2 18.81
2 2.7 5.5 8.2 2.7 24.65
3 2.2 5.5 7.7 2.2 29.50
4 1.7 5.5 7.2 1.7 39.78
5 1.2 5.5 6.7 1.2 60.37
6 0.7 5.5 6.2 0.7 95.32
7 o.2 5.5 5.7 0.2 180.62

Mass=23.91kg
Length of channel=4.86m
Width of channel=7.5cm

1
DATA ANALYSIS
Q=VOLUME÷TIME
VOLUME=MASS÷DENSITY
23.91÷1000=0.02391
Y1= depth before jump
Y2= depth after jump
g= acceleration due to gravity
volume of water = mass of water /density of water
discharge Q =volume of water/time
discharge unit width q =discharge Q/channel width
Energy loss EL=(y2-y1)3/4y1y2

Number of Discharge Discharge per Derived Experiment Theoretical

observations Q unit width Y1 EL EL
M3/s q(m3/s) M M
1 1.2711×10-3 0.0169 0.0151 0.0017 0.0707
2 9.6998×10-3 0.0129 0.0096 0.0011 0.1205
3 8.1051×10-3 0.0108 0.0068 0.0006 0.1651
4 6.0106×10-4 8.0141×10-3 0.0040 0.0003 0.2729
5 3.9606×10-4 5.2808×10-3 0.0018 0.00012 0.5745
6 2.5084×10-4 3.3445×10-3 0.0007 0.00003 1.326
7 1.3238×10-4 1.7650×10-3 0.0002 0.0000006 4.019

q=Q/width
but width= 0.075M

2q2/g =Y1Y2(Y1+Y2)
 Recommendations
In open channels, transition from supercritical to subcritical flow is called hydraulic jump.
As the jump occurs there is energy dissipated as the flow changes from supercritical to subcritical flow
This energy is the attention of the flow’s initial kinetic energy to potential energy with some energy lost
unavoidably in the form of friction, turbulence, eddying, heat and noise the process
From the tabulated table, theoretical energy loss is more compared to experimental energy loss

 Conduct more experiments with varying flow rates and channel widths to obtain a more comprehensive
understanding of the hydraulic jump phenomenon.
 Investigate the effect of different channel geometries on the characteristics of the hydraulic jump.
 Utilize computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling to further analyze the hydraulic jump phenomenon
and validate experimental results.

Conclusion

In conclusion, hydraulic jump is a condition where the rise of water level occurs in a water channel. It
occurs whereby supercritical flow encounters a submerged object such as dams weir throwing the water
upward. Its advantages include energy dissipation in dams and channel, prevents scouring in downstream
of a dam, reversing water flow and high water level on the downstream side.
The disadvantage is that it causes a turbulence which may lead to channel erosion and degradation. The
experimental results demonstrate that the hydraulic jump is an effective method for dissipating excess
energy in supercritical flow. The depth before the jump and the energy loss were found to increase with
increasing head above the sluice gate. The theoretical and experimental values of depth before the jump
and energy loss were in good agreement.
HYDRAULIC JUMP EXPERIMENT

OBJECTIVE

1. To confirm the expression connecting the depths before and after hydraulic jump.
2. To determine the law of flow and the co-efficient of discharge of a discharged weir.

THEORY

d 2=
d1
2 √
+ (
2 q2
gd 1
¿+di 2 /4 )¿

Where:

do=weir height from channel floor

d 1=¿ water depth at the start of hydraulic jump

d 2=water level at the top of hydraulic jump along the channel

q=m(v)/t

Theoretical Q

2
Q0= cdb√ (2 g H 32 ¿)¿
3
d1 Do(constant) d2 Time(sec) q