HUMANITIES 3 ART APPRECIATION

MEDIUMS OF THE
VISUAL ARTS
HUMANITIES 3 ART APPRECIATION MEDIUMS OF THE VISUAL ARTS

Medium refers to the materials which are

used by an artist — it is the means by which
he communicates his ideas.
HUMANITIES 3 ART APPRECIATION MEDIUMS OF THE VISUAL ARTS

PAINTING
- the art of creating meaningful effects on a flat
surface by the use of pigments
HUMANITIES 3 ART APPRECIATION MEDIUMS OF THE VISUAL ARTS

PAINTING // OIL
- pigments mixed in oil
- two (2) methods in painting in oil
1. Direct method - paint is opaque and is
applied to the surface
2. Indirect method - paint is applied in many
thin layers of transparent color
HUMANITIES 3 ART APPRECIATION MEDIUMS OF THE VISUAL ARTS

PAINTING // OIL
- has its disadvantages
- the oil paint dries slowly and has a tendency to
rise to the surface and form a film over the picture
making it appear dull
HUMANITIES 3 ART APPRECIATION OIL

Maria Makiling
CARLOS “BOTONG” FRANCISCO

Oil on canvas
1980
HUMANITIES 3 ART APPRECIATION OIL

Red Talisman
JOSE JOYA

Oil on canvas
1975
HUMANITIES 3 ART APPRECIATION OIL

Parisian Life
JUAN LUNA

Oil on canvas
1982
HUMANITIES 3 ART APPRECIATION MEDIUMS OF THE VISUAL ARTS

PAINTING // TEMPERA
- mixture of ground pigments and an albuminous or
colloidal vehicle, either egg, gum or glue, used by
Egyptian, Medieval and Renaissance painters
HUMANITIES 3 ART APPRECIATION MEDIUMS OF THE VISUAL ARTS

PAINTING // TEMPERA
- special characteristic: an emulsion, water-based
- rapid drying and great luminosity of tone
- three (3) principal dimensions
1. unvarnished or gouache-like tempera
2. varnished tempera
3. tempera as an under painting for oil
HUMANITIES 3 ART APPRECIATION TEMPERA

Resurrection with
Two Angels
BERNARDINO FUNGAI

Tempera on wood siena

1460-1616

Majesty
SEGNA DI BONAVENTURA

Tempera on panel siena

1298-1326
HUMANITIES 3 ART APPRECIATION MEDIUMS OF THE VISUAL ARTS

PAINTING // WATERCOLOR
- pigments mixed with water and applied to fine,
white paper
- require a high degree of technical dexterity
- gouache, opaque watercolor
HUMANITIES 3 ART APPRECIATION WATERCOLOR
HUMANITIES 3 ART APPRECIATION MEDIUMS OF THE VISUAL ARTS

PAINTING // PASTEL
- pigment is bound so as to form a crayon which is
applied directly to the surface, usually paper
- possesses only surfaces of light, gives no glazed
effect and most closely resembles dry pigment
HUMANITIES 3 ART APPRECIATION MEDIUMS OF THE VISUAL ARTS

PAINTING // PASTEL
- it is not a very popular medium because no one
has yet to discover the way to preserve its original
freshness
- the chalk tends to rub off and the picture loses
some of its brilliance
HUMANITIES 3 ART APPRECIATION PASTEL
HUMANITIES 3 ART APPRECIATION MEDIUMS OF THE VISUAL ARTS

PAINTING // FRESCO
- colors are mixed with water and applied to fresh
plaster which absorbs the color
- “fresco”, Italian, means fresh and is used to
designate the process of painting in fresh wet
plaster
HUMANITIES 3 ART APPRECIATION MEDIUMS OF THE VISUAL ARTS

PAINTING // FRESCO
- has its disadvantages
- it is almost impossible to move a fresco
- the painting is subject to the disasters that may
happen to the wall of which it has become a part
HUMANITIES 3 ART APPRECIATION FRESCO

The Creation of Adam

MICHAELANGELO

Fresco
1512
HUMANITIES 3 ART APPRECIATION MEDIUMS OF THE VISUAL ARTS

PAINTING // ACRYLIC
- synthetic paint using acrylic emulsion as binder
- combines the transparency and quick-drying
qualities of watercolor
- flexible as oil, does not tend to crack, and turn
yellow with age
- completely insoluble when dry and can be used
almost on any surface
HUMANITIES 3 ART APPRECIATION ACRYLIC
HUMANITIES 3 ART APPRECIATION SOME FAMOUS FILIPINO PAINTERS

Fernando Amorsolo Fabian dela Rosa Carlos “Botong”

Francisco
HUMANITIES 3 ART APPRECIATION SOME FAMOUS FILIPINO PAINTERS

Jose Joya Ang Kiukok Juan Luna

HUMANITIES 3 ART APPRECIATION SOME FAMOUS FILIPINO PAINTERS

Vicente Manansala Hernando Ocampo Damian Domingo

HUMANITIES 3 ART APPRECIATION SOME FAMOUS FILIPINO PAINTERS

Mauro Malang Santos Benedicto “Bencab”

Cabrera
HUMANITIES 3 ART APPRECIATION MEDIUMS OF THE VISUAL ARTS

SCULPTURE
- the art of making two-dimensional or 3D
representative or abstract forms, by the use of
different mediums
HUMANITIES 3 ART APPRECIATION MEDIUMS OF THE VISUAL ARTS

