NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HA NOI

UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES

FACULTY OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHER EDUCATION

RESEARCH PAPER

THE EFFECT OF THE NEW U.S. ANTI-ABORTION

LEGISLATION ON AMERICAN WOMEN

Supervisor: MS. KHUONG QUYNH NGA

Students: Nguyen Thuy Tien
Nguyen Huyen Linh
Nguyen Hong Van
Hoang Hong Hanh

HANOI, 2022

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 ABSTRACT

When the anti-abortion law was passed, there were recent protests and movements
in the United States seeking the fundamental rights of women. We kept up with the
situation after hearing this news and made the decision to do some joint research. In order
to better comprehend the impact of this law on American women, public perception of it,
and some pertinent research on other countries, the purpose of this study is to present an
overview of the current situation of American anti-abortion legislation.

This law not only affects the health, honor, and finances of women but also shown
that anti-abortion has a more negative effect on women than positive. In the long run, this
law will not only have a negative effect on women, but also on families and society.

For anti-abortion laws, we divide American opinions into two sides – supporting
and protesting to research. According to the data gathered (by Pew Research Center), the
number of abortion advocates outnumbers the number of people who oppose abortion.
But the outstanding picture is the vast majority of women take to the streets to protest,
whether in the state in favor or in the state against.

The expectation for the paper is to make clear that Anti-abortion legislation have
negative impact American women on various aspects, and the opinions of American
about this law. We focus on the discussion divided into 2 parts as Personal perspective
and Assumption in Vietnam as the authors of this study, students and women in general.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ...........................................................................................................................2

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................4

1. Statement of the problem and rationale for the study ..................................................4

2. Aim and objectives ......................................................................................................4

3. Significance of the study..............................................................................................5

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ...............................................................................6

1. The overturned Roe v. Wade legislation .....................................................................6

1.1. The Roe v. Wade legislation ................................................................................6

1.2. The overturn of Roe v. Wade ...............................................................................6

2. Effect on American women .........................................................................................8

2.1. Health and physical wellbeing .............................................................................8

2.2. Lack of safe abortion rights ..................................................................................9

2.3. Financial ...............................................................................................................10

2.4. Relationship and honor of pregnant women.........................................................11

3. Americans' opinions about abortion ............................................................................12

3.1. The reasoning of abortion supporters ...................................................................16

3.2. The reasoning of abortion objectors .....................................................................17

4. Case studies - Abortion law in countries around the world .........................................19

CHAPTER 3: CONCLUSION & DISCUSSION ..................................................................22

1. Conclusion ...................................................................................................................22

2. Discussion ....................................................................................................................22

2.1. Personal perspective ............................................................................................22

2.2. Assumption in Vietnam ........................................................................................23

LIST OF REFERENCES .......................................................................................................24

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 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1. Statement of the problem and rationale for the study

On Friday, June 24th, 2022, the Supreme Court overturned the historic Roe v.
Wade decision that secured the right to abortion in the United States, overturning decades
of legal precedent and clearing the door for about half of all states to outlaw the
procedure. Protests were conducted around the country on that Saturday in response to
the Supreme Court's decision to overturn the landmark (The Washington Post, 2022).

The repeal of Roe v. Wade affects not just Americans, but especially American
women. This not only shook the whole country, but also the world community, with a
decision that has a significant impact on human rights for a developed country while still
upholding human rights. In order to gain a better understanding of the situation as well as
the impact that the decision has on American women, we have decided to conduct
additional research into the situation that the decision occurred in and the impact that the
decision has on American women in order to gain a deeper understanding of the current
issue. As a result, the title of this research is "The Effect of New Anti-Abortion
Legislation on American Women."

2. Aim and objectives

The issue is not new, but has persisted for many years and has now been pushed to
the climax as a result of the abortion ban in the U.S. Utilizing the secondary approach, we
mostly collect existing data from the internet, summarize its effectiveness, and organize it
to improve the overall quality of the study. As a result, at the end of the paper, we reach a
conclusion about the discussion and express our own viewpoints on the topic.

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The Research Questions
1. What are the effects of abortion legislation on U.S. women?
2. What are the opinions of Americans toward the situation?

3. Significance of the study

The goal of this study is to provide an overview of the current state of American
anti-abortion legislation; to give a better understanding of the effects of this law on
American women, people's opinions about it, and some relevant studies on other
countries.

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 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
1. The overturned Roe v. Wade legislation
1.1. The Roe v. Wade legislation
Roe v. Wade is a legal decision in the United States Supreme Court held on
January 22, 1973. This landmark ruling legalized abortion nationwide but has been under
attack ever since.

