General Mathematics

Quarter 1 – Module 1:
Key Concepts on Functions
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master
the General Mathematics (Advance Algebra). The scope of this module permits it to be
used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence
of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with
the textbook you are now using.

The module is consist of one lesson:

• Lesson 1 – Represent Real-life Situation on Functions and Piecewise Functions,
Operation of Functions and Composition of Functions, and Solve Problems
Involving Functions

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. identify functions, relations, ordered pairs, domain, and range;
2. determine whether the given graphs and set of ordered pairs is a function or not;
3. representing real-life situations on functions and piece-wise functions;
4. evaluating of functions and piecewise function;
5. perform an operation of functions;
6. perform composition of functions; and
7. solving problems involving functions.

What I Know

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.

1. Which of the following statements does not represent a function?

A. Students to their current age C. Mothers to their children
B. Countries to its capital D. Cars to its plate number

2. What is the functional notation of y – 4x = 5?

A. f(x) – 4x = 5 B. y = 4x + 5 C. f(y) = 4x + 5 D. f(x) = 4x + 5
3. Which of the following sets of ordered pairs does not represent a function?
A. {(0, 1), (1, 0), (-1, 0), (0, -1)} C. {(-2, -2), (-1, -1), (0, 0), (2, 2)}
B. {(-3, 3), (-2, 3), (-1, 3), (0, 3)} D. {(0, 1), (5, 1), (-5, -1)}

25 𝑖𝑓 𝑥<5
4. If h(x) = { , then what is h(5) ?
3𝑥 − 25 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 5
A. -10 B. 10 C. 15 D. 25

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5. Which of the following graphs satisfies the definition of the function?
y
A. B. y

x
x

y y
C. D.

x x

6. If f(x) = 2x – 3, then what is f(a – 1)?

A. 2a – 4 B. 2a – 7 C. 2a – 5 D. 2a – 2

7. If h(x) = 7x + 1 and g(x) = 2x – 3, then what is (h – g) (x)?

A. 5x – 2 B. 5x + 2 C. 5x + 4 D. 5x – 4

8. If f(x) = 5x – 3 and g(x) = 2x – 3, then what is (f + g) (x)?

A. 7x – 6 B. 7x + 6 C. 2x – 6 D. - 2x – 6

9. If f(x) = 𝑥 2 + 1 and g(x) = √𝑥 − 1 , what is f [ g(x)] ?

A. -1 B. 0 C. x D. x+1

10. If f(x) = 2x2 – x and g(x) = 3x + 4, then what is f (1) • g (-1)?

3 3
A. – 1 B. - C. 1 D.
7 7

Lesson

1 Key Concepts on Functions

In this module, the students are expected to identify whether the given relation
is a function. They are expected to perform an operation of functions and composition
of functions.

What’s In

A relation is any set of ordered-pair numbers.

Suppose the grades in Mathematics of four students are shown in the following table:
Student 1 2 3 4
Weight 85 80 88 83

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 The pairing of the student number and his corresponding grades in Mathematics is a
relation and can be written as a set of ordered-pair numbers.
R = {(1, 85), (2, 80), (3, 88), (4, 83)}
The set of all first elements is called the domain or input of the relation.
The domain of A= {1, 2, 3, 4}
The set of second elements is called the range or output of the relation.
The range of B = {88, 80, 88, 83}

A function is a relation where each element in the domain is related to only one value
in the range by some rule.

A function is a set of ordered pairs (x,y), such that no two ordered pairs have the same
x-value but different y-values. Using functional notation, we write f(x) = y, read as “f of
x is equal to y”. In particular, if (1,2) is an ordered pair associated with the function f,
then we saythat f(2) = 1’

Examples: Determine whether the following are functions or not:

f = {(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4), (4, 5)}
g = {(1, 3), (0, 3), (2, 1), (4, 2)}
h = {(1, 6), (2, 5), (1, 9), (4, 3)}

Solution:
f = {(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4), (4, 5)} , the relation f is a function because no two
ordered pairs have the same x-value but different y-values.
g = {(1, 3), (0, 3), (2, 1), (4, 2)}, the relation g is a function no because two
ordered pairs have the same x-value but different y-values.
h = {(1, 6), (2, 5), (1, 9), (4, 3)}, the relation h is a not a function because
(1,6) and (1,9) are ordered pairs with the same x-value but different
y-values.

A relation and a function can be presented using the following:

1. Using a mapping diagram – where elements of the domain are mapped to the
elements of the range using arrows. The use of the arrow diagrams makes it easy
to determine whether a relation is one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one, or
many-to-many.

