VISUAL ARTS

GEED 10073 Art Appreciation

Ms. Ma. Artes Decena C. Cabiles

 OUTLINE

A. PAINTING
B. SCULPTURE
C. ARCHITECTURE
A. Painting
◦ A form of visual arts, in which color, derived from any numerous organic and
synthetic substances is applied to various surfaces to create images with
decorative value, representational value, or both.
◦ It is the application of colored pigments to a flat surface like canvas, paper,
wood or plaster. Pigment comes from different sources: clay, some plants,
vegetable matter, coal tar, and others. Aside from natural sources, pigment is
also manufactured. The Prussian (German), blue is generally believed to be
the first chemical pigment.
◦ It depicts various intrinsic values of man through imaginative aggregation of
lines and colors. It expresses the artist’s perceptions and feelings on a
particular selected subject.
 In painting,
medium refers to the various
vehicles used to bind and
disperse color pigments.
 Mediums and
Techniques
1. Fresco (fresh in Italian) – a
technique was fully
developed during
Renaissance Period. It
becomes part of the wall.
a. Buon Fresco (true
fresco) – water color
paints are applied to
fresh plaster so that
pigments and plaster
mix chemically
b. Fresco Secco (dry
fresco) – the paint is
applied to dry plaster.
It requires a binding
material like gum.
 Mediums and
Techniques
2. Tempera – was the
favorite medium of the
Medieval Period and the
Renaissance. It involves
the application of
pigments mixed with egg
yolk to a panel, usually
wood (often covered with
linen) on which several
coats of gesso (chalk and
gum) have been carefully
rubbed down to create a
glassy-smooth surface.
 Mediums and
Techniques
3. Oil – The invention of oil
painting has been
attributed to the Flemish
brothers Hubert and Jan
Van Eych, who applied oil
paints to wooden panels,
and even on canvass
made either of linen or
linen cloth blends. The
advantage of oil painting
over other mediums is that
it remains moist for a long
time and the painter can
therefore, have time to
modify or alter what he
has done.
 Mediums and
Techniques

4. Acrylics – a synthetic
medium which is water-
based paint made from
acrylic resins.
Advantages in using acrylic:
• Quick drying
• Durability
• Adaptability
• Can be cleaned simply by
water
 Mediums and
Techniques

5. Water Color – watercolors

are mixed with water and
applied to paper, pale and
light in color. This medium is
suitable for rapid, and
spontaneous expression in
painting.
Characteristics:
A. Transparent – This medium
comes in cakes, tube or
pans
B. Opaque (also known as
Gouache) – usually
obtained in tubes.
The Elements of
Painting
 Elements of
Painting
1. Line – as discussed
earlier the “line is the
simplest, the most
primitive and the most
universal means of
creating any visual art.”
As a path of a moving
point through space,
line defines the shape
or form of an artwork. In
painting, the line is
often an edge formed
between to areas of
color or light and
shadow.
 Elements of
Painting
2. Color – is one of the
most important
element in painting.
As presented earlier,
this element refers not
only to hue, but also to
value - the amount of
white or black in the
hue, its intensity or
brightness, and the
presence or absence
of light.
 Elements of
Painting
3. Value – The values in
painting can be
observed whether the
picture is
predominantly light or
dark or whether they
merged together or
are distinctly apart. In
some paintings, light
values always
connote happiness
and peace, while dark
values suggest gloom
and doom.
 Elements of
Painting
4. Volume – In painting,
which is a two
dimensional visual art,
volume is art illusion; the
contour lines and
shadows are there but
do not change. In
sculpture and
architecture, which are
three dimensional arts,
many impressions
about them are
gathered with each
change of position of
the viewer.
 Elements of
Painting
5. Texture – refers to the
way an object is felt
through the sense of
touch. In painting,
texture can be felt
with the artist’s thick
paint, and in modern
times, added objects
such as screws and
bolts to scraps of cloth
or metal. Texture may
also reveal itself when
it catches or reflects
the light.
 Elements of
Painting
6. Perspective – refers to
the means by which
one perceives distance.
In painting, it is the
means by which one is
made to visualize the
objects in space.
a. Linear perspective means
that objects seem smaller
as they recede into the
distance.
b. Aerial perspective refers to
the changes in
appearance in relation to
the atmosphere; objects or
things become lighter in
color and duller outline as
they approach the horizon.
 Elements of
Painting

