10.2305 IUCN - UK.2015-2.RLTS.T2057A45223722.en

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™
ISSN 2307-8235 (online)

IUCN 2008: T2057A45223722
Arctocephalus galapagoensis, Galápagos Fur Seal

Assessment by: Trillmich, F.
View on www.iucnredlist.org
Citation: Trillmich, F. 2015. Arctocephalus galapagoensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2015: e.T2057A45223722. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T2057A45223722.en
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Taxonomy
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family
Animalia Chordata Mammalia Carnivora Otariidae
Taxon Name: Arctocephalus galapagoensis Heller, 1904
Synonym(s):
• Arctocephalus australis subspecies galapagoensis Heller, 1904
• Arctophoca australis subspecies galapagoensis (Heller, 1904)
• Arctophoca galapagoensis (Heller, 1904)
Common Name(s):
• English: Galápagos Fur Seal, Galapagos Islands Fur Seal
• French: Arctocéphale des Galapagos
• Spanish: Lobo de dos pelos de Galápagos, Lobo fino de Galapágos, Oso Marino de las Galápagos
Taxonomic Notes:
In 2011 the genus of all Fur Seals other than Arctocephalus pusillus was changed from Arctocephalus to
Arctophoca, Peters 1866 (Committee on Taxonomy 2011) based on evidence presented in Berta and
Churchill (2012). However, in 2013, based on genetic evidence presented in Nyakatura and Bininda-
Emonds (2012), this change was considered to be premature and these species were returned to the
genus Arctocephalus pending further research (Committee on Taxonomy 2013).
This species was formerly referred to Arctocephalus australis galapagoensis (Repenning et al. 1971).
New genetic information suggests that it is indeed very close to A. australis and may also be categorized
as A. australis galapagoensis (Wolf et al. 2007). The population shows strong matrilineal structure
where geographically close colonies display separate mitochondrial haplotypes, but it is well connected
and mixed through gene flow presumably caused by male dispersal (Lopes et al. 2015).
Assessment Information
Red List Category & Criteria: Endangered A2ab ver 3.1
Year Published: 2015
Date Assessed: October 30, 2014
Justification:
The Galápagos Fur Seal population declined by 77-80% from 1977/78 to 2001. Since then it is thought
that the population has increased but is likely still reduced by 50% over the last 24-35 years. Generation
length for this species may be anywhere between 8 and 11.7 years, with a best estimate of 10 years. The
causes of the reduction are partly understood, have not ceased, and may not be reversible. Impacts
from El Niño events and infectious diseases continue to threaten the population. Galápagos Fur Seals
qualify for listing as Endangered under criterion A2ab. However, the lack of quantitative survey
information for the past 12 years greatly increases the uncertainty of this assessment.
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Arctocephalus galapagoensis – published in 2015. 1
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T2057A45223722.en
Previously Published Red List Assessments
2008 – Endangered (EN)
1996 – Vulnerable (VU)
1982 – Out of Danger (O)
1965 – Very rare but believed to be stable or increasing
Geographic Range
Range Description:
Galápagos Fur Seals are observed throughout the Galápagos Archipelago. Lactating females make trips
of relatively short duration, which usually take them 10-20 km out to sea, but during the warm season
trips last longer and go further offshore. Foraging by males outside the breeding season is unknown.
Most breeding colonies are located in the western and northern parts of the Archipelago, close to
productive upwelling areas offshore. Vagrants are occasionally observed including in southern Mexico
during El Niño events (Aurioles-Gamboa et al. 2004) and pups have been reported to be born on the
coast of mainland Ecuador, but that has not been confirmed.
Country Occurrence:
Native: Ecuador (Ecuador (mainland) - Vagrant, Galápagos)
Vagrant: Mexico
FAO Marine Fishing Areas:

