The arts are remarkable in their diversity, not only in subject matter but also in materials and

forms. No rules can govern either creation or appreciation. The artist is influence by the
world around him, so that his works reflects the time and place in which he lives. If artist or
critics do set up rules to follow, other artist and critics will prove the rules false. Art change as
life change. Authorities in art state that the work of an artist must be judge against the
background of the time which he lived.

Often like a book written by an author

THE SCOPE OF THE HUMANITIES

The humanities is a many-faceted subject. As mentioned earlier, it consist of the visual arts,
literature, drama and theater, music and dance.

VISUAL ARTS - are those that are perceive with our eyes. They may be classified into two
groups: flat or two dimensional surface and plastic arts three dimensional.

A. The graphic arts - broadly, this term covers any form of visual artistic
representation, especially painting, drawing, photography, and the like or in which
portrayals of forms and symbols are recorded on a two-dimensional surface. Printers
also use the term graphic arts to describe all processes and products of printing
industry.

1. Painting - this is the process applying pigments to a surface to secure effects

involving forms and colors. Painting medium includes oils, watercolor,
tempera, and others. canvas , wood, paper, and plaster are some of the
surfaces on which paintings are executed.

2. Drawing - is the art of representing something by lines made on a surface

or the process of portraying an object, scene or forms of decorative or
symbolic meaning through lines, shading, and textures in one or more
colours. Mediums used include pencil. pen and ink, crayon, brush, and
charcoal.

3. Graphic Processes - These are processes for making multi-reproduction

of Graphic Works. All processes involve the preparation of a master image
of the drawing or design on some durable material such as wood, metal,
or stone, from which printing is done. Processes may be classified by the
nature of the surface from which the printing Is done: raised (relief),
depressed intaglio or flat (surface, or plane).
a. Relief printing is the process whereby unwanted portions of design are cut away
on the master image. Printed image is formed by the remaining surface.
Examples are linoleum cuts, woodcuts, and wood engravings. Japanese prints
are made from woodcuts.
 b. Intaglio printing is a method of printing from a plate on which incised lines, which
carry the ink, leave a raised impression.

1. Drypoint. Here the artist draws directly on a metal plate with a sharp
needle and scratches lines, or grooves, into the metal. For each print,
ink is rubbed into the grooves and the unscratched surface is wiped
]clean. In printing, the ink in the grooves is transferred to paper.

2. Etching. This is the art or process of producing drawings or designs

on metal plates covered with wax. The needle penetrates wax to
the surface of the plate. The plate is then dipped in acid, which
eats the lines into the metal. For printing, etched (bitten) lines are
filled with ink which is transferred to the paper.

3. Engraving. This is done on a metal plate with a cutting tool called

a barin, which leaves a V-shaped trough Drawings or designs on
the plate are entirely composed of lines and/or dots.

c. Surface printing incudes all processes in which printing is done from a

Aat (plane) surface.

1. Lithography is the art or process of printing from a fat stone or

metal plate by a method based on the epulsion between grease
and water. The design is put on the surface. The surface is then
treated so that ink adheres only to areas where drawing has been
done; ink is then transferred to the paper in printing.

2. Silkscreen. Silk is stretched over a rectangular frame and

unwanted
portions in the design are blocked out. Pigment is forced through
the clear areas. For multicolor prints, a separate screen is used for
each color.

4. Commercial Art. This includes designing of books, advertisements, signs,

posters, and other displays to promote sale or acceptance of product,
service or idea.

5.Mechanical Processes. These are developed by commercial printers for rapid,

large-quantity reproduction of words and pictures in one or more colors.

6. Photography. This is a chemical-mechanical process by which images are

produced on sensitised surfaces by,action of light. Reproductions may be
in black or white or in full colors of the original.
B. The Plastic Arts . This group indudes all fields of the visual arts in which mater
ials are organized inte three-dimensional forms.

1. Architecture is the art of designing and constructing buildings and other types
of structures. Varied materials used include stone, concrete brick wood
steel, glass, and plaster. Architecture is often referred to as the "mother of
the arts" because it houses, serves as background for, or occurs in
relation to other fields of art such as painting, sculpture, interior design,
landscape architecture, and city planning.

2. Landscape Architecture - is planning outdoor areas for human use and enjoy-
especially gardens, parks, playgrounds, golf courses. Chief materials
are plants, trees, shrubs, flowers, vines, and ground cover.

3. City Planning - This refers to planning and arranging the physical aspects of
a large or small community. Structures and areas concerned with all
phases of living and working are attractively and efficiently organised and
related.

4. Interior design - The term is used to designate design and arrangement of

Architectural interiors for convenience and beauty. It includes backgrounds
(walls, floor, ceilings) furnishings, and accessories. Design of wallpapers,
Furniture textiles for curtains and upholstery are important fields of interior
design.
5. Sculpture - refers to the designs and construction of three-dimensional forms
representing natural objects or imaginary (sometimes abstract) shapes. Common
materials are stone, wood, clay and metal; but ivory, jade , wire, string and other
materials are also used. Sculpture of figures are called statues.

6. Crafts - the term refers to the designing and making of object by hand for use or for
treasure. It includes such fields as ceramics, jewelry, leatherwork, and weaving. If
these field are mass-produced, they are classed as industrial design.