SCULPTURE
- two (2) types of mediums used in making a sculpture:
1. soft - lends itself to a moderate technique that
uses squeezing and shaping, continuously
adding to it as the work goes on, ex: clay
2. hard - requires the process of cutting and
taking away from the block, ex: stone, wood
HUMANITIES 3 ART APPRECIATION MEDIUMS OF THE VISUAL ARTS

SCULPTURE
- two (2) major sculpting processes:
1. subtractive process - a process in which
unwanted material is cut away, ex: carving of
stone and wood
2. additive process - the construction of a figure
by putting or welding materials together
HUMANITIES 3 ART APPRECIATION SCULPTURE

U.P. Oblation
GUILLERMO TOLENTINO

Sculpture
1949
Stela of Akhenaten
HUMANITIES 3 ART APPRECIATION SCULPTURE

Pieta
MICHAELANGELO

Marble
1499 Head of Ptolemy
HUMANITIES 3 ART APPRECIATION MEDIUMS OF THE VISUAL ARTS

SCULPTURE // STONE & BRONZE

- media most commonly used for sculpting
- durable, resistant to elements, fire and other
hazards
- heavy and breaks easily*
- marble is the most common used stone
- plenty in Greece and Italy
- high gloss, polished, more or less permanent
HUMANITIES 3 ART APPRECIATION MEDIUMS OF THE VISUAL ARTS

SCULPTURE // WOOD
- advantage: really cheap, readily available and easy
cut, polishes well and has smooth, shiny surface
and beautiful color
- relatively light and can easily be made into variety
of shapes; grainy texture of wood adds beauty
- disadvantage: limited size and burns easily,
discolors and decays easily in warm climate
HUMANITIES 3 ART APPRECIATION MEDIUMS OF THE VISUAL ARTS

SCULPTURE // IVORY
- survive through long periods of time due to the
intrinsic value of the material
- commonly used in sculpting heads and arms of
saint statues
- lacks vigor unlike wood; seldom used today
HUMANITIES 3 ART APPRECIATION MEDIUMS OF THE VISUAL ARTS

SCULPTURE // TERRA COTTA

- terra cotta literally means “cooked earth”
- moist, moderately coarse clay subjected to heat,
fired comparatively at low temperature
- usually painted and coated in heavy glaze
- disadvantages: breaks and chips easily, cannot
stand great strain or weight
HUMANITIES 3 ART APPRECIATION MEDIUMS OF THE VISUAL ARTS

SCULPTURE // OTHERS
- aluminum, chromium, steel, plastic
- plastic is the least expensive material used for
casting; less fragile and light which makes it
preferable compared to other materials
HUMANITIES 3 ART APPRECIATION MEDIUMS OF THE VISUAL ARTS

ARCHITECTURE
- the art of designing and constructing buildings
- materials used (stone, wood, brick, concrete,
glass) and the methods of assembling these
materials are among the factors contributing to
architectural style
HUMANITIES 3 ART APPRECIATION MEDIUMS OF THE VISUAL ARTS

ARCHITECTURE // WOOD
- common building material
- advantages: abundance, relative durability, and
high tensile and compressive strength
- disadvantages: easily destroyed by moisture,
insects, and fire
- plywood has improved the structural possibilities
of wood; stronger than any known material
HUMANITIES 3 ART APPRECIATION MEDIUMS OF THE VISUAL ARTS

ARCHITECTURE // STONE
- used when permanence is desired
- concrete, commonly used
- made of sand and gravel mixed with cement
- high compressive strength, does not crumble or break
down when subjected to heavy weight
- does not corrode and is fire resistant
- ferro-concrete, reinforced concrete (stronger variants
of concrete)
HUMANITIES 3 ART APPRECIATION MEDIUMS OF THE VISUAL ARTS

ARCHITECTURE // STEEL
- tough alloy of iron in variable amounts
- malleably under proper conditions and greatly
hardened by sudden cooling
- high tensile strength
- made possible the building of the high-rise
structures
HUMANITIES 3 ART APPRECIATION MEDIUMS OF THE VISUAL ARTS

3 BASIC TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION

1// Post-and-lintel
- consists of two vertical posts for support (post) and
horizontal one (lintel)
- generally used for wooden buildings
HUMANITIES 3 ART APPRECIATION POST-AND-LINTEL

Parthenon
HUMANITIES 3 ART APPRECIATION 3 BASIC TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION

2// Arch
- dominant in Roman architecture
- architectural forms built from pieces of wood called
voussoirs with joints between them and are arranged in
a semi-circle
- all materials are in compression
- typical for stone construction; can stand great pressure
- dome, extension of the arch
- roof resembling an inverted cup or hemisphere, formed by round arches or
vaults rising from a round or many-sided base
HUMANITIES 3 ART APPRECIATION ARCH
HUMANITIES 3 ART APPRECIATION ARCH
HUMANITIES 3 ART APPRECIATION 3 BASIC TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION

3// Cantilever
- any structural part projective horizontally and anchored at one
end only
- needs a beam with tensile strength, and does not crack or
break easily
- largely utilized in buildings with steel as medium
- wood is also used but is limited since it has a tendency to
warp, sag, or rot
- used in construction of skyscrapers which depends for
support upon a steel skeleton
HUMANITIES 3 ART APPRECIATION CANTILEVER