Native: Pacific - southeast
Distribution Map
Population
Age-structure data are not available for the Galápagos Fur Seal population so the generation time
cannot be calculated precisely. With sexual maturity attained at about 4-6 years of age and a maximum
longevity of approximately 20 years, the average age of reproducing individuals may be anywhere
between 8 and 11.7 years (based on generation length estimates for other Arctocephalus species;
Pacifici et al. 2013), but the best estimate is about 10 years (similar to the generation time reported for
Arctocephalus gazella by Forcada et al. 2008). The number of mature animals in the population is likely
to be about two-thirds of the total.
Whalers and sealers harvested Galápagos Fur Seals indiscriminately during the 19th century and there
were few left by 1900 (Trillmich 1987). Although there was little documentation, the population
recovered substantially during the 20th century. In 1977-1978 the first systematic census efforts were
conducted; 9,785 fur seals were counted and total abundance was estimated as 30,000 taking into
account lunar stage and time of day when counts were made (Trillmich 1987). This would represent
about 20,000 mature individuals. In November 2001, 2,733 fur seals were counted at haulouts and
rookeries in the Galápagos Islands (Alava and Salazar 2006). By correcting for the probability that
animals could be seen at a distance, total abundance was estimated to be 6,000-8,000. This would
correspond to 4,000-5,300 mature individuals. Analysis methods differed somewhat, but comparisons of
these two estimates indicate a reduction of 74-80% over a period of 23 years (2.3 generations). Alava
and Salazar (2006) also showed information on counts made at specific rookeries in 1977, 1978, and
2001. If the average numbers of individuals counted per site in 1977 (345.5) and 1978 (395.6) are
compared to 2001 (79.2) this suggests a reduction in abundance of 77-80%. The population seems to
have recovered somewhat since 2001, at least on the western side of Fernandina Island (Trillmich, pers.
obs). The current abundance of Galápagos Fur Seals has not been assessed reliably since 2001, so recent
and current trends in abundance are unknown. Abundance has been roughly estimated at 15,000 total
or about 10,000 mature individuals in recent years; a reduction of 50% from 1977/78. While this
includes a period slightly longer than the best estimate of three generations (i.e., 35 years rather than
30 years), there is no evidence that abundance has changed in recent years and it is precautionary to
assume that the 50% reduction applies to the last three generations.
The reasons for the reduction are not clearly understood, but may lie mostly in population effects of the
1982/83 and 1997/98 El Niño events (Trillmich and Limberger 1985, Trillmich and Dellinger 1991, Alava
and Salazar 2006). The population has been exposed to recurrent El Niño events for thousands of years,
and at present it is unclear whether the population is strongly fluctuating or declining.
Current Population Trend: Decreasing
Habitat and Ecology (see Appendix for additional information)

