THE PROCESS OF

MANAGEMENT
Lesson 3
 Lesson Objectives
To articulate the 3 managerial levels required at each
level in the technopreneurial management process.
To understand the management roles and skills required
in the technopreneurial management process.
To distinguish the 4 managerial functions in the
technopreneurial management process.
 What is Management
0 Gemp R. Terry, "Management is a distinct process
consisting of planning, organizing, actuating, and
controlling, performed to determine and accomplish
objectives by the use of people and other resources".

0 Robins et al, "It management is the process of

getting things done, effectively and efficiently, with
and through other people. "
 What is Management Cont.’
0 Robins et al, "it refers to the primary activities or
functions that managers perform. “

0 A process refers to a set of ongoing and interrelated

activities.
 What is Management Cont.’
0 Efficiency means doing a task correctly (“doing things
right”) and getting the most output from the least
amount of inputs.
0 Effectiveness means “doing the right things” by doing
those work tasks that help the organization reach its
goals.
0 Efficiency is concerned with the means of getting
things done, effectiveness is concerned with the ends,
or attainment of organizational goals.
0 The process of management can be explored through
levels of management, managerial functions, roles and
skills.
Efficiency vs. Effectiveness

Top
Management
Middle
Management
Lower Management
Levels of Management

Top
Management
Middle
Management
Lower Management
 Levels of Management (cont.)
TOP M ID DL E LO W ER
M AN A G E M EN T M AN A GE M E N T M A N AG E M E N T
E SP O N S I B I L IT Y O v era ll res p o n s ib il it y R e sp o n s ib l e fo r R es p o n s ib le fo r
fo r t h e o rg an i s ati o n s p ec ific d ep art m en t s d ep a rtm e n tal s ect io n s
/ s u b s ect io n s
A IN F U N C T IO N St r ate gi c m an ag em en t Im p lem en ta tio n of A p p lic ati o n o f ru les
p o l ici es , p lan s an d an d p ro ce d u res to
s tra teg i es ac h iev e h ig h lev e ls o f
p r o d u ct iv it y
IM E L o n g T erm M ed i u m T e rm S h o rt T e rm
R IE NT A T IO N
O S IT IO N S H E L D Bo a rd o f D i rect o rs, D ep a rtm e n tal h ea d s, S ect io n /S u b s ect io n
M a n ag in g D ire cto r, e .g . M ar k et in g h ea d s, e.g . P ro d u c t,
C EO , M a n ag em en t M an a g er, HR S ale s an d P ro m o t io n
C o m m i tte es M an a g er M an ag e rs w it h in t h e
M ark et in g
D ep art m en t
Management Process: Skills Approach
The following are the critical skills that each manager
requires :
0 Technical skills
0 Human / Interpersonal skills
0 Conceptual skills
0 Diagnostic skills
0 Analytical skills
 Management Skills
0 Technical
- applies to specialised knowledge (e.g. engineer).
0 Human skills
- applies to interpersonal skills to motivate, understand,
communicate and work well with others for tasks to be
completed effectively
0 Conceptual
- ability to understand the big picture, how activities
interrelate and how change in one affects the whole.
 Management Skills
0 Diagnostic skills
- ability to solve problems by identifying root cause from
symptoms
0 Analytical skills
- these complement diagnostic skills
- ability to identify key variables in a particular situation

and see how variables interrelate

- enables managers to determine best strategy for a
particular situation
 Sources of Managerial Skills
0 Education
- courses
- seminars, webinars
- conferences, workshops

0 Experience
- hands on training
 Class Discussion
In pairs:
0 Analyse the skills needed for each level of
management in an organisation.
Management Levels and Skills Needed
Management Levels and Skills Needed Cont.’
 Managerial Roles
0 A role consist of behaviour patterns expected of an individual
within a social unit.
0 These are specific behaviours associated with the task of
management.
0 Managers adopt these roles to accomplish the basic functions
of management. There are 3 managerial roles as expounded
by Mintzberg and these are:
1. Interpersonal
2. Informational
3. Decisional
 Class Discussion
In pairs:
0How is new technology impacting on the management
roles and skills in an organisation?
Management Functions
 Management Functions (cont.)
0 The management functions can be viewed as a process.
0 These functions are interrelated and work together as a whole
to realise organisational goals.
0 The activities are a continuum as opposed to an event.
0 The management functions are not always performed in the
predetermined order
0 A Manager can start his day by evaluating the previous days’
work (controlling), then adjust his plans (planning), re-
organise his schedule (organising) etc
The Management Process
 Class Discussion
In pairs:
0 Discuss the skills needed for each management
function in an organisation.
Management Functions & Skills
RECAP
Universal Need for Management
 Group Discussion 1

Identify a company and the management roles

performed as advocated by Mintzberg. [10marks]
Discuss the challenges faced by today’s manager in
Zimbabwe. [15marks]
 Group Discussion 2

Write a report on an organisation of your choice

explaining the levels of management of the staff and the
skills required at each level of management. [25marks]
 Group Discussion 3

Identify the 4 management functions in an organisation

of your choice. Explain how managers’ ability to handle
each one can affect organisational performance.
[25marks]