7. Industrial design - refers to design of object for machine production. Examples are
designs for automobiles and household appliances.

8. Dress and costume designs - this covers design of wearing apparel of all
types-dresses, coats, suits,shoes,ties and the like.

9. Theater designs- is the design of setting for dramatic production.

LITERATURE
The art of combining spoken or written words and their meaning into forms which
have artistic and emotional appeal is called literature.

1. Drama - is a form of literature. It is listed or defined in the next page.

2. Essay - this is non-fiction, expository (descriptive or explanatory) writing ranging from
informal, personal topics to closely reason critical treatments of important subjects.
3. Prose fiction - includes narrative (stories) created by the author, as distinguish from
true accounts. The word fiction comes from a latin word which mean “to form,” “to
event,” “to feign.” fiction is generally divided into novel, novelette, and short-story
forms. A novel or a short story story describes characters and events which has the
author invented.
4. Poetry - is literature of a highly expressive nature using form and choice of words and
emotional image. Narrative (storytelling) poetry includes epics, romance, and ballads.
Lyric forms include the sonet, ode, elegy, and song.
5. Miscellaneous - history, biography, letters, journal, diaries and other works not
formally classed as literature often have definite literary appeal and status due to the
high quality of the writing.

MUSIC
Music is the art of arranging sound in rhythmic succession and generally in
combination. Melody results from this sequence, and harmony from the combinations. Music
is both creative and performing art. The common form are song, march, fugue, sonata, suite,
fantasy, concerto, and symphony. Musical compositions falls into three groups.
1. Vocal music - is composed primarily to be sung. The voice or voices are generally
accompanied by one or more instruments.
2. Instrumental music - music of this kind is written for instruments of four general
types- keyboard (piano, organ, ect.); stringed (violin, cello, guitar, ect.); wind (flute,
clarinet, ect.); brass winds, (trumpet, saxophone, ect.); percussion (drums,
xylophone).
3. Musical combine with other arts
a. Opera - is a drama set in music. It is mostly or entirely sung with orchestral
accompaniment. It is spectacularly staged with accomplished singer,elaborate
scenery and costumes.
b. Operetta and musical comedy - this is also a drama set to music but is light,
popular, romantic and often humorous or comic. Operettas use spoken
dialogue instead of recitaive.
c. Oratorio and cantata - are sacred musical drama in a concert form. These are
made up of recite parts (recitative), arias, and choruses, with orchestral
accompaniment. No action, sets, and costumes are used. Oratories are
usually based on biblical themes.
4. Other forms of arts are the ballet music and background music for motion pictures.
DRAMA AND THEATER
A drama, or play, is a story re-created by actors on a stage in a front of audience.
The following are the most common types of drama.

1. Tragedy - this is one of literature’ greatest dramatic art forms. It is a drama od serious
nature in which the central character comes to some sad or disastrous end. All
tragedies portray suffering.
2. Melodrama - in this type of drama, the emphasisis on action rather than on character.
The action is sensational or romantic and usually has a happy ending.
3. Comedy generally includes all plays with happy endings.
a. The romantic comedy - is a light, amusing tale of lovers in some dilemma
which is finally solved happily.
b. Farce - is a light, humorous play. The emphasis in the farce is on jokes,
humorous physical action, ludicrous situations, and improbable characters.
c. Comedy of manners - sometimes called “drawing room comedy” is
sophisticated, sometimes satirical. The characters are usually high-society
types, and situations have a little to do in real life. The emphasis here is on
dialogue.

MISCELLANEOUS
a. Tragicomedy - a drama blending tragic and comic elements but which ends happily.
b. Miracle and mystery plays - are dramatised stories from the bible and of the lives of
saints.
c. Morality plays - are those in which characters represent specific vices and virtues.
d. Closet drama - is a term used tp designate play written for reading rather than for
staging.
e. Piano drama - is based on a piano works which revolved around the musical pieces
composed under the inspiration of a literary work. This “piano drama” which is a
recent innovation of combining the interpretation of music with the recitation of poetry
and the literary source of the music.

DANCE
Dance involved the movement of the body and the feet in rhythm. Some important
type include :

1. Ethnologic - this include folk dancing associated with national and cultural
groups.
2. Social or ballroom dances - these are popular types of dancing generally
performed by pairs. They include such form as waltz, foxtrot, rhumba, and
tango.
3. The ballet - this is the formalized type of dance which is originated in the royal
courts of the middle ages. Ballet dance may be either solo or concerted
dance with mimetic action and accompanied by music. These are generally
built around a theme or a story.
4. Modern - modern dance are sometimes called contemporary or interpretative
dances. These dance are represent rebellion against the classical formalism
of ballet: they emhasize personal communication moods and themes. In the
 past movements were natural and untrained. Today, there are varied styles of
movements usually based on the current trend.
5. Musical comedy - refers to those dances performed by soloists, groups,
choruses in theater, night clubs, motion picture, and television. It combines
various forms of ballet, modern, tap, and acrobatics.

