Nama: Muhammad Riki

Nim. : 03051282227051
Kelas: A
RESEARCH PAPER
"Behavioral Study of Obedience"

Introduction
Current theories focus on personal characteristics to explain wrong-doing and how someone can
intentionally harm others. In a survey, professionals such as doctors, psychologist and laymen
predicted that a small proportion of a population (1-3%) would harm others if ordered to do so.
In the recent war trial with Adolph Eichmann, he claims to only have been “following orders".
The author wanted to test this claim. Can people harm others because they are merely obeying
orders? Can people be ordered to act against their moral convictions?
The experiment will test whether a person can keep administering painful electric shocks to
another person just because they are ordered to do so. The expectation is that very few will keep
giving shocks, and that most participants will disobey the order.
Methods
Participants
There were 30 male participants. They were recruited by advertisement in a newspaper and were
paid $4.50.
Instruments
A "shock generator" was used to trick the participants into thinking that they were giving an
electric shock to another person in another room. The shock generator had switches labeled with
different voltages, starting at 30 volts and increasing in 15-volt increments all the way up to 450
volts. The switches were also labeled with terms which reminded the participant of how
dangerous the shocks were.
Procedures
The participant met another "participant" in the waiting room before the experiment. The other
"participant" was an actor. Each participant got the role as a "teacher" who would then deliver a
shock to the actor ("learner") every time an incorrect answer to a question was produced. The
participant believed that he was delivering real shocks to the learner.
The learner would pretend to be shocked. As the experiment progressed, the teacher would hear
the learner plead to be released and complain about a heart condition. Once the 300-volt level
had been reached, the learner banged on the wall and demanded to be released. Beyond this
point, the learner became completely silent and refused to answer any more questions. The
experimenter then instructed the participant to treat this silence as an incorrect response and
deliver a further shock.
When asking the experimenter if they should stop, they were instructed to continue.
Results
Of the 40 participants in the study, 26 delivered the maximum shocks. 14 persons did not obey
the experimenter and stopped before reaching the highest levels. All 40 participants continued to
give shocks up to 300 volts.
Discussion/Conclusion
Most of the participants became very agitated, stressed and angry at the experimenter. Many
continued to follow orders throughout even though they were clearly uncomfortable. The study
shows that people are able to harm others intentionally if ordered to do so. It provides evidence
that this dynamic is far more important than previously believed, and that personal ethics are less
predictive of such behavior.
REVIEW PAPER
“Data mining of automatically promotion tweet for products and services using naïve bayes algorithm to
encrease twitter engagement followers at PT. Bobobobo”

Introduction
Twitter is one of the most popular social media in the world. Indonesia occupies the position to
the 5 largest users in the world, every day the twitter server receives tweet data with large
numbers, thus we can perform data mining which is used to certain goals, one of which is as a
media promotion of a product or service such as the research conducted by James luke and
Suharjito. For large-scale data, speed is needed in the data search process. So it is necessary to
group the data first. Naive Bayes is learning algorithm for classification with high computational
efficiency and accuracy good, especially for the dimensions and the large amount of data. for
that in this study will prove the ability of nave Bayes classifier to classify tweets which contains
information about a product and service, this research case study carried out at PT Bobobobo
Jakarta.
Methods
Data mining is a process of knowledge discovery knowledge) of very large data. Meanwhile, text
mining is a field of data mining that aims to collect useful information from text data in natural
language or the process of analyzing text data then extracting the information useful for certain
purposes . The algorithm used in this study is the Naïve Bayes classifier (NBC). Nave Bayes
classifier is a machine learning method that take advantage of probability calculations and
statistics put forward by scientists French Thomas Bayes. That is, predicting future probabilities
based on experience in the past.
The classification process is carried out based on the equation:
Tweet classification with NBC After the tweet data is collected, then the data is used as a dataset
training and grouping based on product and service class/attributes. Process The next step is
classification using the Naïve Bayes Classifier (NBC) algorithm. to measure the level of
accuracy. The tweet classification process is drawn with a flowchart in Figure 2 :

