Compressible Flow

31 March 2021

Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Application

Yunus A. Çengel & John M. Cimbala
Chapter 12, page 612
Compressible Flow
Compressible flow combines fluid dynamics and thermodynamics. These two fields
are very necessary to develop the theory of this field of work.

Content:
• Stagnation state
• Speed of sound
• Mach number
• The effects of area changes, Isentropic (1 Dimensional for subsonic and
supersonic flows): Converging-Diverging Nozzles
• Shock waves (Oblique shock)
• Adiabatic duct flow with friction: Fanno Flow
Compressible Flow : Stagnation Flow
Stagnation stages combines Enthalpy and Kinetic energy for high speeds. The
potential energy is negligible.

𝑣2
ℎ0 = ℎ +
2

𝑣12 𝑣22
ℎ1 = ℎ1 + = ℎ2 +
2 2
ℎ01 = ℎ02

No temperature change
Compressible Flow : Stagnation Flow
Isentropic stagnation stage: It when the fluid is
both adiabatic and reversible.

The fluid properties of stagnation stage

Reversible flow

Adiabatic (constant entropy)

Compressible Flow : Stagnation Flow
 Compressible Flow : Speed of Sound, Mach number,
Converge-diverge nozzles

• Maintain the critical conditions of the throat. i.e., Ma = 1

• Calculate upstream and downstream conditions from the throat i.e.,
pressure, velocity, area

Example 12-7, combines from critical conditions to the converge-diverge

nozzles
 Compressible Flow :
Fanno Flow & Rayleigh effects
The concept is on the understanding of constant area duct with friction
and heat transfer.

On the h-s diagram, the Fanno line flows and Rayleigh line flows, both of
entail choking of the exit flow.
Fanno Flow line: frictional adiabatic flow in
the duct
Rayleigh Flow line: heat transfer
Normal shock wave: It is possible only in
the flow that is already supersonic
Fanno flow and its calculations
Fanno flow and its calculations

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