Basrah University for Oil and Gas

Fluid Mechanics I
Fluid Kinematic & Fluid Dynamic

Dr Mohammed Haloob

Email: mohammed.Haloob@buog.edu.iq
Table of Content
• Fluid Kinematic
• Fluid Dynamic
 Fluid Kinematic
Rate of Flow and Discharge:
Rate of flow (or discharge) is defined as the quantity of a liquid
flowing per second through a section of pipe or channel.

It Can be measured by two ways;

1- Volume flow rate (Q):
Quantity of liquid measured by volume per unit time.
Q= V * A Unit m3/s
V= Velocity of the liquid
A= cross sectional area of pipe or channel.
Fluid Kinematic
.
2- Mass Flow Rate (m )
Quantity of liquid measured by mass per unit time.

m.= ρ * V *A
= ρ*Q Unit (kg/s)

ρ =Density of the fluid

Fluid Kinematic
Example: Determine the discharge for a liquid (S=1.2) flowing
at velocity (0.5 m/s) through a pipe its diameter (12 cm) by units
(1) m3/s, (2) kg/s & (3) L/s.

Solution;
1- Q= A*V= [π/4*(0.12)2]*0.5= 0.00565 m3/s
.
2- m = ρ*Q=1.2*1000*0.00565= 6.78 kg/s
3- Q= 0.00565 m3/s *1000= 5.65 L/s
Fluid Kinematic
Continuity Equation:
It is based on the principle of conservation of mass. It states that
“ if no fluid is added or removed from the pipe in any length
then the mass passing across different sections shall be the
same”.
- The total quantities of fluid passing
through section (1)
=ρ1*V1*A1
- The total quantity of fluid
1 2
passing through section (2)
=ρ2*V2*A2
“What comes in comes out.”
Fluid Kinematic
From continuity theorem, we get
ρ1*V1*A1 = ρ2*V2*A2
ρ1 = Density of the fluid at section (1)
ρ2 = Density of the fluid at section (2)
V1= Velocity of the fluid at section (1)
V2= Velocity of the fluid at section (2)
A1= Area of the pipe at section (1)
A2= Area of the pipe at section (2)

Continuity equation is applicable to the compressible and

incompressible fluids.

• In case of incompressible fluids ρ1 = ρ2

A1V1=A2V2 leads to Q1=Q2
Fluid Kinematic
Example: The diameter of a pipe at section (1) is 200mm and at
section (2) is 300 mm. If the velocity of water flowing through
the pipe at section (1) is 4 m/s find:
1- Discharge through the pipe.
2- Velocity of water at section (2).

1 2
Fluid Kinematic
Solution:
D1=200mm = 0.2m
D2=300 mm=0.3 m
A1= 0.0314 m2
A2= 0.0707 m2
1- Q=A1V1
=0.0314*4
=0.1256 m3/s
2- A1V1=A2V2
V2= A1V1/A2
=0.1256/0.0707
=1.77 m/s
Fluid Kinematic

Assignment;
D1=150mm, 3
D2=300 mm,
D3= 225 mm,
1 2
D4= 150mm
V1=1.8 m/s
4
V3= 3.6 m/s
Find the values of the below;
1- Q1, 2- Q2, 3- Q4, 4- Q3, 5- V2 & 6- V4
 Fluid Dynamics
Types of heads (or energies) of a liquid in motion;
1- Potential head or potential energy;
= mgh N.m

Per Unit weight mgh/mg

• Potential head = h (m)

2- Velocity head or kinetic energy;

= ½ *m*V2 N.m
V= velocity of the fluid

Per Unit weight (½ mV2) /mg N.m/N

• Velocity head or kinetic energy=V2/2g
Fluid Dynamics
3- Pressure head or pressure energy;
P/γ
γ= Specific weight=ρg

Total Head (H) =h+ (v2/2g) +p/γ

Potential Kinetic
Pressure
energy per energy per
energy
unit vol. unit vol.

Total Energy E= ρgh+(1/2ρv2)+p

Fluid Dynamics
Example: In a pipe of 90 mm diameter, water is flowing with a
mean velocity of 2 m/s and at gauge pressure of 350 kN/m2.
Determine the total head if a pipe is 8 m above the datum line.

Solution.
H=h+(v2/2g)+P/γ
= 8+((22)/(2*9.81))+(350/9.81)=43.88 m
Fluid Dynamics
• Bernoulli's Equation
“In an ideal incompressible fluid when the flow is steady and
continuous, the sum of pressure energy, kinetic energy and
potential energy is constant along a stream line”.

h+ (v2/2g)+p/γ= Constant
Where h is elevation, v is the velocity and p is the pressure.
Fluid Dynamics
Example: the water is flowing through a pipe having diameters
D1=300 mm and D2=150 mm. the discharge through the pipe is 40
L/s. Section (1) is 10 m above datum and section (2) is 6 m above
datum. Find the pressure at section (2) if the pressure at section (1) is
400 kN/m2.