Lesson 2: Methods of Presenting the Art Subjects

Authorities on art are one in their view that the different methos used by the artist in
presenting the art subject are:
1. Realism
2. Abstraction
3. Symbolism
4. Fauvism
5. Dadaism
6. Futurism
7. Surrealism

REALISM
In art, this is the attempt to portray the subject as it is. Even when the artist choose a
subject from nature, he selects, changes, and arranges details to express the idea he wants
to makes clear. Realist try to be as object as possible. Here, the artists main function is to
describe as accurately and honestly as possible. What is observed through the senses.
however, in the process of selecting and presenting his material,he cannot help being
influenced by what he feels or thinks.
We can say that an art or a work is realistic when the representation and organisation of
details in the work seem so natural. Realism is a common way of presenting the art object.
An example of this is amorsolo's painting.
In literature, realism has for its goal, the faithful rendering of the objective reality of human
life. Since reality is the necessary raw material of all art, realism has certainly existed since
literature began. But realism as a coherent program of literary aesthetics emerged in
western literature about 1850 in reaction against the idealism of the narrow social range of
earlier literary attitude. Thus, realism tended to stress the daily life of the common person,
often concentrating on the sordid and disagreeable. hence , a sober, and impersonal style
was used to attain it. It was an art that suited an age marked by the rapid growth of science
and by drastic changes in social organization.
Poetry and drama were influenced by realism, but it was in the novel that realism achieved
greatness. Since the latter part of the 19th century, other tendencies have come to the force,
and realism has been found by some enslaved by factual and by others naively inadequate
for truly rendering the complexity of life. Yet, if realism no longer dominates literature, it is
because principles have now been assimilated into all literary creation of 20th century.
Worthy of mention are edgardo reyes sa mga kuko ng liwanay and efren abueg’s dilim sa
umaga. These are novels of social commentaries which are realistically vivid and clearly
presented.
ABSTRACT
This is used when the artist becomes so interested in one phase of a scene or a
situation that he does not show the subject at all as an objective reality, but only his idea or
his feeling about it.

Abstract means “to move a way or seperate.”abstract are moves away from showing things
as they really are. The painter or artist paints the picture not as it reality looks like. The
pictures is not just like life. Its is not “realistic.”

In the feild of sculpture, artist began doing abstract sculpture. They ignore the exact form of
a real-life object. They feel that the texture and shape of a sculpture were more important to
them than the exact form. Constantin bracusi’s “bird in space” is an example. Bracusi was
impressed by the grace of a bird in fight, by the sweep of its body as it flies through the air,
so he represented those qualities in his sculptural work. His work does not look like a bird for
it is supposed to convey an impression of birds grace and speed.

Abstract subject can also be represented in many ways like;

a. Distortion - this is clearly manifested when the subject is in misshapen condition, or

the regular shape is twisted out. Henry moore’s sculpture works and the ancient
egyptian paintings and sculpture works are good examples of this kind.
b. Elongation - it refers to that which is being lengthened, a protection or an extension.
El Greco’s elongated body of Jesus Christ is in his “Resurrection”
c. Mangling - this may not be commonly used way of presenting an abstract subject, but
there are few artist who show subject or objects which are cut, lacerated, mutilated or
hacked with repeated blows.
d. Cubism - it stresses abstract form through the use of a cone, cylinder, or sphere at
the expence of other pictorial elements. The cubist want to show forms in their basic
geometrical shapes. Paul Cezanne’s works played an important part in the
development of cubism. It was further developed by George Braque of france and
Pablo Picasso of spain.
e. Abstract expressionism - is a style of abstract painting that originated in new york city
after world war II and gained an international vogue. Although it has close
antecedents in european art, the term was first applied to the new york school,
whose work is characterised by great nerve, the use of large canvases, and a
deliberate lack of refinement in the application of the paint. Strong color, heavy
impasto, uneven brush strokes, and rough textures are other typical characteristics.
In other words, abstract expressionism departs completely from subject matter, from
studied precision, and from any kind of preconvience design. Jackson Pollock was
one of the abstract expressionist painters of the new york school.

SYMBOLISM
A symbol, in general, is a visible sign of something invisible such as an idea or a
quality. It can be simple an emblem or sign like: % to represent percent, a lion to represent
courage. A lamb to represent meekness. These well-known symbols arise from conventional
usage, association and general relationship. The conventional type of symbol is not absent
from works of art. But in poetry and painting, the symbols has a freer development. It
transcend the everyday run-of-the-mill sign and assume a new and fresh meaning,
originating from a highly personal and even unique association born in the mind of the poet
or painter. Like in Alfred Lord Tennyson’s “crossing the bar”:

The names of the 26 officers who fell defending the tuileries.

Fauvism - this was the first important art movement of the 1900s. The fauves flourished as a
group only from about 1903 to 1907, but their style greatly influenced many later artist. Henri
Matisse led the movement, and other important fauves included Andre Derain, Raoul Dufy,
and George Rouault, all from france.
The fauves did not attempt to express ethical, philosophical, or psychological themes. Most
of these artists tried to paint a picture of comfort, joy and pleasure.they used extremely bright
colors. To a fauve, for example, a tree trunk need to be brown. It could be bright red, purple,
or any other color.

