TECHNICAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - DUHOK

Department of Petrochemical Engineering

FLUID LAB REPORT

(2020 – 2021)

Fourth Year

EXP #1

losses in piping systems and fittings

This report prepared by

Mohammed SALAH

Date of Exp: Date of Sub. :

28/10/2020 4/11/2020
 Objective:

This experiment is done in two set whereby the first one is to examine
the head loss due to the friction and the second one is to investigate
the head loss due to the various types of pipe fittings.

Introduction

One of the most common problems in fluid mechanics is the

estimation of pressure loss. This apparatus enables pressure loss
measurements to be made on several small-bore pipe circuit
components, typical of those found in central heating installations.
This apparatus is designed for use with the Tec Equipment Hydraulic
Bench H1, although the equipment can equally well be supplied from
some other source if required. However, al1 future reference to the
bench in this manual refers directly to the Equipment bench.

Theory

Bernoulli’s equation can be used to evaluate the energy loss in a pipe

system:
p v2 p v2
[ + + z]
γ 2g ¿
= [ + + z]
γ 2g out
+ hL (1)
p v2
In this equation γ + 2 g and z are pressure head, velocity head, and potential head, respectively.

The total head loss, hL, includes both major and minor losses.
If the diameter through the pipe fitting is kept constant, then Vin = Vout Therefore, if the
change in elevation head is neglected, the manometric head difference is the static head

difference that is equal to the minor loss ∆h through the fitting.

p
[ ]-
γ ¿
p
[ ]
γ out=¿ H 1−H 2=∆ h ¿ (2)
in which H1 and H2 are manometer readings before and after the
fitting.
The energy loss that occurs in a pipe fitting can also be expressed as a
fraction (K) of the velocity head through the fitting we will take it
next week in details:
v2
∆h = K 2g (3)
Where:
we will take it next
K: loss coefficient.
week in details
v: mean flow velocity into the fitting.

Data & Calculation:

Data:

Pipe section 2: thermostatic valve d = 26 mm

Volumetric flow h2 in mm h3 in mm Head Loss hL in mm
Ṽ in L/ h h2 – h3
175 1345 1295 50
200 1345 1285 60

Pipe section 5: Gunmetal T bend di = 16 mm

Volumetric flow h5 in mm h6 in mm Head Loss hL in mm
Ṽ in L / h h5 – h6
175 1285 1280 5
200 1270 1265 5

Pipe section 8: shut-off gate 16mm

Volumetric flow h8 in mm h9 in mm Head Loss hL in mm
3
Ṽ in m / s h8 – h9
175 1175 1165 10
200 1145 1142 3
Calculation:
We have to find head loss and also change unit to be easier for us

Pipe section 2: thermostatic valve di = 0.026 m

Volumetric flow h2 in m h3 in m Head Loss hL in m
3
Ṽ in m / s (h2 – h3)
0.0000486111 1.345 1.295 0.05
0.0000555556 1.345 1.285 0.06

4Ṽ
To find Velocity (V) use V = π d 2

So
4∗0.0000486111
V1 = π∗(0.026)2  V1 = 0.0915 m/s

4∗0 .0000555556
V2 = π∗(0.026)
2  V2 = 0.1046 m/s

Pipe section 5: Gunmetal T bend di = 0.016 m

Volumetric flow h5 in m h6 in m Head Loss hL in m
3
Ṽ in m / s h5 – h6
0.0000486111 1.285 1.280 0.005
0.0000555556 1.270 1.265 0.005

4∗0.0000486111
V1 = π∗(0.016)2  V1 = 0.2417 m/s

4∗0.0000555556
V2 = π∗(0.016)
2  V2 = 0.2763 m/s

Pipe section 8: shut-off gate valve di = 0.016 m

Volumetric flow h8 in m h9 in m Head Loss hL in m
 Ṽ in m3/ s h8 – h9
0.0000486111 1.175 1.165 0.01
0.0000555556 1.145 1.142 0.003

4∗0.0000486111
V1 = π∗(0.016)
2  V1 = 0.2417 m/s

4∗0.0000555556
V1 = π∗(0.016)2  V1 = 0.2763 m/s

So Velocity in all section as table show

Section point in the section Volumetric flow velocity

in m3/s m/s
2 P2 & P3 0.0000486111 0.0915
0.0000555556 0.1046
5 P5 & P6 0.0000486111 0.2417
0.0000555556 0.2763
8 P8 & P9 0.0000486111 0.2417
0.0000555556 0.2763
Discussion
Every organization requires that the transportation of process fluids
be efficient, i.e., that the transporting system must not provide
excessive hindrance to the flow of fluid in the pipe. Any fittings, bends
and valves placed in the fluids-transport system should also offer little
resistance to flow of material in order to maintain high efficiency in
transportation and minimize losses due to friction whether the fluid is
a single, double or triple phase system. For a single-phase system,
such as water in this study, it was quite clear that D of pipe, Q of
fluid, type of pipe, bend or valve and the type of entry and exit played
a key role not only in determining the h L but also contributed
significantly to the L of pipe Q is required to be determined early in
the design process so as to avoid high hL in pipes. It was observed
further that the flow rate cannot be left out during the design of pipe
system because it is linked to the area and hence the diameter of the
pipe.

Conclusion
Throughout this experiment, the experimental values for major and
minor head losses are calculated major head loss is caused in section 2
between P2 and P3 cause of the thermostatic valve note that at section
5 and 8 the velocity is same cause of equal of dimeter also have to
know the results nor 100% correct cause the devise is nor 100% clean
has some lime inside the pipe system.

As a final result the hL decreased with the increase in D of pipes but

increased with the increase in velocity or Q regardless of size of pipe.
However, exit and entry losses increased with the increase in Q and
increased with the decrease in D of pipe. The 26 mm pipe produced
the highest level of hL than other Ds of pipes. The fittings; gate valve
and elbows were found to contribute to the h L dependent on D of pipe
and the Q values. Therefore, engineers and operators can make
choices between D of pipe or fitting and Q in order to balance the
characteristics for optimum operating conditions.