7. Form – it is the overall

design of the artwork.
It is also the
relationship of the
work of art in the
creation of the whole.
Designs commonly
used by painters are
based on the triangle,
the circle, and
rectangle.
 Elements of
Painting
8. Style – This element
refers to the qualities
present in the artwork
that will distinguish its
creator from others.
The artist’s personality,
outlook in life,
ethnicity, training, etc.
reflect on his work,
and as his personality
changes, his style may
change.
B. Sculpture
Sculpture refers to the creation of three-
dimensional figures, forms or designs from a single
block mass of materials. The dictionary simply
defines sculpture as the act, process, or art of
carving, engraving, cutting, hewing, molding,
and welding or constructing materials into
statues, ornaments, or figures.
 Types of
Sculpture
A. Sculpture in relief – is
carving or molding
which projects from the
background plane
(example: Orpheus and
Eurydice). It is usually
attached to the wall or
material from which it is
sculptured. A bas relief,
or low relief, is sculpture
or ornamentation
which projects very little
from the background,
example: the designs
on coins.
Types of
Sculpture
B. Sculpture in the
round – is free
standing
sculpture that
can be seen
from all sides
such as that of
Michelangelo’s
“David.”
 Sculptural
Modeling
Techniques
1. Subtractive – the
process of cutting
away from a block of
wood or stone and
gradually revealing
the desired shape
2. Additive – the method
of clay modeler who
adds lumps of clay to
a core and works out
the desired shape.
Mediums in Sculpture
◦ Stone and metal are the two commonly used mediums in sculpture. Of the
stones, marble because of its high polish and translucence is the most
beautiful.
◦ Limestone is used, however, its softness does not make it well polished.
◦ In ancient times, bronze was the most commonly used metal.
◦ In modern times, forged iron, steel, aluminum and glass have replaced the
bronze
◦ Other materials used in sculpture are wood, terra cotta, ivory, and lately
plastic.
Characteristics of the Materials
1. Stone – hard and durable,
weather and fire resistant, but is
heavy and breakable
a. Basalt and Diorite (black and
hard)
b. Marble (finely-grained, with
crystalline sparkle)
c. Granite (tough, coarse-
grained but suitable for bold
effects)
d. Limestone (softer)
Characteristics of the Materials

2.Wood – lighter, softer

and cheaper, and
easy to cut, but with
the vanishing forests,
it is now not readily
available.
Characteristics of the Materials