Dadaism - a protest movement in the arts was formed in 1916 by a group of artists and
poets in Zurich, switzerland. The dadaists reacted to what they believed were outgrown
traditions in art, and the evils they saw in society. They tried to schock and provoke the
public with outrageous pieces of writing, poetry recitals, and art exhibitions. Much dada art
was playful and highly experimental. The name “dada,” a french word meaning “ hobby
horse” was deliberately chosen because it was nonsensical. Perhaps the best known dadaist
was the french artist Marcel Duchamp.

Futurism - it developed in italy about the same time cubism appeared in france. Futurist
painters wanted their works to capture the speed or the force of modern industrial society.
Their paintings glorified the mechanical energy of modern life. Subject included automobiles,

MEDIUMS OF THE VISUAL ARTS

Medium - refers to the materials which are used by an artist. It is the means by which he
communucates his ideas. Many mediums have been used in creating different works of art.
The architect uses wood, bamboo, bricks, stone,; the sculpture uses wood and metals like
bronzes; while the painter uses pigments on wood or canvas. Medium is very essential to
art.

Painting - is the art of creating meaningful effects on a flat surface by the use of pigments.
Different mediums used in painting. Each medium exerts a pronounced effect on the finished
products, is capable of varied treatment, and determines its own stroke. The materials of the
painter are pigments applied to wet plaster, canvas, wood or paper.

Oil - in oil painting, the pigments are mixed in oil. The surface used is usually canvas
although other surfaces like wood, paper and metal may be used. The most familiar type of
painting is done with oil on canvas. This method has been used since 15th century. The
surface to be suitable must receive oil paint freely and yet not absorb it, can withstand
temperature changes and not crack pigment on it. Pigment mixed with oil provide a medium
that give richness in the opacity of light and depth of shadow.

Pigments can come from many source: minerals, vegetable matter, coal tars, and other
chemical combinations. These are ground by hand or machine then mixed with oil. Painters
usually depend upon those pigments which do not change through the years.
There are two methods of painting in oil: the direct and indirect method. In the direct method,
the paints are opaque and are applied to the surface just as day are to look in the finished
product. In the indirect method, the paint is applied in many thin layers of transparent color.
The direct method is the more flexible method of the two.

This medium is popular to painters because there is no limit to the ways of handling oil
pigments. It is possible to get a wide range of separate effects. The pigment may be applied
in a thick and heavy opaque manner or in washes of almost watercolor transparency. Oil
color is the best method for a convincing representation where exact reproduction of a color
tone is necessary. Its ease of handling, the easy blending of tones and the possibility of
painting over and covering any mistake are some of the reasons why oil painting is very
popular technique.

Many well-known filipino painters use oil. Carlos “Botong” Francisco recorded history and
folklore in his oil. His “Maria Makiling” has for its subject the woodland nymph of mount
makiling in the provence of laguna. “Sari-Sari” by Norma Belleza was produced in 1979.
Jose Joya, a well-known painter and former dean of college of fine arts of the university of
the philippines has produced many oils, one of which “Red Talisman” painted in 1975.
Parisian life by juan luna

Professor eric zerrudo, the director of cultural facilities for the GSIS explains that the painting
was originally entitled “the maid “ in 1953, “coquette” in 1960 and “intere de un cafe” or
“interior of a cafe” in 1983. It was only in 2002 when the painting was entitled “parisian life“

Professor zerrudo further explains that there are three possible interpretations of the
painting;

1.the three gentlemen’s (J. Luna, Dr. J. Rizal and Dr. Ariston Bautista Lin) attention were
caught while in the cafe in paris by a beautiful lady in period clothes seated awkwardly on a
plush sofa.

2. Juan Luna was probably projecting his turbulence with his wife into his painting and that
he was asking for counsel from his two friends, rizal and bautista Lin.

3. The third interpretation was submitted by UP fine arts professor Roberto fileo and his
students comparing the body of the philippine map.

The painting was owned by the descendants of filipino physician Dr. Ariston Bautista Lin, to
whom Juan Luna gave the oil and it stayed with Dr. Bautista Lin and his family for over a
century since it was painted. In 1904, the painting was represented at Christie’s, at the St.
Louis Exposition (world’s Fair) where it won a silver medal. It is undeniable that the “parisian
life “ has both historical and aesthetic significance to our country and thus, we should be
more proud as filipinos.

Oil painting has some disadvantage. The oil paint dries slowly and has a tendency to rise to
the surface to become yellow and cracks so that preservation usually becomes a problem.

Tempera - before oils were in general use, a type of painting called tempera was popular.
This is a mixture of ground pigments and an albuminous or colloidal vehicle, either egg, gum
or glue, used by egyptian, medieval and renaissance painters. It is still used today.

The special characteristics of tempera is its being an emulsion. An emulsion is a watery,

milk-like mixture of oily and watery consistency. Tempera, not withstanding its oil content,
dries readily with the evaporation of water. This rapid drying is one of its advantages.