The case was filed by Norma McCorvey, who went by the anonymous name "Jane
Roe" in court documents. McCorvey (1947 - 2017) was 22 years old, resided in Texas,
was single, and trying to end an unwanted pregnancy in 1969. But she couldn't since
abortion was illegal in Texas unless a woman's life was in danger. At the time, practically
every other state had similar legislation.

In 1970, McCorvey sued Henry Wade, the Dallas county district attorney, in order
to safely and legally terminate her pregnancy. The matter was heard by the Supreme
Court. On January 22, 1973, the Supreme Court issued a landmark judgment stating that
a woman's freedom to make her own medical decisions, including the option to have an
abortion, is guaranteed by the 14th Amendment.

Prior to the decision, there were few abortion clinics because abortion was illegal
in the majority of the United States. The 7-2 judgment of the Supreme Court had an
influence on legislation in 46 states. While it authorized abortion throughout the
pregnancy, it specified that states might determine whether abortions were permitted in
the second and third trimesters (Chuck, 2018).

1.2. The overturn of Roe v. Wade

According to Reuters, Washington, June 24 - The U.S. The landmark 1973 Roe v.
Wade decision that recognized women's constitutional right to abortion was overturned
by the United States Supreme Court on Friday, a decision condemned by President Joe

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Biden that will dramatically change life for millions of women in America and intensify
growing tensions in a deeply polarized country.

In a 6-3 decision backed by its conservative majority, the court maintained a

Republican-sponsored Mississippi legislation that prohibits abortion after 15 weeks of
pregnancy. The decision to overturn Roe was 5-4, with conservative Chief Justice John
Roberts writing separately to declare he would have supported the Mississippi legislation
without going so far as to erase the Roe precedent (Kitchener et al., 2022).

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2. Effect on American women
2.1. Health and physical wellbeing
Restrictive abortion laws extend the time it takes to get abortion services and can
cause severe delays in seeking care. This raises the health dangers for women. Forcing
pregnant women to postpone abortions endangers their physical health, as abortions in
the second trimester have a higher risk of hemorrhage and other consequences such as
uterine perforation (Intrabartola, 2022).

A team of scientists from The University of California San Francisco examined

women's experiences with abortion and unplanned pregnancy in the United States for the
Turnaway Study. Women who have abortions are no more likely than women who do
not have abortions to have depression, anxiety, or suicide thoughts. Over a five-year
period, 95 percent of women say having an abortion was the best option for them
(ANSIRH, 2022).

In addition, women denied abortions are:

 More likely to experience serious complications from the end of pregnancy
including eclampsia and death.
 More likely to stay tethered to abusive partners.
 More likely to suffer anxiety and loss of self-esteem in the short term after being
denied an abortion.
 Less likely to have aspirational life plans for the coming year.
 More likely to experience poor physical health for years after the pregnancy,
including chronic pain and gestational hypertension (ANSIRH, 2022).

The study also discovered that being denied abortion has major consequences for
both the children born of an unwanted pregnancy and the existing children in the family
(ANSIRH, 2022).

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 2.2. Lack of safe abortion rights
Restrictive legislation that restricts women access to safe abortion is one of the
most harmful ways of instrumentalizing their bodies and a serious violation of their
human rights. The implications for women are harsh, with women paying with their lives
in some cases. Prohibition does not lower the necessity for or the number of abortions;
rather, it raises the risks to the health and lives of women and girls who seek hazardous
and illegal treatments (OHCHR, 2022).

Limits on abortion may further increase U.S. maternal morbidity and mortality.
Studies reveal that in areas where abortion is prohibited or unavailable, women seek
unsafe or illegal abortions or attempt to induce abortion by eating herbs or inflicting
stomach damage. Up to 13% of maternal deaths worldwide are caused by illegal or
unsafe abortions, which increase the risk of complications such as hemorrhage, infection,
sepsis, trauma, and death (Zolot, 2022).

According to the World Health Organization, 23,000 women die each year as a
result of unsafe abortions, and tens of thousands more suffer major health problems
worldwide. According to a recent study, prohibiting abortion in the United States would
result in a 21% rise in the overall number of pregnancy-related deaths and a 33% increase
among Black women, simply because remaining pregnant is more harmful than getting
an abortion. Increased abortion-related mortality or attempted abortions would be in
addition to these figures.

If the current trend in the United States continues, "back alley" (unsafe) abortions
will be the only option for women who do not have access to safe and legal services, and
the horrific consequences of such abortions will become a major cause of death and
severe health complications for some of the country's most vulnerable women (Langer,
2021).

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 FIGO, the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics, released a
statement that, like the UNFPA comment, issued a statement emphasizing the toll of
unsafe abortions: "Lack of access to safe abortion care is one of the leading causes of
preventable maternal death and disability. Each year, 47,000 women in the world die as a
result of unsafe abortion and an estimated 5 million are hospitalized for the treatment of
serious complications such as bleeding or infection." (Gharib, 2022).

