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Introduction
Contrary to what you might think, soap was not invented for purposes of personal
hygeine. Rather, it was invented early on to solve a problem with textiles: wool as it
comes from the sheep is coated with a layer of grease that interferes with the application
of dyes. And colorful yarns were valued very early in the history of textiles. A colored
garment was an expensive garment and therefore an indication of wealth and status.
Soap very likely counts potash as a direct ancestor. If you rub a solution of potash or
soda ash between your fingers, it feels soapy. If you taste it, it tastes soapy. In fact,
another name for soda ash is washing soda and you can buy it in the grocery store in the
laundry detergent section.
Potash by itself is not a very effective soap. If fat is boiled in potash, however, it makes
a pretty good soap. And a really strong soap comes from boiling fat in a strongly basic
solution, such as a lye solution.
Books on Reserve
•The Art of Soapmaking
•Soap: Making It, Enjoying It
Instructions
You could make your own lye from soda ash and lime, but the reaction is so simple that
we will dispense with it here and use commerical lye from the grocery store. You will
need two containers, one in which fat can be melted, the other in which lye can be safely
dissolved. Pottery would be ideal for both purposes. But none of the chemistry (with one
exception) relies on the properties of the container. That exception is that lye must not be
placed in an aluminum container as it reacts violently with aluminum.
That said, you are free to use any pottery, metal, or glass pot for melting your fat and
any water-tight container for dissolving the lye. We will assume you are melting fat in a
metal saucepan or glass beaker and dissilving your lye in our old friend, the 2 L soft
drink bottle.
Since most students are not set up for general housekeeping, glass beakers and hotplates
will be available in one hood of the general chemistry lab for you to use. You will need
to bring one cup of fat and a container to put your finished soap in (e.g., the 2 L soft
drink bottle). You may use any animal or vegetable fat, margerine, lard, or butter. You
can even use bacon grease if you have a place to cook!
1.You may use the lab space only during th V period. You must let Dr. Dunn know
you are working so he can assist you in case of problems.
2.Rubber gloves and safety glasses are available and must be worn while in the
lab. Caustic soda is extremely caustic!
3.A typical soap recipe:
•12 ounces of lye (a full can)
•5 cups of water
•2.75 kg of fat
4.This is way too much material to fit in our 2 L bottle! Use Unit Factor
Analysis to determine how many grams of lye and fat to use with 250 mL of
water. It may help you to know that there are 16 cups in a gallon.
5.Get one of the lab assistants to check your arithmetic: too much lye will produce
soap that eats your skin. Too much fat will make soap that is greasy and
ineffective.
6.Weigh your lye into a beaker and add enough water to make 250 mL of solution.
The water will get hot as the lye dissolves. Stir the solution with a glass rod until
the lye is completely dissolved.
7.Weight out your fat into a separate beaker (or saucepan) and melt it using a
hotplate.
8.Let both the fat and the lye solution cool to lukewarm. You can test by feeling
the outside of the beakers. They should be warm to the touch but not hot.
9.Pour the lye solution into the 2 L bottle. Then pour the cool but still melted fat
into the 2 L bottle. The lye solution and fat will separate into two layers like oil
and water.
10.Put the cap on the 2 L bottle and gently shake to mix these two layers, much as
you would shake salad dressing. Stop shaking and look to see if the layers
separate. If they do, shake again. Gradually, the fat will thicken and it will take
longer and longer for the two layers to separate.
11.When the layers no longer separate, you can stop shaking. Let your mixture sit
for a day or two until saponification is complete.
12.Clean up after yourself. Wash all the utensiles you have used. Make sure the lid
is on the lye container. Leave the space cleaner than when you found it.
The whole process takes about an hour, depending on the properties of the fat you used.
If the mixture seems to curdle and looks like cottage cheese, don't worry. Just let the
mixture sit for a few days and every time you pass it, give it a hearty shake. The most
frustrating thing is to work on a soap, assume it didn't work, and throw it away when all
it needed was a little time.
Save your soap for a later project. You can use it to wash your yarn prior to dyeing it.