Tempera painting is usually done on a wooden panel that has been made smooth with a
coating of plaster. The colors are mixed with egg yolk.since the paint dries rapidly, there is
little blending or fusing of colors in tempera painting. This is evident in the “resurrection with
two angels” by Bernardino Fungai and in segna di bonaventura’s “Majesty”. Colors are laid
on side by side or superimposed. It is hard to obtain rich, deep tones and shadows. This
medium needs careful details. Its advantage is its great luminosity of tone. The colors are
clear and beautiful.

The use of tempera falls into three principal dimensions: unvarnished or gouache-like
tempera, varnished tempera and tempera as an under painting for oil. Unvarnished tempera
is the simplest to use. One paints with water or thinned emulsion on a dampened or dried
ground. When the tempera is varnished, many problems may arise. The airy quality of the
color or may be lost. Some colors may appear glaring and others may stand out in a very
unpleasant way. The decorative quality in varnished tempera is an advantage. Since
tempera is essentially a watercolor, it must remain so if its qualities have to be preserved. An
important requirement is a faultness, clean ground. If the ground changes when varnished,
the painting will change with it. The colors should remain simple.

Watercolor - good watercolor paintings are not easy to make. They require a high degree of
technical dexterity. In watercolor, the pigment are mixed with water and applied to fine, white
paper. The colors are applied in very thin layers. In pure watercolor painting, all the light
comes from the ground. Paper is the most commonly used ground. Other materials like
parchment, ivory, silk and cambric are also used as ground. The ground must be very clean
and white and at the same time unchangeable.

Opaque watercolor is called “gouache”. It is by grinding opaque colors with water and
mixing the product with a preparation of a gum by adding chinese white to transparent water
colors. If differs from the brillant quality of translucent watercolor painting whose major
effects are caused by the whaite paper. Watercolor is a process familiar to every school
child.
Pastel - is more recent medium. Pastel is more recent medium. Pastel color possesse only
surface of light, gives no glazed effect and most closely resembles dry pigment. The pigment
is bound so as to form a crayon which is applied directly to the surface, usually a paper.

As a support for pastel painting paper, pasteboard or canvas is used. As far as the technique
is concerned, the painter is free to handle the material to suit himself. It is a very flexible
medium. Varied effects may be produced in pastel painting. It is not a very popular
freshness. The chalk tends to rub off and the picture loses some of its brilliance.

Fresco - the most popular type of painting is fresco. The colors are mixed with water and
applied to fresh plaster which absorbs the color. Since the pigment has been incorporated
with the plaster, it last until the wall is destroyed. Fresco painting flourished during the 15th
and 16th centuries when masaccio, michelangelo, raphael, tintoretto and others covered the
wall of italian churches with their masterpieces. In italian, “fresco” means fresh and its used
to designate the process of painting in fresh wet plaster.

Generally, the process begins with preliminary sketches, later enlarged to fall-size cartoons
which are transferred to rough plaster. The coloring must be ready as soon as the plaster is
put on the wall. It is prepared by mixing a pigment with water or with water and lime. When
this is applied to the wet plaster, the lime binds the pument to the plaster and makes the
painting a part of the wall.

Since fresco must be done quickly, it is very exacting medium.

Fresco has two disadvantages
1. It is almost impossible to move a fresco
2. The painting is subject to the disaster that may happen to the wall of which it has
become a part.

Acrylic - the newest medium and one that is used widely by painters today is acrylic. These
are synthetic paints using acrylic emulsion as binder. They combine the transparency and
quick-drying qualities of water color and are as flexible as oil. They can completely insoluble
when dry and can used almost on any surface. They also do not tend to crack, and turn
yellow with age.
Filipino painter have produced many painting using acrylic as a medium. Some of more
recent ones are ;
“Sisa” - Mario Parial
“Anting-Anting” - Rodolfo Paras-Perez
‘Blue Odyssey” - Jose Joya

Some famous Filipino Painters

1. Fernando Amorsolo - he was a portraits and a painter of rural philippines

landscapes. In all his paintings, his nationalistic fervor was evident. His paintings
often portray traditional filipino culture, customs, fiestas, and occupation. He used
natural light in his paintings. He painted outdoors to be able to catch the effect of light
on objects through the use of color. He developed the backlighting technique that
 brilliantly depicted the luminous golden glow of the sun’s rays on his subject. This
technique became his artistic trademark and his greatest contribution to philippines
painting.

2. Fabian dela Rosa - he was noted being an outstanding painter of woman’s portrait.
He was also best remembered for painting landscapes and everyday scenes with
woman depicted as simple yet regal in doing daily activities such as weaving,
chatting, going to church, planting rice in the field and washing clothes. His skills in
portraiture has rarely been equalled except perhaps by Fernando Amorsolo.

3. Carlos “Botong” Francisco - he single-handedly brought back the art of mural

painting in the philippines. He was in forefront of modernist in the country. He was
best known for his historical epics. One of his favorite subjects is fisherfolk. The
image of his woman subjects came from mythology, history,legend, customs,and
contemporary life.
His greatest works include the “Blood Compact,” “First Mass at Limasawa,” “The
Martyrdom of Rizal,” and the “Invasion of Limahong.”

4. Jose Joya - he was a filipino abstract painter. He pioneered abstract expressionism

in the philippines. His canvases were characterised by “dynamic spontaneity” and
“quick gesture” of action painting. Known as an abstract expressionist, he adapted
the values of kinetic energy and spontaneity in panting, mastering the art of gestured
painting where paint is applied using broad brush strokes. Heis works were
influenced by the tropical landscapes of the philippine islands.