Consider the following arrow diagrams:

A B
MayMay Entrata Edward Barber Bea Alonzo

Gerald Anderson Kim Chiu

Donny Pangilinan Kisses Delavin
Julia Baretto
Alden Richards Maine Mendoza
Oyo Sotto
Daniel Padilla Kathryn Bernardo Kristine Hermosa
Diether Ocampo

Figure A is a function because each element of the first set is paired with one and
only one element in the second set.

Figure B is not a function because each element in the first seat is matched with
more than one element in the second set.

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 2. Graphs
Vertical line test – a graph represents a function if and only if each vertical line
intersects the graph at most once.

Red line is the graph of a relation while

the blue line is the vertical line test. The
vertical line test intersect the graph at
exactly one point therefore the graph of
relation is a function.

Example: Which of the following can be a graph of functions?

(1) (2)

(3) (4)

Solution:
Graphs (2) and (3) are graphs of functions, while (1) and (4) are not functions because
they do not pass the vertical line test.

Functions as Representation of Real Situational

Functions are often used to model real situaions. Identifying appropriate functional
model will lead to a better understanding of various phenomena.

Example 1: Given that a function D is the number of mobile data used in x hours if the
mobile data used per hour is 2.5 GB.
Solution: Since the mobile data used per hour is 2.5 GB, then the number of mobile
data function is F(x) = 2.5x.

Piecewise Function (A function describe by more than one situations/formula).

Example 2: The minimum jeepney fare is P9 for the first four kilometers plus P1.40 per
succeeding kilometer. Use a piecewise function to represent the jeepney fare in terms of
distance (d) in kilometer. (General Mathematics, DepEd 2016)

Solution: F(d) represent the fare as a function

8.00, 0 < 𝑑 ≤ 4
𝐹 (𝑑 ) = {
8.00 + 1.4𝑑, 𝑑 ≥ 4

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Evaluating Functions:
To evaluate a function, you need to replace its variable with a given number or
expression.

Example: Evaluate the following functions:

1. F(x) = 3x + 5 at x =4 4. R(x) = 3x– 4 at x = x + 1
8.00, 0 < 𝑑 ≤ 4
2. G(x) = x2 – 6x + 1 at x = -2 5. 𝐹(𝑑) = { at x = 6
8.00 + 1.4𝑑, 𝑑 ≥ 4
3. H(x) = √5𝑥 − 1 at x = 1

Solution:
1. F(x) = 3x + 5 at x =4 2. G(x) = x2 – 6x + 1 at x = -2
F(x) = 3x + 5 G(x) = (-2)2 – 6( -2) + 1
F(x) = 3(4) + 5 G(x) = 4 + 12 + 1
F(x) = 12 + 5 G(x) = 16 + 1
F(x) = 17 G(x) = 17

3. H(x) = √5𝑥 − 1 at x = 1 4. R(x) = 3x – 4 at x = x + 1

H(x) = √5(1) − 1 R(x) = 3( x + 1) – 4
H(x) = √5 − 1 R(x) = 3x + 3 –4
H(x) = √4 R(x) = 3x – 1
H(x) = 2

8.00, 0 < 𝑑 ≤ 4
5. 𝐹(𝑑) = { at x = 6
8.00 + 1.4𝑑, 𝑑 ≥ 4
F(d) = 8.00 + 1.4 d
F(d) = 8.00 + 1.4 (6)
F(d) = 8.00 + 8.4
F(d) = 16.40

What’s New

OPERATION ON FUNCTIONS

To perform an operation of function is the same as performimg operations of algebraic

expression.

Addition (f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x) or (f + g) = f(x) + g(x)

Subtraction ( f - g)(x) = f(x) - g(x or (f - g) = f(x) - g(x)
Multiplication (fg)(x) = f(x) . g(x) or (fg) = f(x) . g(x)
Division (f / g)(x) = f(x) / g(x) or (f / g) = f(x) / g(x)

Example1:
Given f (x) = 3x + 2 and g(x) = 4 – 5x, find :
1. (f + g)(x) 2. (f – g)(x) 3. (f × g)(x) 4. (f / g)(x).

Solutions:
1. ADDITION OF FUNCTION: (f + g)(x) = f (x) + g(x)
= [3x + 2] + [4 – 5x]
= 3x + 2 + 4 – 5x
= 3x – 5x + 2 + 4
(f + g)(x) = –2x + 6

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 2. SUBTRACTION OF FUNCTION: (f – g)(x) = f (x) – g(x)
= [3x + 2] – [4 – 5x]
= 3x + 2 – 4 + 5x
= 3x + 5x + 2 – 4
(f – g)(x) = 8x – 2

3. MULTIPLICATION OF FUNCTION: (f × g)(x) = [f (x)][g(x)]

= (3x + 2)(4 – 5x)
= 12x + 8 – 15x2 – 10x
(f × g)(x) = –15x2 + 2x + 8

𝑓
4. DIVISION OF FUNCTION: ( ) (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) ÷ 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑔
𝐟 𝟑𝐱+𝟐
() (𝐱) =
𝐠 𝟒−𝟓𝐱

Example 2: Given f (x) = 2x, g(x) = x + 4, and h(x) = 5 – x3, find:

1. (f + g)(2) 2. (h – g)(2) 3. (f × h)(2) 4. (h / g)(2).