2.3. Financial
Overturning Roe v. Wade would force some women to carry unexpected
pregnancies to term, risking their education, job progression, earning power, and
potential to build wealth.

In an interview with MSNBC’s Stephanie Ruhle on Tuesday, Rep. Katie Porter,

D-Calif., warned that forcing women to have and raise unplanned children would make it
harder for women to pursue education, increase their incomes and build wealth. Porter, a
single mother, believes that overturning Roe v. Wade would be dangerous not only for
women but also for families, communities, and the country. Child poverty would rise,
public health services would be stretched tight, and social resources would be reduced.

According to the survey, the amount of past-due debt incurred by the "turned
away" women increased by 78% compared to the average they owing before giving birth.
The number of negative incidences on the women's credit reports, such as bankruptcies
and evictions, increased by 81%.

Miller's research also discovered that women who were denied abortions struggled
five years later, owing in large part to the compounding impact of unexpected
pregnancies on women's ability to complete their educations and establish employment.
When women quit the workforce to have children, they lose opportunities to accumulate
wealth, which many will never be able to get back (White, 2022).

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 2.4. Relationship and honor of pregnant women
Abortion is necessary for situations including rape, unintended pregnancies, and
life-threatening pregnancies. According to the Center of Reproductive Rights, treaty
monitoring bodies have long recognized the link between restrictive abortion laws and
have determined that restrictive abortion laws violate a variety of human rights, including
the rights to health, life, privacy, freedom from gender discrimination, or stereotyping,
and freedom from ill-treatment.

The Center for Reproductive Rights has filed complaints with the United Nations
Human Rights Committee ("the Committee"). These incidents are representative of a
regional trend of sexual and reproductive rights abuses against girls, as well as a lack of
judicial remedies for sexual abuse victims. The treaty monitoring agencies have
recognized that denial of abortion access may be based on gender stereotypes about
women's traditional responsibilities as mothers and caretakers, which may constitute or
worsen gender discrimination and impede gender equality (UN Human Rights Office,
2022).

A research conducted in 1996 by Joshua Angrist and William Evans examined

states that liberalized abortion laws prior to Roe v. Wade and discovered that abortion
availability led to better education rates and labor-market results. Kelly Jones, an
economics professor at American University, discovered that legal abortion availability
for young women who fell pregnant enhanced their educational attainment by about a
year and their chance of graduating college by roughly 20 percentage points. The
evidence is heavily influenced by the effects on young Black women. Other research by
Jones and Mayra Pineda-Torres showed that simply being exposed to targeted limitations
on abortion providers, or TRAP legislation, lowers the chance of young Black teens
enrolling or finishing college. As a result, poorer education impacts the professions that
women are qualified for (Molla, 2022).

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3. Americans' opinions about abortion

After the Supreme Court reversed Roe v. Wade, abortion access in about half of
the country altered dramatically. Providers, patients, attorneys, and state officials are
rushing to understand a slew of contradictory anti-abortion legislation, some of which
dates back a century (Kitchener et al., 2022).

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 Has a full abortion ban from 2019 that went into
Banned or effect when a federal judge lifted an injunction on
Alabama mostly June 24.
banned Prohibited after: Conception
Exception: Life endangerment, Medical emergencies

Legal and
Alaska likely to be Has abortion protections in place.
protected

Legal and Has abortion protections in place.

California likely to be Prohibited after: Viability
protected Exception: Life endangerment, Medical emergencies

Has a 15-week ban in effect. The ban was

temporarily blocked by a state court but was
reinstated on July 5 after an appeal from the state
attorney general. The Republican governor and
Legal for
Florida Republican-led legislature could seek further
now
restrictions in a special session.
Prohibited after: 15 weeks
Exception: Life endangerment, Medical
emergencies, Fetal anomaly

Has a six-week ban from 2018 that was ruled

unconstitutional but could be brought back. The state
Iowa Likely to ban
has a Republican governor and a Republican-led
legislature.

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 Prohibited after: 22 weeks
Exception: Life endangerment, Medical emergencies

A trigger ban took effect on July 7 that bans

Banned or
abortions with very limited exceptions.
Mississippi mostly
Prohibited after: Conception
banned
Exception: Life endangerment, Rape

Has abortion protections in the state constitution. The

Republican governor and a Republican-controlled
Legal for
Montana legislature may choose to pursue an abortion ban.
now
Prohibited after: Viability
Exception: Life endangerment, Medical emergencies

Has no explicit abortion protections, but the

Legal and Republican governor said abortion will remain safe
New
likely to be and legal. The legislature is led by Republicans.
Hampshire
protected Prohibited after: 24 weeks
Exception: Life endangerment, Medical emergencies

Legal and Has abortion protections in place.