3.Terra Cotta – which

means “baked
earth” is made by
firing clay, as in
pottery making. The
clay is shaped,
glazed and baked.
Characteristics of the Materials
4. Bronze – is solid and too
expensive. The
intricate and difficult
process of casting
bronze is one
disadvantage in using
the medium.
 Sculptural Concerns
1. Pictorial Sculpture – the artist, like a
painter, is more concerned with
details than anything else.
2. Sculpturesque Sculpture – the artist is
more concerned with the
medium/materials used, its strength
and solidity, its surface quality, and its
tactile value.
3. Built-up Sculpture – the artist is not
only much concerned with the
medium/materials used but also with
the details. Example is the “Pieta”
Appreciation of Sculpture
Although the sculptor is free, his chief subject, usually, is the most aesthetic physical thing in the
world – the human body. Several principles govern a sculptural presentation:
1. The object presented must be shown as belonging to the whole body. In a bust sculpture,
the chest should appear with the head, to avoid appearing as decapitated.
2. The aesthetic sculpture requires that every statue should be made of only one material.
3. When more than one individual is presented, the figure must be in contact with one another,
to give the artwork the projection of unity . Arms or draperies can be used.
4. When the primary purpose is beauty of the body, the pose should project grace, strength,
and vigor. The figure should preferably be partly or wholly undraped. If drapery is used, it
should show the body underneath.
5. The presentation of the inner life (i.e. mind or emotion) is subjected to the presentation of
the physical beauty (i.e. human body). This is the reason for the inexpressive faces of statues
made during the Greek’s Classical Period.
6. As a general rule, the sculptor’s choice is the young, and not the old deformed or crippled.
C. Architecture
Architecture is the art or science of designing and constructing buildings or
structures with durable materials following certain standards, so as to make them
suited to their purpose, and at the same time, are also visually and aesthetically
pleasing, practical, and comfortable.
Architectural styles emerged from evolution of techniques and styles particular to a
culture in a given period. The term does not only include structural designs and
models that have slowly evolved through the ages, but also those that originated
from no particular designer.
Architectonic means “the possession of the qualities or structural design and the
technical aspects of organization in space and time rather than the subject
matter, thus, recalling the three dimensional clarity of architecture” (Dudley’s
Glossary)
 Elements of Architecture
As a visual art, architecture ha seven elements:
1. Line – delineates shape, thus, there are geometric shapes (cylindrical towers, box-like or
square office buildings, and pyramid structures.
2. Value – refers to the amount of light needed to suit the design’s purpose.
3. Color – paint can be applied to add beauty to buildings and houses. However, the
natural color of the material used is by itself the appeal, such those in brick houses.
4. Texture – refers to the materials in relation to the perception of touch. There is a big
difference between the texture of the marble and granite when used in floorings of the
structures.
5. Space – is created by the position and the materials used by the designer. For example,
glass occupies lesser space than that of concrete.
6. Volume
7. Shape and Form
Architectural Styles
◦ Historically and traditionally, architecture has followed a succession of
recognizable styles that are identified as Gothic, Baroque, or Neo-Classical; or it
has a homogenous style associated with a particular culture, such as Greek,
Roman, or Egyptian.
◦ Architectural style, be it in a rural house, factory, hotel, airport, government or
religious building, reflects the values as well as the needs of the society that
produces it. However, it is governed not only by taste and aesthetic
considerations, but also by requirements or limitations of interrelated practical
factors; the awareness of loads and stresses that certain parts of the building must
bear, and the purpose why the structure is built.
 Architectural Planning
Planning is an important phase in architecture. There are general principles to take into
account when planning for a construction.
1. Orientation – this means the maximum use and control of the effects of sun, wind,
rainfall, and other elements of nature.
2. Design – the modification to mitigate the effects of the natural forces. For example:
porches, eaves, roofs, etc. In Japan and other earthquake prone places, earthquake
proof structures are standard designs.
3. Fenestration – control and distribution of windows for light, ventilation and heating.
4. Walls – for insulation and heating control.
5. Colors – are used for their practical and expressive qualities; such as for reflection or for
absorption of light.
6. Materials and techniques – depend on the nature of the materials used and their
intended purposes.
Building Materials
Watch more……
A. Painting
1. Acrylic painting - https://youtu.be/hfjrYiZqsNo
2. Oil Painting - https://youtu.be/fUg0J_r01D4
3. Fresco - https://youtu.be/vFAC1up6HM4
4. Tempera - https://youtu.be/VAWPK_EiNns

B. Sculpture
1. Wood carving - https://youtu.be/HoGy0MiAQS0
2. Marble carving - https://youtu.be/3qqBmj8KzAA
3. Steel sculpture - https://youtu.be/twvJ4_Kasks
4. Metal sculpture - https://youtu.be/_fZNRLYiYNM
5. Soap carving - https://youtu.be/Viy807-z19s

C. Architecture
1. Modern House - https://youtu.be/gKddX70lNMg
2. Bamboo Architecture - https://youtu.be/eycXhMp7UIY
3. European Architecture - https://youtu.be/BnUFcEaT4TE
4. Islamic Design - https://youtu.be/pg1NpMmPv48
5. Steel Architecture - https://youtu.be/N08XW9wNRYc
THANK YOU