ASIAN DEVELOPMENT FOUNDATION COLLEGE

262 P. Burgos St. Tacloban City

LIBERAL ARTS DEPARTMENT

ART APPRECIATION: WAYS OF EXPRESSION

Compiled by:
Lyneth P. Cobacha
Instructor
There are countless ways of expressing oneself through art. The following list includes,
but is not limited to, popular art expressions.

1. Visual Art

Drawing is a form of visual art in which an artist uses instruments to mark paper or

other two-dimensional surface. Drawing instruments include graphite pencils, pen and ink,
various kinds of paints, inked brushes, colored
pencils, crayons, charcoal, chalk, pastels, erasers, markers, styluses, and metals (such
as silverpoint). Digital drawing is the act of drawing on graphics software in a computer.
Common methods of digital drawing include a stylus or finger on
a touchscreen device, stylus- or finger-to-touchpad, or in some cases, a mouse. There are
many digital art programs and devices.
A drawing instrument releases a small amount of material onto a surface, leaving a visible
mark. The most common support for drawing is paper, although other materials, such
as cardboard, wood, plastic, leather, canvas, and board, have been used. Temporary
drawings may be made on a blackboard or whiteboard. Drawing has been a popular and
fundamental means of public expression throughout human history. It is one of the simplest
and most efficient means of communicating ideas.[1] The wide availability of drawing
instruments makes drawing one of the most common artistic activities.
In addition to its more artistic forms, drawing is frequently used in
commercial illustration, animation, architecture, engineering, and technical drawing. A
quick, freehand drawing, usually not intended as a finished work, is sometimes called
a sketch. An artist who practices or works in technical drawing may be called a  drafter,
draftsman, or draughtsman.

Painting is the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a solid surface

(called the "matrix" or "support"). The medium is commonly applied to the base with
a brush, but other implements, such as knives, sponges, and airbrushes, can be used.
In art, the term painting describes both the act and the result of the action (the final work is
called "a painting"). The support for paintings includes such surfaces as walls, paper, canvas,
wood, glass, lacquer, pottery, leaf, copper and concrete, and the painting may incorporate
multiple other materials, including sand, clay, paper, plaster, gold leaf, and even whole
objects.
Painting is an important form in the visual arts, bringing in elements such
as drawing, composition, gesture (as in gestural painting), narration (as in narrative art),
and abstraction (as in abstract art). Paintings can be naturalistic and representational (as
in still life and landscape painting), photographic, abstract, narrative, symbolistic (as
in Symbolist art), emotive (as in Expressionism) or political in nature (as in Artivism).
A portion of the history of painting in both Eastern and Western art is dominated
by religious art. Examples of this kind of painting range from artwork
depicting mythological figures on pottery, to Biblical scenes on the Sistine Chapel ceiling, to
scenes from the life of Buddha (or other images of Eastern religious origin).
Lettering is an umbrella term that covers the art of drawing letters, instead of simply writing
them. Lettering is considered an art form, where each letter in a phrase or quote acts as
an illustration. Each letter is created with attention to detail and has a unique role within
a composition. Lettering is created as an image, with letters that are meant to be used in a unique
configuration. Lettering words do not always translate into alphabets that can later be used in a
typeface, since they are created with a specific word in mind.

Printmaking is the process of creating artworks by printing, normally on paper, but also

on fabric, wood, metal, and other surfaces. "Traditional printmaking" normally covers only
the process of creating prints using a hand processed technique, rather than a photographic
reproduction of a visual artwork which would be printed using an electronic machine ( a
printer); however, there is some cross-over between traditional and digital printmaking,
including risograph. Except in the case of monotyping, all printmaking processes have the
capacity to produce identical multiples of the same artwork, which is called a print. Each
print produced is considered an "original" work of art, and is correctly referred to as an
"impression", not a "copy" (that means a different print copying the first, common in early
printmaking). However, impressions can vary considerably, whether intentionally or
not. Master printmakers are technicians who are capable of printing identical "impressions"
by hand. Historically, many printed images were created as a preparatory study, such as a
drawing. A print that copies another work of art, especially a painting, is known as a
"reproductive print".
Prints are created by transferring ink from a matrix to a sheet of paper or other material, by a
variety of techniques. Common types of matrices include: metal etching plates, usually
copper or zinc, or polymer plates and other thicker plastic sheets for  engraving or etching;
stone, aluminum, or polymer for lithography; blocks of wood for woodcuts and wood
engravings; and linoleum for linocuts. Screens made of silk or synthetic fabrics are used for
the screen printing process. Other types of matrix substrates and related processes are
discussed below.
Multiple impressions printed from the same matrix form an edition. Since the late 19th
century, artists have generally signed individual impressions from an edition and often
number the impressions to form a limited edition; the matrix is then destroyed so that no
more prints can be produced. Prints may also be printed in book form, such as illustrated
books or artist's books.