5. Ang Kiukok - he first attained prominence in the philippine arts scene in the 1960s.
He fused influence from cubism, surrealism and expressionism. Some classified his
style as “figurative expressionism.” he favored subjects as fighting cocks, rabid dogs
and people enraptured by rage or bound in chairs. The intensity of his works stood in
contrast to his personality, describe as placid and affable.

6. Juan Luna - in 1884, his masterpiece, “spoliarium,” won first prize at the national
exposition of fine arts in madrid. His other masterpiece are the “death of Cleopatra”
and “blood compact.”

7. Vicente Manansala - a philippine cubist painter and illustrator. His canvas were
described as masterpieces that brought the culture of the barrio and city together. His
“Madonna of the Slums” is a portrayal of a mother and child from the countryside who
became urban shanty residents once in the city. His “Jeepney,” combined the
elements of provincial folks culture with the city. His works include the murals of the
“Station of the Cross” in the church of the paris of the holy sacrifice in the university
of the philippines.

8. Hernando R. Ocampo - he was credited for a new mode of the abstraction that
exemplifies philippine flora and fauna and portrays sunshine, stars, and rains. Using
movement and bold colors, H.R. Ocampo utilised fantasy and science fiction as the
 basis for his works. His art is describe to be “abstract composition of biological forms
that seemed to oscillate, quiver, inflame and multiply like mutations”

9. Damian Domingo - he was active in the early part of the 19th century as a painter of
miniature portraits and religious images. He was known for his miniature portraits on
ivory and oil portraits on canvas. He was known likely the first in asia to use the s
Western principles of foreground, middleground and background perspective among
other artistic techniques. He became one of the most sought-after artists of his time.

10. Mauro Malang Santos - he is a self-taught painter who began his career as a comic
strip illustrator. He paints freely and unencumbered in gouache and oil pastel, on
large or small canvases and on paper. His paintings have been said to celebrate the
philippine landscap, its people and traditions in happy fiesta colors. He was well
awarded artist. Among the awards he received are TOYM (ten outstanding young
men) 1963, Gawad CCP, artist if the year (society of the philippine illustrators and
cartoonist) and patnubay ng sining at kalinangan from the city of manila. Women are
his favorite subjects and also philippine lanscape where nipa huts and shanties take
on a quality among squalor. His color are generally bright and vivid.

11. Benedicto ‘Bencab’ Cabrera - he is a pioner among filipino painters. His skillsful
and soulful depiction of social issues, most especially those most relevant to filipinod,
is beleived by many to be the foundation of his success. Beacuse of his involvement
art as social issue, bencab has painted a wide variety of subjects.

Sculpture

Soft medium - as clay will lend itself to a modeling technique that uses squeezing and
shaping and continuously adding to it as the work goes on

Hard medium - like stone and wood requires the process of cutting and taking away from
the block.

Modelling - allows for expansion of gesture.

Carving - is confined to the limits of the piece of wood or stone.

There are two major sculpture processes used :

1. Subtrsctive - it is a process in which the unwanted material is cut away.

Example : the carving of stone and wood.

2. Additive - the final result is pproduced by putting together smaller segments of the
material. Example : the construction of a figure by putting together bits of clay, or by
welding together parts of metal.

Two major Mediums used to make sculpture by the subtractive process.

 ● Stone
● wood
Other mediums
● Soap
● Insulating brick
● Plaster of paris

Additive process
● Plastic in texture
● Moist clay
● Terra cotta
● Metal or artificial stone
The materials may be aslo rigid or semi rigid such as
● Metal wires
● Rods and plates which are combined by soldering and welding.

Sculpture in general may be devided into two types :

1. Relief - refers to figures which are attched to a ground like the relief of “ stela of
akhenaten” the sculpture executed by ed castrillo for the polytechnic University of the
philippines.
2. Free-standing - figure can be seen from all sides like the UP oblation. It was made by
guillermo tolentino in 1949. It is made of bronze and stone.

The most commonly used for sculpture are stone and metal

Stone
● Durable
● Resistant to the elements
● Fire and other hazards

Marble - is the most beautiful of stones.

Bronze - most commonly used traditionally. May be solid in small statues.

“Stela of Akhenaten” (from egyptian art through the ages)

“U.P. Oblation” - Guillermo Tolintino 1949
“The Pieta” by Michelangelo in the basilica of St. peter’s
“Head pf ptolemy”

Wood - the advantage of wood is that it is cheap, readily available, and easy to cut. It also
polishes well and has s smooth shinny surface and beautiful color. It is relatively light and
can be made easily into a variety of shapes. The grain of wood that can be seen, adds to its
beauty. The carved pulpit of the san agustin church intramuros is an example of philippin
woodcarving at its best.

Woodcarving - as folk art is popular in the towns of paete and pakil in laguna and in betis,
pampanga. The wood carves of paete are known for having perfected the art of carving
“santos” from native hardwood.

The main drawback in using wood is that it is limited in size and burns easily. Wooden
sculpture are known to discolor or decay easily in the philippines climate.