This exercise differs from the previous one in that I not only have to do the operations
with the functions, but I also have to evaluate at a particular x-value. To find the
answers, I can either work symbolically (like in the previous example) and then evaluate.

Solutions:

Find the value of:

f (2) = 2(2) = 4
g(2) = (2) + 4 = 6
h(2) = 5 – (2)3 = 5 – 8 = –3

Now, I can evaluate the listed expressions by substituting the values in the box.
1. (f + g)(2) = f (2) + g(2) = 4 + 6 = 10
2. (h – g)(2) = h(2) – g(2) = –3 – 6 = –9
3. (f × h)(2) = f (2) × h(2) = (4)(–3) = –12
4. (h / g)(2) = h(2) ÷ g(2) = –3 ÷ 6 = –1/2

What is It

Composition of Functions
It is Composing Functions with Functions which means that the value of a
function is also a function.

The notation used for the composition of functions looks like: (f o g)(x). So what does this
mean (f o g)(x)? It means that the composition of the function f with g is defined as
follows: (f og)(x) = f(g(x)), notice that the function g is inside of the function f.

Steps which we can use to find the composition of two functions:

1. Rewrite the composition in a different form. For example, the composition
2. (f og)(x) needs to be rewritten as f(g(x)).
3. Replace each occurrence of x found on the outside function with
the inside function. For example, in the composition of(f og)(x) = f(g(x)), we
need to replace each x found in f(x), the outside function, with g(x),
the inside function.

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 4. Simplify the answer.

Example: 1. If f(x) = –4x + 9 and g(x) = 2x – 7, find (f o g)(x).

2x + 1
2. If f(x) = 2x + 1 and p(x) = , find (f ○ p) (x) and (f ○ p) ( 5).
x −1
Solutions:
1. (f o g)(x) = f(g(x))
f(x) = - 4x + 9 (write down the main function)
(f o g)(x) = -4 [(g(x)] + 9 (replace x by the function g(x) which is 2x -7 )
(f o g)(x) = -4(2x - 7) + 9 (apply distributive property)
(f o g)(x) = -8x + 28+ 9 (combine like terms)
(f o g)(x) = -8x + 37

2. (f ○ p) (x)
f(x) = 2x + 1 (write down the main function)
2x + 1
(f o p)(x) = 2 [(p(x)] + 1 (replace x by the function p(x) which is )
x −1
2x + 1
(f o p)(x) =2 ( ) +1 (apply distributive property)
x −1
4x + 2
(f o p)(x) = + 1 (get the LCD “x + 1”, divide each term by the LCD
x −1
then multiply the quotient to get the new numerator)
(4x + 2) + ( 𝑥+1)
(f o p)(x) = (combine like terms in the numerator, then simplify)
x −1
𝟓𝐱 +𝟏
(f o p)(x) =
𝐱 −𝟏
5x +1
(f o p)( 5 ) since (f o p)(x) =
x −1
5x +1
(f o p)(5) = (replace x by 5)
x −1
5(5) +1
(f o p)(5) =
(5) −1
25 +1
(f o p)(5) = (simplify)
4
26 𝟏𝟑
(f o p)(5) = =
4 𝟐

What’s More

EXERCISES:
Solve the following:
1. Given f(x) = 2 + 3x – x2 and g(x) = 2x – 1, evaluate each of the following:
a. (f + g) (4) c. (fg)(x)
b. (g – f)(x) d. (f / g) (0)
2. If f(x) = x 2 – 4x + 2 and g(x) = 3x – 7, find (f ○ g)(x).
3. If g(x) = –6x + 5 and h(x) = –9x – 11,
find (g ○ h)(x).
4. If f(x) = 2x - 5 and g(x) = 5x2 – 3,
find (g ○f)(x).
5. If f(x) = –2x + 9 and g(x) = –4x2 + 5x – 3, find (f ○g)(-1).