Sculpture is the branch of the visual arts that operates in three dimensions. Sculpture is the
three-dimensional art work which is physically presented in the dimensions of height, width
and depth. It is one of the plastic arts. Durable sculptural processes originally
used carving (the removal of material) and modelling (the addition of material, as clay),
in stone, metal, ceramics, wood and other materials but, since Modernism, there has been an
almost complete freedom of materials and process. A wide variety of materials may be
worked by removal such as carving, assembled by welding or modelling, or moulded or cast.
Sculpture in stone survives far better than works of art in perishable materials, and often
represents the majority of the surviving works (other than  pottery) from ancient cultures,
though conversely traditions of sculpture in wood may have vanished almost entirely.
However, most ancient sculpture was brightly painted, and this has been lost.[2]
Sculpture has been central in religious devotion in many cultures, and until recent centuries
large sculptures, too expensive for private individuals to create, were usually an expression of
religion or politics. Those cultures whose sculptures have survived in quantities include the
cultures of the ancient Mediterranean, India and China, as well as many in Central and South
America and Africa.
The Western tradition of sculpture began in ancient Greece, and Greece is widely seen as
producing great masterpieces in the classical period. During the Middle
Ages, Gothic sculpture represented the agonies and passions of the Christian faith. The
revival of classical models in the Renaissance produced famous sculptures such
as Michelangelo's statue of David. Modernist sculpture moved away from traditional
processes and the emphasis on the depiction of the human body, with the making
of constructed sculpture, and the presentation of found objects as finished art works.

Digital imaging or digital image acquisition is the creation of a digital representation of

the visual characteristics of an object, such as a physical scene or the interior structure of an
object. The term is often assumed to imply or include
the processing, compression, storage, printing and display of such images. A key advantage
of a digital image, versus an analog image such as a film photograph, is the ability to
digitally propagate copies of the original subject indefinitely without any loss of image
quality.
Digital imaging can be classified by the type of electromagnetic radiation or
other waves whose variable attenuation, as they pass through or reflect off objects, conveys
the information that constitutes the image. In all classes of digital imaging, the information
is converted by image sensors into digital signals that are processed by a computer and made
output as a visible-light image. For example, the medium of  visible light allows digital
photography (including digital videography) with various kinds of digital cameras (including
digital video cameras). X-rays allow digital X-ray imaging (digital
radiography, fluoroscopy, and CT), and gamma rays allow digital gamma ray imaging
(digital scintigraphy, SPECT, and PET). Sound allows ultrasonography (such as medical
ultrasonography) and sonar, and radio waves allow radar. Digital imaging lends itself well
to image analysis by software, as well as to image editing (including image manipulation).

2. Film

Filmmaking (film production) is the process by which a motion picture is produced.

Filmmaking involves a number of complex and discrete stages, starting with an initial story,
idea, or commission. It then continues through screenwriting, casting, pre-production,
shooting, sound recording, post-production, and screening the finished product before an
audience that may result in a film release and an exhibition. Filmmaking occurs in a variety
of economic, social, and political contexts around the world. It uses a variety of technologies
and cinematic techniques.
Although filmmaking originally involved the use of film, most film productions are now
digital. Today, filmmaking refers to the process of crafting an audio-visual story
commercially for distribution or broadcast.

3. Performance Art
Performance art is a live art and the artist's medium is mainly the human body which he or
she uses to perform, but also employs other kind of art such as visual art, props, or sound. It
usually consists of four important elements: time, where the performance took place, the
performer’s or performer's body, and a relationship between the audience and the
performer(s) (Moma Learning, n.d.). The fact that performance art is live makes it intangible,
which means it cannot be bought or traded as a commodity, unlike the previously discussed
art expressions.
It is an artwork or art exhibition created through actions executed by the artist or other
participants. It may be witnessed live or through documentation, spontaneously developed or
written, and is traditionally presented to a public in a fine art context in an interdisciplinary mode. 
It involves four basic elements: time, space, body, and presence of the artist, and the relation
between the creator and the public. The actions, generally developed in art galleries and museums,
can take place in the street, any kind of setting or space and during any time period. Its goal is to
generate a reaction, sometimes with the support of improvisation and a sense of aesthetics. The
themes are commonly linked to life experiences of the artist themselves, or the need of
denunciation or social criticism and with a spirit of transformation.

Types of Performance Art

Many productions in the performing arts take place in some type of theater. Most
theaters consist of an elevated stage and a space for a live audience, and the most
common art forms that occur there are acting and music. Theatrical stage
productions involve the reenactment of written stories taken from literary works or
independent creations. Actors may communicate performances with spoken words,
a combination of singing and spoken words, or silent gestures.
As a form of performance art, acting involves impersonating a character. The
different emotions and motivations of characters are displayed through various
expressions, intonation and body movements. Often, actors must use empathic skills
in order to convey the character in a convincing manner.
Another closely related form of performing arts is musical theater. Musicals are
plays that integrate songs in place of some spoken words and plot details.
Performers often alternate between speaking and singing during the production.
All types of dance, whether they comes in the forms of ballet, tap, jazz, or hip hop,
are considered to be performing arts. Dancers typically participate in formal
performances, often referred to as recitals. The art of dance attempts to convey
emotion, stories, and character tendencies through the use of body language. Music
usually accompanies dance performances and body language will often seem to be
synchronized with the emotions the music evokes.
Music is considered to be another performance art. It can occur in purely
instrumental or vocal form. While instrumental forms do not necessarily convey a
specific story, notes are arranged and played in a fashion that affects the emotions.
Instrumental music can incorporate harmonies and melodies in order to resemble
and evoke certain emotions, such as anger or sadness. The message or theme of
songs that use a combination of lyrics and instruments tends to be easier to interpret,
but they still rely on the use of structure and pitch to convey feeling.
Magic and circus acts are considered to be a form of performance art. They are
typically conducted before a live audience and may use special effects that blur the
line between perceived and actual reality. Props and elaborate costumes are usually
used in these acts to add to the awe and wonder of the performance's entertainment
value.
4. Poetry Performance

Performance poetry is a type of poetry that is performed for an audience. The poetry
can be written in advance, or it can be spontaneously composed while the
performance is in progress. It is different than just reading poetry aloud that has
been written for the printed page. This type of poetry has risen and declined in
popularity throughout the years. The most recent revival started in the U.S. in the
1980s with the beginning of open mic nights and poetry slams, which are
competitions for performance poets.
In some ways, performance poetry, sometimes known as spoken word, is connected
to oral traditions that date back to ancient times before the written word. In these
cases, the poetry, or story, was passed down orally to each generation. They then
added their own twists and styles of performance into the story so that each
performance was unique. As these poems or stories had to be memorized, certain
devices were used to aid this process, and they are still used today. Some of these
include using rhyme, alliteration — which is when several words start with the same
letter — and kennings — in which a phrase, often poetic, can be substituted for a
noun in a poem.
Percussion is also important in performance poetry. The modern style has been
influenced by hip-hop, which utilizes all of these devices. This type of poetry should
also have an idea, emotion, or perspective that drives the poem. Often, this may
relate to popular culture or social or political events. Performance poets also often
incorporate aspects of their personal lives into their performances.
The poet's use of gestures or body language while performing the poem is also
important. This can be connected to an earlier form of performance poetry, in which
theatrical events were the venue for this type of art. Music may also be part of
performance poetry; for example, beat poet Allen Ginsberg often incorporated the
spoken word with jazz. While performance poetry cannot be captured for the mass
audience in the same way that a written poem can, audio recordings have made it
more accessible to a larger number of people.
The National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) in the U.S. categorizes performance
poetry as literature rather than visual art. This is largely because the performance is
focused on rhetoric and language. There are national performance poetry
competitions, and the NEA offers programs dedicated to teaching this type of
poetry.

Although poetry is a form of self-expression that knows no bounds, it can be safely divided into
three main genres: lyric poetry, narrative poetry and dramatic poetry. Keep reading to see
examples of poetry genres in each of these genres.
Lyric poetry uses song-like and emotional words to describe a moment, an object, a feeling, or a
person. Lyric poem do not necessarily tell a story but focus on the poet’s personal attitudes and
state of mind. They use sensory language to set the scene and inspire emotions in the reader.
There are several types of poetry that one could classify as lyric poetry. They include:
 Elegy- a reflective poem to honor the dead.
 Haiku- a seventeen-syllable poem that uses natural imagery to express an emotion
 Ode- an elevated poem that pays tribute to a person, idea, place, or another concept
 Sonnet- a descriptive fourteen-line poem with a specific rhyme scheme
Narrative poetry is when a very influential phenomenon or incident is being described. This may
be something that happened in real life, or it could be imaginary.
Drama is an expressive art form that may borrow from theatre (e.g., understanding character,
using voice expressively, using the body to express emotion or tension, creating a setting),
although the goal is not performance but, rather, to deepen an understanding of a concept, big
idea, theme, and/or experience.
5. Architecture
Architecture has always had an obvious and strong connection with art. Architecture is not only a
practice of constructing buildings or other structures. It also has a powerful cultural, aesthetic,
and even ideological purpose.

Architectural monuments are cultural symbols that define not only a location, such as a city but
also an era. They are a historical witness of a particular period as we have always strived towards
grand achievements with our architecture. Architecture is a form of communication. It can tell a
story, intimidate its visitors, convince someone of a specific belief or contribute to a spiritual
experience.

6. Dance
Dance is a series of movements that follows the rhythm of the music accompaniment. It has
been an age-old debate whether dance can really be considered an art form, but here we
primarily describe dance as a form of expression. Dancing is a creative form that allows
people to freely express themselves. It has no rules. You may say that choreography does
not allow this, but in art expression, dancers are not confined to set steps and rules but are
free to create and invent their own movements as long as they deem them graceful and
beautiful.

Types of Dances

1. Ballet- Ballet dance developed during the Italian Renaissance, before evolving in France
and Russia into a concert dance meant for public performance. This is in the form of a ballet,
in which the dance is choreographed with classical music. Ballet productions vary between
using elaborate costumes and staging and using minimal costuming and bare staging.

2. Ballroom- Ballroom dance is a type of partner dance originating at the end of the sixteenth
century in France. Commonly used as shorthand for any partner dance, ballroom has today
evolved into two main subgenres – standard/smooth and Latin/rhythm. Dances within these
categories include the waltz, tango and foxtrot, and pasodoble, bolero and samba. Ballroom
 is a popular form of competitive dance, or dancesport, with competitions being held all over
the world.

3. Contemporary- contemporary dance is now one of the most popular and technical forms
of dance studied and performed professionally, especially in the US and Europe. Drawing on
classical, modern and jazz dance styles, contemporary dance has evolved to incorporate
many characteristics of a broader range of dance forms. Known for its emphasis on strong
torso and legwork, contract and release, fall and recovery and floor work, it is often known
for unpredictable and disordered changes in speed and rhythm throughout a performance.

4. Hip Hop- refers to a range of street dances that developed in relation to hip hop music and
culture. Hip-hop dancing dates back to the early 1970s in New York and California,
evolving out of Funk and the development of break beat. Main styles of hip-hop dancing
include Breaking, Locking and Popping, with derivative styles emerging out of these
including Memphis Jookin’, Turfing, Jerkin’ and Krumping. These were often popularized
and made mainstream after being featured in music videos of the time. Today, hip-hop is
performed in outdoor spaces, in dance studios and competitively. Unlike many competitive
dance styles, hip-hop is often improvisational with dance crews challenging each other to
dance battles.