Word and Tweet Trend Selection After tweets are classified into product and service classes.
Next stage is to choose popular/trend words and compare them with tweets that will be promoted
automatically. The following is the flow of the selection and promotion process tweets.
The steps for selecting popular/trend words and tweets that will be used as promotional materials
are as follows:
1. Tokenization The stage of cutting the input string based on the words that compose it. words
are separated from the tweet as a sign. The word is considered valid if it consists of 3-25 letters
and is not a link or URL
2. Stopwords are words that have no effect on the classification process. The results of this
process are stored in the database
3. Trend words By using a query from the database to get back 5 words from product and service
categories
4. Promoting tweets Promotional tweets are written by the twitter admin, each tweet is specified
with a promotional grace period, keywords, and score matches the trend word. Then the tweets
are stored in the database
5. Tweet automatically The process of querying the database to get a match / match promotion of
tweets with trend words. If each criterion matches, the system will automatically tweet.
Result
3.1 Tweet classification results using NBC The composition of variations from the
training/training data is used in all product categories, and results as shown in table 2 below
Table 2 NBC results using product tweet data.

3.2 Automated results of tweet promotion From the experiments conducted in September 2014 to
February 2015, the results
Discussion/Conclusion
The conclusions of this study are: 1. The NBC algorithm has a high level of accuracy in the
classification process as indicated by an accuracy rate of 90.31% using product category test
data, and 80.91% using service category test data. And the combination of the two results in an
accuracy of 83.51%
2. Many of stopwords can determine trendwords from a collection of product and service
category tweets
3. An increase in activity occurred on twitter by this research, for tweets it reached 39%,
mentions 120% and new followers 69%. retweeting and mentioning have an impact on follower
engagement results.
4. The number of tweet engagement levels, after this study gave a fairly high result of 17.44%
and the lowest was 4.72%. when compared to the previous study, the highest was 3.80% and the
lowest was 2.90%.
5. By using twitter as a promotional medium, giving satisfactory results, before tweeting we can
analyze the trend word/tranding topic from followers, which gives a good response from
followers.
 SHORT COMMUNICATION
“Differences between adult sexual minority females and heterosexual females on menthol smoking and
other smoking behaviors: Findings from Wave 4 (2016–2018) of the population assessment of tobacco
and health study”

Introduction
Sexual minority females have higher rates of cigarette smoking than heterosexual females.
Additionally, menthol cigarette use disproportionately impacts minority smokers, including
sexual minority individuals. This study examined differences between sexual minority and
heterosexual females on several smoking variables, including initiation with a menthol cigarette,
and past 30-day cigarette and menthol cigarette use.
Methods
Participants were female ever smokers (N = 11,576; n = 1,474, 12.7% sexual minority) who
completed Wave 4 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Survey. Participants
reported on the age they began smoking regularly (≤18 years old, 18–24, >25), whether they
initiated with a menthol cigarette, past 30-day cigarette smoking and menthol cigarette use,
cigarettes smoked per day (≤10, 11–20, >20), cigarette dependence (smoke ≤ 5 min of waking or
> 5 min of waking), and whether they were a current (someday/every day) or former (no past
year/current use) established smoker (≥100 lifetime cigarettes), or an experimental smoker (<100
lifetime cigarettes). Chi-square and multivariable logistic regression analyses examined
differences between sexual minority females and heterosexual females on smoking variables.
Result
Sexual minority female smokers began smoking regularly at an earlier age and smoked fewer
cigarettes per day than heterosexual females. Sexual minority females were more likely to
initiate smoking with a menthol cigarette (aOR = 1.27), report past 30-day smoking (aOR =
1.36) and menthol cigarette use (aOR = 1.24) compared to heterosexual females. There were no
differences on cigarette dependence.
Discussion/Conclusion
Given the high rates of initiation and current menthol smoking, policies to regulate menthol may
decrease smoking disparities for sexual minority females.