PRESSURE LOSSES IN PIPES

LABORATORY REPORT
INTRODUCCIÓN
In this laboratory test to specifically solve the problem is to evaluate the
energy loss that causes a fluid either laminar or turbulent (by viscosity)
passing through a tube that collapses to cross-sectional area throughout its
length.
I. OBJETIVOS
• Study load losses due to the accessories that are installed in a section of the pipe
elbows, enlargement, contraction venturi, valve, etc.

• Learning to use the Moody chart, to calculate the relative roughness of the pipe and

whether the flow is turbulent or laminar.

III. THEORETICAL FOUNDATION:
• Head losses in the pipes are of two types: primary and secondary.
a) DEFINITION: Primary losses are losses in the contact surface with the fluid line
(boundary layer), friction layers with other fluid (laminar flow).

• The Bernoulli equation written between

point 1 and 2 is the same, but the term
encompasses Hf 02/01 now primary and
secondary losses.
𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟏 𝟐 𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐 𝟐
+ 𝒁𝟏 + = + 𝒁𝟐 + + 𝑯𝒇(𝟏 − 𝟐ቇ
𝜸 𝟐𝒈 𝜸 𝟐𝒈
III. THEORETICAL FOUNDATION:

b) GENERAL EQUATION OF PRIMARY LOSSES:

• The fundamental formula f = Coefficient of friction.

expressing the above is as L = Length of the section under consideration.

follows: D = characteristic pipe diameter circular section Magnitude.

𝒇 × 𝑳 × 𝑽𝟐 V = average speed (V = Q / A).

𝑯𝒇𝒑 =
𝑫 × 𝟐𝒈
G = Gravity acceleration.
III. THEORETICAL FOUNDATION:

c) GENERAL EQUATION FOR LOSSES SECONDARY:

• Also known as local or specific losses, which are caused by a myriad of
: accessories that are located within a piping system, such as:

• Expression to evaluate the secondary losses (in meters fluid column is:

𝑽𝟐
𝑯𝒇𝒔 =𝑲∗
𝟐𝒈
III. THEORETICAL FOUNDATION:

d) MOODY DIAGRAM:
• Poiseuille equation together with the equation of Colebrook - White
coefficient allows the calculation of in all cases that may arise in practice.

e) VENTURI TUBE:

• The venturi tube is a device that causes a pressure loss when passing
through the fluid. Essentially, this is a short straight pipe, or throat,
 The venturi tube is a device that causes a pressure loss when passing through

the fluid. Essentially, this is a short straight pipe, or throat,

Figure 1. Figure 2.

Diagram of a venture Streamlines

III. THEORETICAL FOUNDATION:

e) SCHEME OF FLUID FLOW IN PIPES:

Laminar and turbulent: In real fluids, the

existence of the viscosity causes a resistance to

movement between two adjacent layers of fluid,

this dynamic influence of viscosity in motion is

Figure 3. Tube of Venturi flow behavior.
defined by the Reynolds number appears:
IV. THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS PERFORMED IN CLASS:
DATA: 𝐑𝐞 = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟓𝟒 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟓
PVC pipe with two gate valves
Then the factor f = 0.0159; Calculating the loss of main charge:
Diameter (D) = 4 "
𝒇 × 𝑳 × 𝑽𝟐
Constant (K) = 0.19
𝑯𝒇𝒑 =
𝑫 × 𝟐𝒈
Speed ​(V) = 2.5m / sec
𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟐 ∗ 𝟕𝟖𝟎𝒎 ∗ 𝟐. 𝟓 𝒎Τ𝒔 𝟐
𝑯𝒇𝒑 =
Length (L) = 780m 𝟒 ∗ 𝟐. 𝟓𝟒Τ𝟏𝟎𝟎ሻ𝒎 ∗ (𝟐 ∗ 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 𝒎Τ𝒔𝟐
𝑽𝒙𝑫
𝐑𝐞 = 𝑯𝒇𝒑 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟓𝟓𝒎
𝒗
𝟐. 𝟓 ∗ 𝟒(𝟐. 𝟓𝟒ሻ
𝐑𝐞 =
𝟏. 𝟑𝟎 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎
 V. RESULTS:
priezometrica reading mm H2O
.DELTA.H
Q (l / min) Q^2 .DELTA.H / Q ^ 2
(mmH2O)
one two 3 4 5 6 7

8 64 190 120 110 - - - - 80 1.25

10 100 360 230 220 - - - - 140 1.40

6 36 335 290 285 205 190 180 175 160 4.44

10.5 110.25 - - - 305 300 235 205 100 0.91

 VI. GRAPHICS:
GRAFICO
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

-0.5
1 2 3 4
 VII. OBSERVATIONS:
When making data piezometer noted that these vibrated, this is because the
output is a valve which controls the flow output and here is occurring water
hammer, which generates a velocity wave oscillates the piezometer.

VIII. RECOMMENDATIONS:
It can be concluded that due to factors that have been (roughness, deterioration, etc.),

always have energy losses, so it can never assume the Bernoulli equation, front pipes.
OBSERVE MAY BE ACQUIRED IN EACH PRIEZOMETRICAS HEIGHTS TRANCHE OF SUCH ACCESSORIES
 GRACIAS
ATTENTAMENTE, GLUDER LARICO SANO.