Ivory - unlike wooden sculpture, a large number of old ivory statues have survived to the
present time. The survival is due to the intrinsic value of the material. Ivory lends itself to
technical mastery it is also popular to ordinary craftpeople. Many statues of saints in the
philippine churches and homes have heads and arms made of ivory. Ivory though, lack the
vigor of wooden statues. Like wood, it also cracks. Ivory, like terra cotta, is seldom used
today. A comb, carved on both sides with religous scenes and made of ivory.

“ A comb” frim egyptian art through the ages, 6th century B.C

Terra Cotta - very few material are as responsible to a sculptor’s hand and tools as is plastic
clay. It yield to even the slightest pressure and can be worked and re-worked until the artist
has achieved what he want to do. Unfired clay is a fragile material and sculpture in this
medium would have a short life. For a more durable work on clay, the sculptor can fire the
original in a kiln.

The result is usually referred to a terna cotta. Which literally means “cooked earth.”
It is moderately coarse clay product fired at comparatively low temperature. It is usually
painted and coated with heavy glaze. Terra cotta breaks and chips easily. It is not a strong
material and it cannot stand great stain or weight. Terra cotta nevertheless is a beautiful and
versatile medium.

“ Red Terra Cotta Figure of a Standing Male” (1,500-100 B.C) (from mabuhay, jan-feb, 1980)

Other material. The list of material available to the modern sculpture has become longer.
The metals aluminium, chromium, and steel, plastic, chemically treated clay and stone for
casting in liquid form are now being used. Plastic is less expensive foe use as a casting
material than metals and less fragile in many ways. The beauty of plastic and its lightness
make it preferable to other materials.

Architecture - is an art. It is the art of designing and constructing a building. It is also by its
definition functional. One of the primary purposes of architecture is to fulfil a need that led to
its creation. Since the needs of different periods in history varied, different architectural
styles evolved.
Type of construction to be employed also determines the choice of materials to be
used. These may be one of the following

1. Post-and-lintel - is the earliest of the three. It consist of two vertical post for support
(post) and a horizontal one (lintel). Example : the Parthenon in Athens, Greece.

2. Arch - is dominant in roman architecture. It is an architectural from built from piece of

wood called voussoirs with joints between them and are arranged in a semicircle
Doom - is an extension of the principle of the arch. It is a roof resembling an
inverted cup or hemisphere, formed by rounded arches or vaults rising from a round
or many-sided base.

3. Cantilever - is any structural part of projecting horizontally and anchored at one end
only. This method of construction needs a beam with a great tensile strength that can
be securely fastened at the supported end.Steel has a great tensile strength, and
does not crack or break easily.

The Skyscrapers of today - “Petronas Towers’ Malaysia

Wood - is the common building material today. Its advantages are its abundance, relative
durability and high tensile and compression strength. however , its easily destroyed by
moisture, insects and fire. A new material, plywood, has greatly improved the structural
possibilities of wood. In relation to its weight, plywood which comes in thin sheets, is
probably stronger than any known material.

Stone - is the material used is the most great architecture of the world where permanence is
desired. Concrete is a building material made of sand and gravel mixed with cement. Like
stone, it has a high compressive strength. It doesn't easily crumble or break down when
subjective to heavy weights. It does not rot or corrode and is fire resistant. Stronger
structures, ferro-concrete or reinforced concrete is used. It is concrete reinforced with steel.

Steel - is still in great demand today. It is a tough alloy of iron in variable amounts. It is
malleable under proper conditions and greatly hardened by sudden cooling. It has tensile
strength. The use of structural steel makes it possible for the architect to build many of the
present-day structures without worrying about the problem of space and the weight of other
materials. It has also made possible the building of the high-rise structure which are very
popular these days.
Elements of the visual arts

Line - is an important element at the disposal of every artist. Through the lines of painting or
sculpture, the artist can make us know what the work is about. He uses lines to represent
figures and forms.
Lines always have direction. They are always moving. Lines, as used in any work of art, may
either be straight or curved.

Straight lines are always associated with the ideas of steadiness and force. It moves in one
direction only. It may either be horizontal, vertical or diagonal.

Curve lines - with flexibility, buoyancy, and grace.

“Sarcophagus of King Tut” - Egyptian Antiquities Museum

Horizontal lines - are lines of repose and serenity. They express ideas of calmness and
quiescence. Horizontal lines are found in reclining persons, in landscapes, calm bodies of
water and in the distant meeting of the earth and sky in what is commonly called the horizon.
The horizontal lines of the sarcophagus of king Tut are suggestive of repose.

Vertical lines - are lines poised for action. They are poised, balanced, forceful, and
dynamic. Vertical lines seen in a person standing straight, a tall tree, statues of saints and
heroes give an impression of dignity. Vertical lines also tend to express as well as rouse
emotion of exaltation and inquietude and this is evident in monumental architecture. The
gothic cathedrals express sentiments of inquietude and exaltation that possessed the soul of
northern europe in the later middle ages.

Diagonal lines - suggest action and movement. They give animation to any composition in
which they appear. Almost every object in action assumes a diagonal line. A running person
makes a diagonal line with his body and legs. Degree of action is shown by the angle of the
diagonal.

