MA Studies

(2020-2021)
Abstract
Text or Discourse
Sentence is the abstract unit of linguistic analysis and it is different from
text which can be defined as the actual use of language.
“Communicative purposes" is mainly the most recognizable
characteristics of a text. However, we can identify a text as the
purposeful use of language irrespective to the ability of interpreting just
what is meant by it. Text is considered as unknown language and
simultaneously a public notices. For instance a menu, food tables, or
operating instructions. We know what language denotes but still could
not comprehend what is the interpretation of the meaning when it is used
in a specific context.
If we consider the public notice ‘KEEP Off The GRASS’ were notice
that the word ‘grass’ denotes something that is clear to the reader. When
the word ‘grass’ appears in such a text know what does it means. In
addition, it seems that there is a shared knowledge in the context in
which the text appears. In such a case, concept is very crucial in the text
because it adds information to it we should relate the text not to the
context but also to the abstract cultural context of what we know to be
conventional. The cultural abstract and the actual situational context
give us a full understanding of what the texts mean because they provide
us with information about the conventions and norms.
As an illustration, an example is given by Widdowson in his book
“Discourse Analysis” in which he mentions the label “KEE AWAY
FROM CHILDREN” on a medicine bottle, we interpret this as a special
warning in reference. To the particular content of the bottle, rather than
saying it is a piece of general advice to keep away of your children from
it at all times. Thus, we could realize that we can not make sense out of
DA by Widdowson.
Focusing on knowledge about language beyond the world, clause and
sentence that is crucial for successful communication is the job of
Discourse Analysis. It examines the manner and style that the writers
use across texts and look at the connections between language and the
social and cultural context in which it is exercised. In addition DA deals
with the ways in which the language is used because language according
to DA might present a considerable amount of views of the world that
provide different understandings. The way in which the speaker and the
listener use language and how the process affects language and how
language is influenced by their speech and mainly by their relationship
with reference to the effects that the use of language has upon the world
and identities By using the DA it will be clear how the views of the
world and identities are constructed. It is worth noting that DA deals,
examines, and explain both spoken and written text. 1952 is considered
as the original beginning of DA as a term it is introduced on the
mentioned date by Zellig Harris as a way of analyzing connected speech
and writing. Originally speaking, Harris has two regards at which he is
very interested the examination of language beyond the level of the
sentence and the connection between the linguistic and non-linguistic
behavior, and with the aim of providing a path for describing how the
language features are distributed within text and the way in which they
are combined in special type of style of text.
Harris made an important observation which was:- Connected discourse
occurs within particular situation. Whether of a person speaking, or of
conversation, or of Someone sitting down occasionally over a period of
months to write a particular kind of book in a particular Literary or
scientific tradition. ( Harris, 1952)
Methodology:- The researcher used descriptive qualitative method. The
researcher at analyze and review Donald Trump's speech based on a
specific issue and the way at which Donald's speech was analyzed was
descriptively most of the speech Act's being used by Donald Trump
always exist in every utterance. In addition, the researcher tries to
observe the speech act and to distinguee their types then the research
watched the related videos for several times. Collecting data from radio,
news and videos, the researcher analyzed it in details.
Data 1:
“I’m honored to stand here today among so many patriots” (Al -
Jazeera news) (pentagon?)

Trump felt honored because he can stand to convey the speech in front
of his people and among the patriots. This utterance can be looked at in a
locutionary view by referring to the importance of the place in which
Trump in standing. This kind of speech, and in a coherent manner, is
considered as locutionary because as we said there is a reference to the
Place. It is worth noting that Trump emphasizes on his feelings and how
he is statuary his feelings to the public. The word ‘stand’ shows how
Trump is standing among the patriots and he feels publicly horned and
proud because he did it. In other words, he is showing his feeling to
other people.
Date 2:-
“Believe me, warriors they are and to save our wonderous liberties
and to save this God-blessed land, they shed their blood and poured
out the love from their hearts to protect our home.”
Trump again and in a locutionary state shows and explains how warriors
love The USA and because of Solidarity they have to their country, they
shed their blood in order to defend their country from bad people. Trump
tries to call the attention of the hearer by emphasizing on "shed their
blood and poured” and “God blessed hands” He tries to emphasize his
speech by repeating the same idea in different words “shed their blood
", “from their hearts "and “ save our wonderous” and “protect our
home”.
Data 3:-
“That is why today I’m signing to executive actions to ensure the
sacrifices of our military are supported by the actions of the
government, believe me.”
Locutionary, what Trump was stating in that section was that he intends
to sign the executive order to support the military, and that that was what
the government would always do, and should always do.
The illocutionary part of trumps utterance was commissive, specifically
‘declare to’ and how it relates to Austin’s category, as he did not only
declare about the executive order, but he also declared what his
intentions were, and why he chose to sign the order. The commissive
part of that utterance was not only how he stated his intentions, but also
in how there were two parties, the ‘I am’ for trump, and the military.
And in accordance to what Austin considers commissive, in trumps
utterance Trump was a subject to the military, because trump intended to
do a specific course of action. And the intended was to always help the
military by that action. No perlocutionary force was detected after that
utterance.
Data 4:-
“First, I’m signing an executive order action to begin a great
building of the armed services of the United States, developing a
plan for new planes, new ships, new resources, and new tools for our
men and women in uniform and I’m very proud to be doing this.”
By emphasizing on “military", Trump said that he wanted to sign the
excusive order to begin a great building for their military services of the
us - He wants to develop “new plans for new planes” “New ships, new
resources, and new tools for our men and women”, from these news
Trump tries to focus on developing his country i.e USA and tries to
convey the idea that:- I'm here and i am aware of you and your country.
The word 'First' indicates that Trump has more to say and it is not the
end of his speech Trump is explained about the plans to develop the us
military while Trump finished his utterance, many people were giving
applause to him because his great plans to make US great again
especially in developing us military.

Data 5:-
“Secondly, I’m establishing new vetting measures to keep radical
Islamic terrorists out of the united states of America”
Locutionary, Trump states that he has chosen to apply new vetting
measures that intend to keep Islamic extremists out of the united states
of America.
Illocutionary part of trump’s utterance was executive, specifically
‘proclaim’. Relating to Austin’s category, the writers thought that
trumps claims weren’t just false claims, but that he had a true course of
action and all the power he needs to prevent Islamic extremists from
entering his country. Which was as Austin stated in his category,
specifically the “executive” part in his proclaims. No perlocutionary
force was detected after this utterance.
Data 6:-
“We don’t want them here”
Locutionary, Trump stated that he refuses to let Islamic terrorists into
the USA, including preventing refuge and citizens of seven Islamic
majority countries which are: Iraq, Iran, Sudan, Syria, Libya, Yemen,
Somalia.
Illocutionary, Trump doesn’t want the existence of seven Islamic
countries because they are considered as ‘Terrorist heavens’ in his eyes,
and that’s why specifically these seven countries were cautioned by
trump. The illocutionary part of this statement was of the expositive
variety, as expositive illocutionary is used for the act of expounding and
the exposition of views. Trump stated and denied about his intentions,
which has caused the expounding of views of the people that are from
the seven countries banned by him. Which was as Austin stated in his
category, specifically ‘expositive’ especially in the denying and stating
for his statement. No perlocutionary forces were detected in this part.
Data 7: