CHAPTER 7

MAJOR BRANCHES OF
ARTS

The first aspect of form is the elements of art and principles of design. However, the second aspect of form is
its “actual and objective form.” This refers to the outcome and actual output of the creative process which are 2-
dimensional or 3-dimensional. Modern types of forms are those that are now produced by technology or
technological media (Ocvirk et al., 2013).

I. Two-Dimensional Art
 work on a flat surface called a plane
 as an art form, these are on flat surfaces

1. Characteristics of Two-Dimensional Art

 It has mathematical dimensions of width and height (but no depth).
 They can be decorative spaces or plastic spaces.
 Decorative space refers to a spatial condition when elements of the art cling to the picture plane
 Plastic space creates impressions that the elements of art can weave their way around you.

 Plane/Picture Frame – this is the defined boundary of the picture plane; the limitation of two-dimensional
artists; only bound to work within the frame

2. Two-Dimensional Media
A. Drawings
 It is the process of moving an instrument over a smooth surface to leave a mark, mostly in
the form of a line – which is its most important element.
 It is considered as the first step in producing other types of artworks.
 It can be done by pencil, crayons, markers, pens, or chalks.
 It can have dynamic depth through shading techniques such as hatching, cross hatching
blending, and stippling, etc (Ragans, 2013).

B. Shading Techniques

a. HATCHING - is the technique of creating shadows with small, thin lines, oriented in a
consistent direction.
b. SCUMBLING - also sometimes called the “brillo pad technique” is a bit less controlled and
more random, and involves using your pen or pencil to make lots of random, squiggly marks
to build up areas of shadow.
c. STIPPLING is a somewhat painstaking technique of applying tiny dots to the page, clustering
them together to create areas of deep shadow, and leaving them spaced further apart to
make for lighter areas.
d. CROSS-HATCHING is hatching, but with lines going in two directions.
 e. BLENDING/SMUDGING is a technique of shading that focuses less on specific mark-making;
concealing; creating such smooth and closely-applied shading with pencils that the hatching
becomes invisible

C. PAINTING
 art process or media where the artist applies colors to surfaces
 paintbrushes, painting knives, roller, hands or fingers
 Paint can be oil-based or water-based.
o Oil-based – uses linseed oil as binder and turpentine as its solvent. They dry
slowly, allowing artists to blend the colors on the canvas.
o Water-based – water-soluble media like watercolors. It dries more quickly than oil-
based paints. Some other examples of water-based paints are tempera or acrylic
paints.

II. THREE-DIMENSIONAL ART

 actual and has real depth
 can be viewed across different angles
 sometimes conveys not only aesthetic messages but also utilitarian (Architects, ceramists, metalsmiths, etc.)
 can be appreciated along the tactile sense, touched in its surfaces, weighed through mass, and can be felt
along the borders (Ocvirk et al., 2013)

Ex:
1. Kissing – Angelo Accardi (mixed media painting)
2. Edmond Aman Jean – George Pierre Seurat (conte crayon drawing)
3. Head of a Girl – Leonardo Da Vinci (metal point drawing)

Three-Dimensional Media
A. Sculpture
 most of the media used are clay, glass, plastics, wood, stones, or metals.
 allows the artist to create intended shapes through these media
o Free-standing sculpture – sculpture that can be viewed all around it.
o Relief sculpture – projected into space from a flat surface. Usually attached
to a surface, which lessens the likelihood of seeing the art from the actual back.

 Methods in Creating Sculptures

o Assembling – the process of constructing a sculpture using different materials. It
can be a combination of word, plastic, metal, and others.
o Modeling – an additive process where artist gradually adds more of the material
to build the form.
 o Carving – a subtractive process where the sculpture removed, cuts, chips, or drills
parts of the sold mass to create the form.
o Casting – it comes with a manipulative process where materials like soft pliable
materials are made into shapes using manual hand force or machine
manufactured force.
Crafts – three-dimensional crafts that have utilitarian intentions. Baskets, plates, cups, vases, jewelry

B. Architecture
 The process of planning, creating/building, monitoring, and retrofitting infrastructures
to give humans and other life forms safe spaces (Ragands, 2005)

III. TECHNOLOGICAL ART

.
A. Photography
 A technique of “capturing optical images on the light-sensitive camera.”
 The first camera ever recorded was called the daguerreotype in the 19th century.
B. Film and Videos
 Series of negatives that intend to show the motion of pictures
 a by-product of people’s interest in still pictures by transforming them into
continuously seamless movements
C. Computer Arts
 Graphic designers rely on computers and their applications to create art.
 Computers now have a plethora of applications to create art such as Adobe
Photoshop, Affinity Designer, Clip Studio Paint Pro, Art Weaver, and Art Rage, etc.

Music & Dance Genres

“Music is the universal language of mankind” - Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

Music – as long as there is a so-called combination of the entities of sound and silence (known as S by the authors),
then that is just enough to understand music in a direct and efficient way.

Music as Art and Science – In art music is considered the highest form of performing art claimed by Beethoven. Music
can be appreciated if there is a person who serves as its interpreter or performer

Talking about science, one cannot fully believe that music is also a part of this division. In the field of physics, the unit
of measurement of sound called decibels (dz) is musically related. One is able to measure the accurate sound of the
pitch name DO which is equal to 440 dz.