Curved lines - suggest grace, movement. Flexibility, joyousness and grace. They are never
harsh or stern since they are formed by a gradual change in direction. They tend to impart
these qualities to any work where there sare used. The curved lines of woman’s body and
the bamboo stem where according to the philippines legend, man and woman sprang, as
depicted in a mural by the late artist Carlos Francisco.

Lines may also be classified into three groups :

1. Lines which follow or repeat one another
2. Lines which contrast with one another
3. Transitional line which modify or soften the effect of others.
Repetition - occurs when two or more line are drawn within a corner following the lines of
the corner. Lines that are in position to each other form following the lines of the corner.
Lines that are in opposition to each other form a contrast. When a curved line cuts across a
corner from an opposition libe to another, it forms a transition line. Transitional lines modify
the sharpness of vertical and horizontal lines giving a harmonising effect.

Color

Delight color is a universal human characteristic. Color is a property of light when light goes
out, color goes with it.

White light of the sun contains all the color of spectrum

These color are so blended that they yield no sensation of color

● Violet
● Indigo
● Blue
● Green
● Yellow
● Orange
● Red

Neutral colors:
● White
● Gray
● Black

Color has three dimensions or attributes:

1. Hue - is the dimension of color that gives color its name. When we say the flower is
yello, we are naming its hue. Color name such as red, green, violet, and yellow
indicate the color characteristic called hue.
Primary hues: blue, red, and yellow
Secondary hues: orange, green, and violet.

Yello-orange and red-orange are called intermediate colors

Warm and cool colors

Colors may either be warm or cool. Red, orange, and yellow are the warm hues.
They are associated with objects like the sun, fire, and other source of heat. They
tend to impart warth to any composition in which they are used. They are
conspicuous, cheerful and stimulating, vivacious, joyous and exciting. They are
suggestive of impetuous or instinctive action. They are called advancing colors
because they have an effect of advancing or coming towards you. The cool colors
are those where blue. Predominates like green, blue-green, blue, blue-violet. They
 cause surfaces covered with them to appear to recede. They suggest distance. They
are calm, sober, restful, and inconspicuous.
Red, color of fire and blood, is the warmest, most vigorous and most exciting of
colors.
Yellow, the color of light, is the most brilliant, cheerful, and exultant of the colors.
Blue the color of the sky and deep and still water, is the coolest and the most tranquil
of the colors.

Color harmonies
There are two kinds of color harmonies:

1. Related color harmonies - these may either be monochromatic of adjacent.

Monochromatic harmony is made up of several tones of one hue, like for instance
oranges, tan, brown and other tones from the orange family. Monochromatic
harmonies are the simplest and easiest to used. Different tones of the same hue all
have something in common, so it is easy for them to agree.

In adjacent or neighboring harmony, two or three neighboring hues on the color circle
are used together. For example, tone of green, yellow and orange can produce a delightful
harmony. They have something in common because there is yellow in green and in orange.
Good adjacent harmonies can be produced by using other groups of neighboring colors like
yellow, orange, and red: or orange, red and violet.

2. Contrasted color harmoneies - colors which lie directly opposite each other in the
color circle are called complementary colors. Red and green, orange and blue, violet
and yellow are complementary colors. They contrast with each other strongly,
therefore,they are more difficult to used harmoniously than the related color
combinations. However, when they are properly harmonized, they give very beautiful
effect.

Value - refers to the lightness or darkness of a color. It is a quality which depends on the
amount of light and dark in color.

Tints - are values above the normal and shades are values below the normal.

Intensity - the third and last dimension of color. It refers to the brightness or darkness of
color. It gives color strength. Colors differ in intensity. Intensity differences may be describe
as full intensity, two-thirds intensity, two-thirds neutral and neutral.

Texture - is the element that deals more directly with the sense of touch. It has to do with the
characteristic of surfaces which can be rough or smooth, fine or coarse, shiny or dull, plain
or irregular. Texture is best appreciated when an object is felt with the hands

Texture - is found in all the visual. A painting, a building, or a piece of sculpture has texture
which are felt and described in a variety of ways. Texture is due primarily to differences in
medium.
Perspective - deals with the effec tof distance upon the appearance of objects, by means of
which the eye judgee spatial relationships. It enables us to perceive distance and to see the
position of object in space.

Two kinds of perspective:

1. Linear perspective - is the representation of an appearance of distance by means of

conveying lines.
2. Aerial perspective - is the representation of relative distances of objects by
gradations of toone and color. Object become fainter in the distance due to the effect
to the atmosphere. Object appear to be lighter in color and outline more vague as
they recede into distance or into the atmosphere.

Space - in painting as in architecture, space is of great importance. The exterior od a

building is seen as it appears in space while the interior is seen by one who is inside as
enclosing space. Painting does not deal with the space directly. It represent space only on a
two-dimensional surface.

Form - applies to the overall design of work of art. It describe the structure or shape of an
object.

Volume - refers to the amount of space occupied in three dimensions. It therefore refers to
solidity or thickness. We perceive volume in two ways:

● By contour lines or outlines ir shapes of objects.

● By surface lights and shadows.