Solution: 1
D1=300 mm
P1=400 kN/m2
2
D2=150 mm
P2=?
6m 10 m
Datum Line
Fluid Dynamics
Q=40 L/s=0.4 m3/s
D1=300 mm=0.3m
A1= π/4 0.3 2 =0.0707 m2
P1=400 kN/m2, h1=10 m
D2= 150 mm= 0.15 m
A2= π/4 0.15 2 =0.01767 m2
P2=? , h2=6 m

Q=A1V1=A2V2
V1= Q/A1=0.04/0.0707=0.566 m/s
V2=Q/A2=0.04/0.01767= 2.264 m/s
Fluid Dynamics
h1+(v12 /2g)+ p1 /γ = h2+(v22/2g)+P2 /γ
10+((0.566)2 /(2*9.81))+400/9.81=
6+((2.264)2 /(2*9.81))+P2/9.81
10+0.0163+40.77=6+0.261+P2/9.81
50.786=6.261+P2/9.81
P2=436.8 kN/m2
Fluid Dynamics
• Bernoulli’s equation for real fluid;

h1+(v12 /2g)+ p1 /γ = h2+(v22/2g)+P2 /γ + hL

hL = loss of energy between section 1 and 2.

Example: The following data relate to a conical tube of length 3

m fixed vertically its smaller end upward and carrying in the
downward direction.
0.4 𝑣1−𝑣2 2
V1= 10 m/s, V2= 4 m/s hL=
2𝑔
Pressure head at the smaller end =4 m of liquid, find the pressure
head at the larger end.
Fluid Dynamics

• Solution;
2 2
0.4 𝑣1−𝑣2 0.4 10−4
hL= = =0.73
2𝑔 2∗9.81
h1+(v12 /2g)+ p1 /γ = h2+(v22/2g)+P2 /γ + hL
3+ (100/2*9.81) + 4 = 0+ (16/2*9.81)+ P2 /γ +
0.73
12.09= P2 /γ + 1.545

P2 /γ=10.545 m
Fluid Dynamic
Assignment; In a smooth inclined pipe of uniform dia 250 mm,
a pressure of 50 kPa was observed at section 1 which was at
elevation 10 m. Another section 2 at elevation 12 m, the pressure
was 20 kPa and the velocity was 1.25 m/s. Determine the
direction of flow and the head loss between these two sections.
Assume water in the pipe.
Fluid Dynamic
• Pumps;
Pp= ρ*g*Hp*Q
Hp = Pump energy [Energy added, developed by the pump
per unit of liquid].

Pp= kg/m3 * m/s *m *m3/s =N.m/s = J/s =watt

Pp= γ * Hp* Q
=kN/m3 * m3/s *m= kN*m/s= kJ/s =kW
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 (𝑃𝑜)
Power efficiency=
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝
Fluid Dynamic
Example: A pump employed for lifting water from a sump. If it
is required to pump 60 L/s of water through a 0.1 m diameter
pipe from the pump to a point 10 m above, determine the power
required to run the pump. Also, determine the pressure at L and
M. Assume efficiency 70%.

6m . m
4m

. L Pump
4m
Fluid Dynamic
Solution:
Q= 60 L/s= 0.06 m3/s
A= 0.00785 m2
Q= A * V
0.06= 0.00785 V
V= 7.64 m/s
Applying Bernoulli’s equation between 1 & 2
h1+(v12 /2g)+ p1 /γ += h2+(v22/2g)+P2 /γ
Hp=0+ (7.64)2/(2*9.81) Hp +10
Hp=12.97 m
Power required to run the pump
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 (𝑃𝑜)
Power efficiency=
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 (𝑝𝑖𝑛)
Fluid Dynamic
Pin= (γ* Hp*Q)/ Power efficiency
Pin= (9.81*.06*12.97)/0.7
Pin=10.9 kW.
• Applying Bernoulli’s equation between 1 and L;
h1+(v12 /2g)+ p1 /γ = hL+(vL2/2g)+PL /γ
[vL=v2 = 7.64 m/s]
0+0+0= 4+(7.642/2*9.81)+PL /γ
PL /γ= -6.97 m
PL = 9.81*(-6.97)=-68.4 kN/m2
Fluid Dynamic
• Applying Bernoulli’s equation between 1 and m;
h1+(v12 /2g)+ p1 /γ +Hp= hm+(vm2/2g)+Pm /γ
[vm=v2 = 7.64 m/s]
0+0+0+12.97= 8+(7.642/2*9.81)+Pm /γ
Pm /γ= 2 m
Pm = 9.81* 2 =19.62 kN/m2
 End of Lecture

Email: mohammed.Haloob@buog.edu.iq