Albert Einstein

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Albert Einstein

Einstein in 1921, by Ferdinand Schmutzer

Born 14 March 1879

Ulm, Kingdom of Württemberg, German
Empire

Died 18 April 1955 (aged 76)

Princeton, New Jersey, U.S.

 Kingdom of Württemberg, part

Citizenship
of the German Empire (1879–
1896)[note 1]
 Stateless (1896–1901)
 Switzerland (1901–1955)
 Austria, part of the Austro-
Hungarian Empire (1911–1912)
 Kingdom of Prussia, part of the
German Empire (1914–1918)[note
 1]

 Free State of Prussia (Weimar

Republic, 1918–1933)
 United States (1940–1955)

Education  Federal polytechnic

school in Zurich (Federal
teaching diploma, 1900)
 University of Zurich (PhD,
1905)

Known for  General relativity

 Special relativity
 Photoelectric effect
 E=mc2 (Mass–energy
equivalence)
 E=hf (Planck–Einstein relation)
 Theory of Brownian motion
 Einstein field equations
 Bose–Einstein statistics
 Bose–Einstein condensate
 Gravitational wave
 Cosmological constant
 Unified field theory
 EPR paradox
 Ensemble interpretation
 List of other concepts
Mileva Marić
Spouses

(m. 1903; div. 1919)
Elsa Löwenthal

(m. 1919; died[1][2] 1936)

Children  Lieserl
 Hans Albert
 Eduard "Tete"

Awards  Barnard Medal (1920)

 Nobel Prize in Physics (1921)
 Matteucci Medal (1921)
  ForMemRS (1921)[3]
 Copley Medal (1925)[3]
 Gold Medal of the Royal
Astronomical Society (1926)[4]
 Max Planck Medal (1929)
 Member of the National
Academy of Sciences (1942)[5]
 Time Person of the
Century (1999)

Scientific career

Fields Physics, philosophy

Institutions  Swiss Patent Office (Bern)

(1902–1909)
 University of Bern (1908–1909)
 University of Zurich (1909–
1911)
 Charles University in
Prague (1911–1912)
 ETH Zurich (1912–1914)
 Prussian Academy of
Sciences (1914–1933)
 Humboldt University of
Berlin (1914–1933)
 Kaiser Wilhelm
Institute (director, 1917–1933)
 German Physical
Society (president, 1916–1918)
 Leiden University (visits, 1920)
 Institute for Advanced
Study, Princeton
University (1933–1955)
 California Institute of
Technology (visits, 1931–1933)
 University of Oxford (visits,
1931–1933)
 Brandeis University (director,
1946–1947)
Thesis Eine neue Bestimmung der
Moleküldimensionen  (A New
Determination of Molecular
Dimensions) (1905)

Doctoral advisor Alfred Kleiner

Other academic Heinrich Friedrich Weber

advisors

Influences  Arthur Schopenhauer

 Baruch Spinoza
 Bernhard Riemann
 David Hume
 Ernst Mach
 Hendrik Lorentz
 Hermann Minkowski
 Isaac Newton
 James Clerk Maxwell
 Michele Besso
 Moritz Schlick
 Thomas Young
 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

Influenced  Virtually all modern physicists

Signature

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Albert Einstein (/ˈaɪnstaɪn/ EYEN-styne;[6] German: [ˈalbɛʁt ˈʔaɪnʃtaɪn] ( listen);

14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist,
[7]
 widely acknowledged to be one of the greatest and most influential physicists
of all time. Einstein is best known for developing the theory of relativity, but he
also made important contributions to the development of the theory of quantum
mechanics. Relativity and quantum mechanics are together the two pillars
of modern physics.[3][8] His mass–energy equivalence formula E = mc2, which
arises from relativity theory, has been dubbed "the world's most famous
equation".[9] His work is also known for its influence on the philosophy of
science.[10][11] He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to
theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of
the photoelectric effect",[12] a pivotal step in the development of quantum theory.
His intellectual achievements and originality resulted in "Einstein" becoming
synonymous with "genius".[13]
In 1905, a year sometimes described as his annus mirabilis ('miracle year'),
Einstein published four groundbreaking papers.[14] These outlined the theory of
the photoelectric effect, explained Brownian motion, introduced special
relativity, and demonstrated mass-energy equivalence. Einstein thought that the
laws of classical mechanics could no longer be reconciled with those of
the electromagnetic field, which led him to develop his special theory of
relativity. He then extended the theory to gravitational fields; he published a
paper on general relativity in 1916, introducing his theory of gravitation. In 1917,
he applied the general theory of relativity to model the structure of the universe.
[15][16]
 He continued to deal with problems of statistical mechanics and quantum
theory, which led to his explanations of particle theory and the motion of
molecules. He also investigated the thermal properties of light and the quantum
theory of radiation, which laid the foundation of the photon theory of light.
However, for much of the later part of his career, he worked on two ultimately
unsuccessful endeavors. First, despite his great contributions to quantum
mechanics, he opposed what it evolved into, objecting that "God does not play
dice".[17] Second, he attempted to devise a unified field theory by generalizing
his geometric theory of gravitation to include electromagnetism. As a result, he
became increasingly isolated from the mainstream of modern physics.
Einstein was born in the German Empire, but moved to Switzerland in 1895,
forsaking his German citizenship (as a subject of the Kingdom of Württemberg)
[note 1]
 the following year. In 1897, at the age of 17, he enrolled in the mathematics
and physics teaching diploma program at the Swiss Federal polytechnic
school in Zürich, graduating in 1900. In 1901, he acquired Swiss citizenship,
which he kept for the rest of his life, and in 1903 he secured a permanent
position at the Swiss Patent Office in Bern. In 1905, he was awarded a PhD by
the University of Zurich. In 1914, Einstein moved to Berlin in order to join
the Prussian Academy of Sciences and the Humboldt University of Berlin. In
1917, Einstein became director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics; he
also became a German citizen again, this time Prussian.
In 1933, while Einstein was visiting the United States, Adolf Hitler came to
power in Germany. Einstein, as Jewish, objected to the policies of the newly
elected Nazi government;[18] he settled in the United States and became
an American citizen in 1940.[19] On the eve of World War II, he endorsed a
letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt alerting him to the potential German
nuclear weapons program and recommending that the US begin similar
research. Einstein supported the Allies but generally denounced the idea
of nuclear weapons.[20]