Galápagos Fur Seals are the smallest and the least sexually dimorphic of the otariid species. Adult males
are 1.1-1.3 times longer and 2.0-2.3 times heavier than adult females. They are small and compact, and
adult males are stocky in build. Pups are blackish brown. Pups moult this natal coat for one that
resembles that of the adult female when about 4-6 months old.
The few adult males measured to date have been 1.5-1.6 m and weighed 60-68 kg. Adult females have
curvilinear lengths of 1.1-1.3 m and an average weight of about 27-28 kg, with a maximum of 33 kg.
Pups are 3.4 kg at birth and an average of 11.3 kg when they are 12 months old (Trillmich 1987).
Galápagos Fur Seals are believed to mature at an age of about 5 years, from which time females usually
produce one pup a year, but successfully rear a pup only every other year, for most of the rest of their
lives.
Males do not become physically mature and large enough to compete for a territory that will be used by
females until they are considerably older than the average age of maturity of females, but exact data are
missing. Males hold territories that average 200 m², which is large compared to the average size of
territories held by of other otariid males; this is particularly notable given the Galápagos Fur Seal's small
size.
Galápagos Fur Seals occasionally occur on nearly all of the islands in the Archipelago. They prefer to
haul-out on rocky coasts with large boulders and ledges that provide shade and the opportunity to rest
in crevices and spaces between rocks. They have a pupping and breeding season that on Fernandina
lasts from mid-August to mid-November. The peak of pupping on Fernandina shifts little from year to
year and usually occurs between the last week of September and the first week of October. Pupping on
other islands may occur at different times (Trillmich pers. obs.), but no systematic data are presently
available.
Colonies are located close to pelagic foraging areas and the average duration of female trips is the
shortest for a fur seal with a mean trip length of 1.5 days in the cold season (May to November and up
to 4 days in the warm season (December to April) (Trillmich and Kooyman 2001, Jeglinski et al. 2013,
Villegas-Amtmann et al. 2013). Foraging occurs pelagically, almost exclusively at night and, around
Fernandina, 10 to 70 km off the coast. The mean depth of foraging dives is 26-32 m with duration of less
than 2 minutes (Horning and Trillmich 1999, Jeglinski et al. 2013). The maximum dive depth recorded is
115 m, and the longest duration is 5.7 minutes. Mothers visit their pups around 300 times before
weaning, with attendance periods lasting 0.5-1.3 days. Weaning occurs at 12-36 months, with the exact
age at weaning depending on marine productivity. Pups born prior to the weaning of an older sibling
rarely survive, with most starving to death because they are being outcompeted by the older pup while
a few are directly killed by the older sibling (Trillmich and Wolf 2008). Females will allow multiple pups
to nurse but this rarely lasts long enough for the youngest pup to survive. In exceptional cases offspring
were allowed to nurse when they were 4-5 years old.
In the water, particularly near haulouts, Galápagos Fur Seals raft in postures typical of many of the
southern fur seal species. There is no evidence of migration, and they do not seem to spend prolonged
periods of time at sea, except for males immediately before the period of territory tenure.
Galápagos Fur Seals consume a variety of small squids including Onychoteuthis banksi, and a number of
species of ommastrephids (Clarke and Trillmich 1980). A variety of fish species are also taken, mostly
myctophids and bathylagids (Dellinger and Trillmich 1999). They feed almost exclusively at night,
exploiting vertically migrating species when they come closer to the surface. Predators of Galápagos Fur
Seals include sharks and killer whales.
Systems: Terrestrial, Marine
Use and Trade
Whalers and sealers harvested Galápagos Fur Seals indiscriminately during the 19th century and there
were few left by 1900. The population recovered substantially during the 20th century. Galápagos Fur
Seals were protected under Ecuadorian law in the 1930s, and since 1959 with the establishment of the
Galápagos National Park, by the Administration of the Park. Currently there is no direct use or trade.
Threats (see Appendix for additional information)

Similar to all southern fur seals there was a severe reduction of Galápagos Fur Seals as a result of 19th
century exploitation by sealers and whalers. The species was near extinction early in the 20th century
and has since recovered. Hunting was prohibited (but not necessarily stopped) in 1934, and additional
protection was provided in 1959 when more than 80% of the Galápagos archipelago was declared a
National Park (Trillmich 1987).
El Niño events dramatically elevate mortality rates of all age classes, but primarily of juveniles, and
cause population declines; this is due to the dramatic decline in productivity around the archipelago
during these events (Trillmich and Limberger 1985). Oceanographers differ in their predictions of how
the frequency and intensity of El Niño events may change with climate warming. Cai et al. (2014)
suggest that the total number of El Niño events will decrease slightly, but the total number of extreme
events will double as global warming continues. In contrast, Santoso et al. (2013) predict a doubling of
the frequency of El Niño events with global warming. In the historical long-term perspective offered by
Cobb et al. (2013) the frequency of El Niño during the last 50 years is unusually high, but still within the
range of variability observed over the last 7,000 years. The most likely projection seems to be that El
Niño events will be more frequent, and perhaps stronger, in the immediate future. In their review of
otariid extinctions, Gerber and Hilborn (2001) conclude that for species subject to El Niño impacts, "the
concern about species recovery should focus on changes in frequency of El Niño events".
Tourism in the Galápagos, which is an Ecuadorian National Park, is heavy and increasing, but regulated,
and Fur Seals are fully protected. Episodes of entanglement in local net fisheries have been reported
and are thought to be increasing over the last years (Alava and Salazar 2006). An increasing number of
fast travelling fiberglass boats with strong outboard engines could occasionally cause mortality through
collisions with Fur Seals resting at sea. Feral dogs on Isabela Island, which had killed Fur Seals of all ages,
have been exterminated. This problem could occur again if other feral dogs find their way to colony
sites.
Like all fur seals, Galápagos Fur Seals are vulnerable to oil spills because of their dependence on thick
pelage for thermoregulation. Although there is limited large vessel traffic in the Galápagos archipelago,
particularly in the areas of greatest fur seal abundance, numerous small and medium sized vessels
operate in the area that could release moderate quantities of oils, fuels, and lubricants if involved in a
marine accident. The level of contamination with pollutants is at present not alarming, but needs to be
monitored (Alava et al. 2011). Infectious diseases occur commonly in pinnipeds and may have
substantial impacts on their populations.
Galápagos Fur Seals have experienced up to 80% declines from El Niño-caused ocean warming (Salazar
2002, Alava and Salazar 2006) and associated reduced marine productivity (Trillmich and Dellinger
1991), but this estimate is most likely too high as it did not take into account increased time at sea
during warm water periods. Therefore, although the effects of global climate change on this species and
its habitat are uncertain at this time, it is possible that any climate change-related disruption of present
day ocean currents would adversely affect this species through reduced levels of marine productivity.
The Galápagos Fur Seal population will always be vulnerable to a variety of threats because of the
species' restricted breeding distribution to a relatively small part of an archipelago of islands.
Conservation Actions (see Appendix for additional information)