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 What I Have Learned

1. A relation is any set of ordered-pair numbers.

2. The set of all first elements is called the domain or input of the relation.
3. The set of second elements is called the range or output of the relation.
4. A function is a relation where each element in the domain is related to only
one value in the range by some rule.
5. Mapping diagram is presentation of relation wherein the elements of the
domain are mapped to the elements of the range using arrows.
6. Vertical line test – a graph represents a functions if and the graph only if each
vertical line intersects the graph at most once.
7. Piecewise Function - a function described by more than one
situations/formula.
8. To evaluate a function, you need to replace its variable with a given number
or expression.
9. In performing an operation of function, it is the same as performimg
operations of algebraic expession.
10. The notation used for the composition of functions looks like this,
(f o g)(x). So in (f o g)(x), the composition of the function f with g is defined as
follows: (f og)(x) = f(g(x)), notice that in the case the function g is inside of
the function f.

What I Can Do

For numbers 1-2, refer to the problem given below.

Your family will be attending a family reunion at a particular beach resort. To avoid
hassle, you consider renting a car that charges a flat rate of P 2,000 plus P 150 per
additional integer kilometer.

1. What mathematical model can be drawn from the given situation above in terms of
the distance (d) in kilometers?
A. f(d) = 2,000 + 150 C. f(d) = 2,000 + 150 + d
B. f(d) = 2,000 + 150d D. f(d) = 2,000 + 150 ⌊𝑑⌋

2. How much would they pay for the rented car if they traveled 20 kilometers?
A. P 2,000 B. P 3,000 C. P 5,000 D. P 6,000

For numbers 3 – 5, refer to the problem given below.

Pera Padala services of one company has the following charges, as seen on the table
below:

Amount Charge
500 or less P 35
501 – 1, 000 P 75
1, 001 – 3, 000 P 150

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 3. What is the piecewise function of the charge C in terms of the amount x?

35𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 500

A. C(x) = { 75𝑥 𝑖𝑓 501 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1000
150𝑥 𝑖𝑓 1, 001 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3, 000

35𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 500
B. C(x) = { 75𝑥 𝑖𝑓 501 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1000
150𝑥 𝑖𝑓 1, 001 ≥ 𝑥 ≥ 3, 000

35 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 500
C. C(x) = { 75 𝑖𝑓 501 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1000
150 𝑖𝑓 1, 001 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3, 000

35 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 500
D. C(x) = { 75 𝑖𝑓 501 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1000
150 𝑖𝑓 1, 001 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3, 000

4. How much will be charged if you send an amount of P 1, 500?

A. P 35 B. P 75 C. P 110 D. P 150

5. How much will be charged if you send an amount of P 800?

A. P 35 B. P 75 C. P 110 D. P 150

Assessment

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.

1. Which of the following statements does not represent a function?

A. Teacher and her students C. Children to their mother
B. Mayor and the City D. Student and their LRN

2. What is the functional notation of y + 3x =1?

A. f(x) +3x = 1 B. y = -3x + 1 C. f(y) = 3x + 1 D. f(x) =- 3x + 1

3. Which of the following sets of ordered pairs does not represent a function?
A. {(1, 1), (1, 0), (-1, 0), (0, -1)} C. {(-2, -2), (-1, -1), (0, 0), (2, 2)}
B. {(3, -3), (2,- 3), (1, 3), (0, 3)} D. {(1, 0), (5, 1), (-5, -1)}

50 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 10
4. If h(x) = { , then what is h(5) ?
2𝑥 − 50 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 10

A. -40 B. 5 C. 40 D. 50

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5. Which of the following graphs will pass the vertical line test?
y y
A. B. .
x

C. y D. y

x x

6. If f(x) = x - 5, then what is f( a + 1 )?

A. a–4 B. a +4 C. a +6 D. a – 6

7. If h(x) = 5x - 1 and g(x) = - 3x + 3, then what is (h – g)(x) ?

A. 2x + 2 B. 2x + 4 C. 8x + 2 D. 8x – 4

8. If f(x) = 4x – 3 and g(x) = 6x – 3, then what is (f + g)(x) ?

A. 10x – 6 B. 10x + 6 C. 2x – 6 D. - 2x – 6

9. If f(x) = 𝑥 2 + 1 and g(x) = √𝑥 − 1 , what is f [ g(x) ] ?

A. -1 B. 0 C. x D. x+1

10. If f(x) = x2 – x and g(x) = 3x - 4, then what is f(-1) • g(1)?

A. – 1 B. 0 C. 1 D. −2

Additional Activities

Let f(x) = 3x2 – 2x – 1 , g(x) = x2 – 1 and h(x) = f(x) + g(x). Find:

1. (f – g) (x)
2. F(-1) • g(2)• h(0)
𝑔(𝑥)
3.
𝑓(𝑥)
4. ℎ(𝑥 − 1)
5. f○g○h

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