5. Jazz- Jazz dancing has its roots in seventeenth-century African traditions, brought to the
Americas via the Atlantic slave trade as slaves continued dancing traditions in Brazil, the US
and elsewhere on the continents. Known for its improvisational and dramatic body
movements, the jazz dancing grew in popularity in early twentieth-century jazz clubs.
Today, jazz dancing builds on African American vernacular dance styles that emerged along
with Jazz music in the US. Swing, the Lindy Hop, the Shimmy and the Charleston are
popular kinds of jazz dances.

7. Literary Art

Literary art comes from two words namely art and literature. Art means the expression of human
feelings that have beauty value. While literature is an absorption word that comes from Discuss
Sanskrit which means guide, guidance or order in the form of text or voice. So it can be
concluded that, literary art is actually a writing or story that comes from the expression of human
feelings that have beauty values.
Forms of literary arts
Prose- can be defined as a form of literature that follows a normal progression of conversation
and syntax.
Poetry- is a literary piece which uses rhyme, rhythm, and other styles in order to convey,
strongly, a feeling or idea.
Drama- We will be taking a look at four different types: Farce, Melodrama, comedy, and
tragedy.

 Farce. A farce is written with the intent to be acted out on stage or in film. They are
meant to engage the audience with embellished, exaggerated, and wildly unlikely
 situations. A farce incorporates a lot of physical humor; which just means that they use
their bodies in a ridiculous way for laughs.
 Melodrama. A melodrama is specifically written to attack the emotions. Melodramas
place a heavy focus on the plot rather than the characters themselves. Often times you
will see melodramas used in operas.
 Comedy. Comedy has also found its origin in Greece. Comedy refers to a work that is
designed to evoke laughter. It was originally used in Ancient Greece in the form of
Political satire in order to sway the minds of the voters.
 And for the last type of Drama, Tragedy. A tragedy is centered around various types of
human suffering. Typically there is a main character who is at the top, and eventually
plummets to the bottom. A tragedy is designed to evoke feelings of pity and/or fear in an
audience.

8. Theater

Theatre is a collaborative art form which combines words, voice, movement and visual
elements to express meaning. The field of theatre encompasses not only live improvised and
scripted work, but also dramatic forms such as film, television and other electronic media.

Theater uses live performers to present accounts or imaginary events before a live
audience. Theater art performances usually follow a_ script, though they should not be
confused with literary arts. Much like in filmmaking, theater also considers several
elements such as acting, gesture, lighting, sound effects, musical score, scenery, and
props. The combination of these elements is what gives the strongest impression on the
audience and the script thus becomes a minor element. Similar to performance art, since
theater is also a live performance, the participation of the viewer is an important element
in theater arts. Some genres of theater include drama, musical, tragedy, comedy, and
improvisation.

9. Applied Arts

Is incorporating elements of style and design to everyday items with the aim of increasing
their aesthetical value. Artist in this field bring beauty, charm, and comfort in to many things
that are useful in daily life (Collins and Riley, 1931). Industrial design, interior design,
fashion design, and graphic design are considered applied arts.
 Industrial design- is a process of design applied to physical products that are to be
manufactured by mass production. It is the creative act of determining and defining a
product's form and features, which takes place in advance of the manufacture or
production of the product.
Example: Coke Contour Bottle

 Interior designs- make indoor spaces functional, safe, and beautiful by determining
space requirements and selecting essential and decorative items, such as colors,
lighting, and materials. They must be able to draw, read, and edit blueprints

 Fashion design- Fashion design is the art of applying design, aesthetics, clothing
construction and natural beauty to clothing and its accessories. It is influenced by
culture and different trends, and has varied over time and place.
 Graphic design- Graphic design is a profession, applied art and academic discipline
whose activity consists in projecting visual communications intended to transmit
specific messages to social groups, with specific objectives. Graphic design is an
interdisciplinary branch of design and of the fine arts.