Galápagos Fur Seals were protected under Ecuadorian law in the 1930s, and since 1959 with the
establishment of the Galápagos National Park, by the Administration of the Park. The waters around the
islands are also protected by a 40 nautical mile no fishing zone. Tourism is regulated and most visitors
are escorted by a trained Park Naturalist. The species is listed on CITES Appendix II.
Credits
Assessor(s): Trillmich, F.
Reviewer(s): Aurioles-Gamboa, D.
Facilitators(s) and Lowry, L., Ahonen, H., Chiozza, F. & Battistoni, A.

Compiler(s):
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Citation
Trillmich, F. 2015. Arctocephalus galapagoensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015:
e.T2057A45223722. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T2057A45223722.en
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For Images and External Links to Additional Information, please see the Red List website.
Appendix
Habitats
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Major
Habitat Season Suitability
Importance?
9. Marine Neritic -> 9.1. Marine Neritic - Pelagic Resident Suitable Yes
10. Marine Oceanic -> 10.1. Marine Oceanic - Epipelagic (0-200m) Resident Suitable Yes
12. Marine Intertidal -> 12.1. Marine Intertidal - Rocky Shoreline Resident Suitable Yes
13. Marine Coastal/Supratidal -> 13.1. Marine Coastal/Supratidal - Sea Cliffs Resident Suitable Yes
and Rocky Offshore Islands
Threats
Threat Timing Scope Severity Impact Score
5. Biological resource use -> 5.4. Fishing & harvesting Past, Majority (50- Rapid declines Past impact
aquatic resources -> 5.4.2. Intentional use: (large unlikely to 90%)
return
scale)
Stresses: 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality
5. Biological resource use -> 5.4. Fishing & harvesting Ongoing Minority (50%) Negligible declines Low impact: 4
aquatic resources -> 5.4.3. Unintentional effects:
(subsistence/small scale)
8. Invasive & other problematic species & genes -> Past, Minority (50%) Negligible declines Past impact
8.1. Invasive non-native/alien species -> 8.1.2. unlikely to
return
Named species (Canis familiaris)
9. Pollution -> 9.2. Industrial & military effluents -> Ongoing Minority (50%) Causing/could Low impact: 5
9.2.1. Oil spills cause fluctuations
11. Climate change & severe weather -> 11.1. Habitat Ongoing Whole (>90%) Rapid declines High impact: 8
shifting & alteration
Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
2. Species Stresses -> 2.2. Species disturbance
11. Climate change & severe weather -> 11.3. Ongoing Whole (>90%) Rapid declines High impact: 8
Temperature extremes
2. Species Stresses -> 2.3. Indirect species effects ->
2.3.7. Reduced reproductive success
Conservation Actions in Place