Purposes of Music
1. Music for Religious Purpose – used to;
i. praise and worship in most denominations.
ii. music is commonly used in fiesta
2. Music for Entertainment – the success of entertainment is dependent on music
iii. used for dance; music is complementary to dance for entertainment
iv. used for theater
 v. used for staging concerts
vi. used for shows and gigs

3. Music for Tribal identity – rituals and ceremonial practices

vii. When music is used in their ritual dances like the “Babanan”
4. Music for Socio-cultural Occasions – celebrations, festivals, fiestas, weddings or birthday
viii. When singing is associated with merry-making and fun during an annual natal celebration of someone
ix. Burial procession
5. Music for Political Campaign – to increase political patronage and assurance to win the election
x. Provides opportunities for political advertisements
6. Music for Earning Prestige – enhancing one’s talent
xi. music offers opportunities

The Auditory Arts

Dr. James Loreto C. Piscos
(Music and Literature) – Both pass on orally

Music – composed of tones and silence

Music as Auditory Arts

 Music moves through time, thus it is called temporal
 Music appreciation is the acquired ability to listen to music intelligently

3 components
- ability to appreciate; music is not inborn
- acquired by anyone who makes up his mind to do so
- conscious effort

Functions of Music
1. An attempt to imitate the natural sound
2. Release of one’s emotions or feelings (therapeutic)
3. As signals in wars
4. Means of worship and vehicles of rituals
5. Used to accompany dance
6. A form of entertainment in community celebrations
7. Symbols of life’s cycles

Sound (Tones): The Physical-Material Property of Music

 Vibration is what produces a sound.
 Regular vibrations produce tones or musical sounds
 Irregular sounds yield noise.

Sound Qualities
  Timbre
 Pitch
 Intensity
 Scale series of  Types:  Dynamics – the
 Resonator - any different tones o Whole note degree of loudness
object which which are arranged o Half note or softness in music
amplifies the at definite fixed o Quarter indicators:
vibrations. distances or note 1. Forte – loudly
intervals from one o Eighth note 2. Fortissimo – very
another. o Sixteenth loudly
 Octave western note 3. Piano – softly
music uses a scale o 32nd note 4. Pianissimo – very
consisting of 12 o 64th note softly
pitches in 7 different
tones designated as:
A, B, C, D, E, F, G or
la, ti, do, re, mi fa
sol.
 Sharps mean a tone
is to be raised
 Flats tone to be
lowered.
 Duration

Timbre Pitch Duration Intensity

 This refers to the  This refers to the  It refers to the  This refers to the
quality which relative highness length of time that loudness or
enables us to or lowness or a a sound occupies. softness of a
distinguish one tone  Notes relative time sound.
sound from  This is the result of values indicated in  This results from
another. the frequency of musical notation by the pressure or
 A sound may not vibrations symbols force which is used
be audible unless  The higher the to cause the
it is frequency the vibrations that
amplified by higher the pitch produce a sound
something.

Dance
Dance is characterized by the following:
 It involves choreography of body actions with the company of music.
 It is a non-verbal communication art that uses primary body movements with the use of music.
 It is a medium of expression social interaction and presentation in a spiritual or performative setting.
 A dance competition is an organized event in which dance contestants execute a dance
performance before a judge for awards and cash prizes.

Brief History of Dance

 From the earliest time of human history, it used in 1) rituals, 2) spiritual gatherings, 3) festivities, and other
social events.
 Dance can be traced back to the 3 millennium Egypt; Egyptians religious ceremony
 20 Century dance involved the use of technology from digital music on stage performances.
Dance serves several purposes for our culture.
 Expression of feelings and emotions through body movements
 Offering to guests - at weddings, anniversaries, and ceremonies
 Tribal rituals – used to please spirits of the underworld to provide bountiful harvests and better
health conditions
 Symbolic imprint of the people’s culture
 Way of asking the gods – asking nature for abundant rain, healing, and giving an offering for an
abundant harvest
 Form of Prayer – like the use of interpretative dance during masses and other special occasions.
 Provide entertainment
 Provide erotic expression in drama, theater, and movie presentation
 Satisfaction for social pleasure to prevent stress – just like Zumba and Ballroom dancing.

Elements of Dance - The elements of dance can be easily remembered for the BASTE (body, action, space, time, and
energy).
 Body - is a very essential element. Without it, there is no possible movement.
 Action - refers to the movement of the execution of the dance using projections, balance sway, wiggle, and
other movements depending on the chosen dance genre.
 Space - refers to the dance hall or stage where the dance is presented.
 Time - element for dance refers to the speed of the execution depending on how slow and how fast the
dance genre is to be executed.
 Energy - A dance performance is dependent on the energy of the dancers.

Classifications of Dance

1. Solo dances are performed by only one dancer, just like an interpretative dance in a ballet.
2. Partner dances require two dancers to pair in the dance presentation. This is typical among ball dances like
rumba, tango, waltz, paso doble, foxtrot, quickstep, cabaret, tango, cha-cha, samba, salsa, swing, and jive.
3. The group dance requires more than two dancers in the dance presentation. Folk dance, festival dance, line
dance, round dance, square dance, and country dance are a few examples of group dance.

Kinds of Dances

Dance is classified into two: competitive dances and the dance-sports. Selected photographs show the
different genres of each kind of dance.
 Competitive dance - ballet, jazz, and hip-hop
 Dance-sport is classified into three: the international standard, international Latin, and open
competition.
1. International Standard – Waltz, Tango, Viennese Waltz, Foxtrot, and Quickstep.
2. International Latin – includes Samba, Cha-cha-cha, Rumba, Paso Doble, and Jive.
Occupations and Benefits of Dance
Occupations Health Benefits
 Dancer  Burn calories
 Dance Teacher/Instructor  Strong bones
 Dancesport Coach  Cardiovascular Conditioning
 Dance Therapist  Sociability
 Choreographer
 Zumba Dance Instructor
 Aqua Zumba Dance Instructor
 Festival Dancer