Conservation Actions in Place
In-Place Research, Monitoring and Planning
Systematic monitoring scheme: No
In-Place Land/Water Protection and Management
Conservation sites identified: Yes, over entire range
Occur in at least one PA: Yes
Percentage of population protected by PAs (0-100): 91-100
Area based regional management plan: No
Invasive species control or prevention: Yes
In-Place Species Management
Harvest management plan: No
In-Place Education
Subject to recent education and awareness programmes: Yes
Included in international legislation: Yes
Subject to any international management/trade controls: Yes
Conservation Actions Needed

Conservation Actions Needed

2. Land/water management -> 2.1. Site/area management
Research Needed
Research Needed
1. Research -> 1.1. Taxonomy
1. Research -> 1.2. Population size, distribution & trends
1. Research -> 1.5. Threats
3. Monitoring -> 3.1. Population trends
Additional Data Fields

Distribution
Estimated area of occupancy (AOO) (km²): 109400
Distribution
Extreme fluctuations in area of occupancy (AOO): No
Estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) (km²): 119277
Continuing decline in extent of occurrence (EOO): No
Extreme fluctuations in extent of occurrence (EOO): No
Continuing decline in number of locations: No
Extreme fluctuations in the number of locations: No
Lower elevation limit (m): 0
Upper elevation limit (m): 5
Lower depth limit (m): 115
Upper depth limit (m): 0
Population
Number of mature individuals: 10000
Continuing decline of mature individuals: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations: No
Population severely fragmented: No
Habitats and Ecology

Continuing decline in area, extent and/or quality of habitat: No
Generation Length (years): 8-11.7,10
Movement patterns: Not a Migrant
Congregatory: Congregatory (and dispersive)
The IUCN Red List Partnership
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ is produced and managed by the IUCN Global Species
Programme, the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) and The IUCN Red List Partnership. The IUCN
Red List Partners are: BirdLife International; Botanic Gardens Conservation International; Conservation
International; Microsoft; NatureServe; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Sapienza University of Rome; Texas
A&M University; Wildscreen; and Zoological Society of London.
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ISSN 2307-8235 (online)

Arctocephalus galapagoensis, Galápagos Fur Seal

THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™

Animalia Chordata Mammalia Carnivora Otariidae

Taxon Name: Arctocephalus galapagoensis Heller, 1904

Year Published: 2015

Date Assessed: October 30, 2014

1996 – Vulnerable (VU)

1982 – Out of Danger (O)

1965 – Very rare but believed to be stable or increasing

FAO Marine Fishing Areas:

Habitat and Ecology (see Appendix for additional information)

Use and Trade

Threats (see Appendix for additional information)

Conservation Actions (see Appendix for additional information)

Facilitators(s) and Lowry, L., Ahonen, H., Chiozza, F. & Battistoni, A.

Threat Timing Scope Severity Impact Score

Stresses: 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality

Conservation Actions in Place

Systematic monitoring scheme: No

In-Place Land/Water Protection and Management

Conservation sites identified: Yes, over entire range

Occur in at least one PA: Yes

Percentage of population protected by PAs (0-100): 91-100

Area based regional management plan: No

Invasive species control or prevention: Yes

In-Place Species Management

Harvest management plan: No

Subject to recent education and awareness programmes: Yes

Included in international legislation: Yes

Subject to any international management/trade controls: Yes

Conservation Actions Needed

Conservation Actions Needed

1. Research -> 1.2. Population size, distribution & trends

1. Research -> 1.5. Threats

3. Monitoring -> 3.1. Population trends

Additional Data Fields

Estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) (km²): 119277

Continuing decline in extent of occurrence (EOO): No

Extreme fluctuations in extent of occurrence (EOO): No

Continuing decline in number of locations: No

Extreme fluctuations in the number of locations: No

Lower elevation limit (m): 0

Upper elevation limit (m): 5

Lower depth limit (m): 115

Upper depth limit (m): 0

Continuing decline of mature individuals: Unknown

Population severely fragmented: No

Habitats and Ecology

Generation Length (years): 8-11.7,10

Movement patterns: Not a Migrant

Congregatory: Congregatory (and dispersive)

THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™

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