New York likely to be Prohibited after: Viability
protected Exception: Life endangerment, Medical emergencies

Has a trigger law banning nearly all abortions that

Will be were temporarily blocked by a state judge on July
North
banned 27.
Dakota
imminently Prohibited after: 22 weeks
Exception: Life endangerment, Medical emergencies

Source: Guttmacher Institute, Center for Reproductive Rights, Post reporting

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 Thirteen states had "trigger bans" that went into effect immediately after Roe was
overturned. On the day the judgment was issued, at least eight states prohibited the
procedure. Several other states with anti-abortion legislation that has been blocked by the
courts are anticipated to move, with legislators seeking to activate dormant legislation. A
few states have pre-Roe abortion laws that might be reinstated, while others have moved
quickly to draft new legislation. Some state restrictions have been temporarily halted by
judges (Kitchener et al., 2022).

According to a Pew Research Center (2022) survey, about 62% of Americans

believe abortion should be legal in all or most instances. About 36% of Americans
believe abortion should be illegal in all or most situations. According to the data shown
above, the number of abortion supporters outnumbers the number of abortion opponents
(The Pew Research, 2022).

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 3.1. The reasoning of abortion supporters
The majority of Americans oppose the Supreme Court's decision to repeal Roe.
According to the summer survey, about six-in-ten adults (57%) disapprove of the court's
judgment that the U.S. Constitution does not guarantee a right to abortion and that
abortion restrictions can be determined by states, with 43% strongly disapproving. About
four in ten (41%) agree, with 25% strongly agreeing (The Pew Research, 2022).

The majority of Americans do not want the Supreme Court to reverse its landmark
Roe v. Wade decision, which established a woman's constitutional right to abortion
nearly five decades ago. The majority of people (67%) believe that state restrictions on
abortion providers or women seeking abortions are intended to make abortion more
difficult to get rather than to safeguard women's health and safety (32%).

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 According to the study, abortion should be legal if the patient's life is in danger
(82%), if rape or incest is suspected (80%), if the fetus is not anticipated to survive
(75%), or if the fetus is suspected of having major birth abnormalities (71%). A smaller
majority (55%) agreed that abortion should be legal for women who do not want to get
pregnant (Kirzinger et al., 2020).

The choice to have an abortion should be completely personal or decided jointly

with a woman and her healthcare practitioner, with some merely stating that it "should be
between a woman and her doctor." Others, such as one lady, made a broader argument,
saying, "A woman's body and health should not be subject to regulation." (The Pew
Research, 2022).

3.2. The reasoning of abortion objectors

The belief is that life begins at conception, and society should support, safeguard,
and protect each individual in those little lives as much as possible. Abortions are
becoming far too common these days. It appears that more women are utilizing it as a
method of birth control.

According to a Pew Research Center survey conducted in March 2022, 72% of

White evangelicals agreed with the statement "human life begins at conception, hence a
fetus is a person with rights." Abortion is a failure of love, justice, and mercy for every
mother and her unborn child. The infamously high maternal mortality rate in Texas must
also be addressed. It is hardly pro-life to save the child while killing her mother. Unborn
infants do not exist in isolation. Their lives are conceived, delivered (or not), and lived as
part of a community. We must serve their communities in order to serve them. (Prior,
2021).

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Extended discussion
Carole Joffe, a sociologist and professor at the Bixby Center for Global
Reproductive Health at the University of California - San Francisco who studies abortion
policy, stated that, despite popular opinion, most anti-abortion bills introduced in recent
years have not included exceptions for rape or incest. "I believe what Texas highlights is
our contempt for the needs of women and girls, or those who can get pregnant even if
they don't identify as feminine," she added (Lopez, 2021).

Abortion is frequently perceived as a female problem, however polling statistics

show that the depth of one's religious convictions, rather than gender, determines
sentiments about abortion. The vast majority of people who say religion is very important
in their life believe abortion should be prohibited or only permitted in limited situations.
Similarly, the majority of those who say religion isn't significant in their life feel abortion
should be permitted in most or all cases. Gallup discovers minor variances in abortion
beliefs based on respondents' age, education level, geography of the nation, political
philosophy, and political party preference, but these patterns mostly match with these
groups' underlying religiosity (Saad, 2002).

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4. Case studies - Abortion law in countries around the world
The United States is not alone in its fierce debate over abortion, and legislation on
the practice varies from country to country. No two countries have the same abortion
history, and no portion of the world has identical laws: women seeking abortions must
navigate various restrictions in a range of health care systems if access is accessible at
all. While not exhaustive, the following examples demonstrate the range of those laws —
and how they are changing.

Canada - There is no legislation restricting abortion in Canada, where it is

covered as an important medical treatment by provincial and territorial public health care
systems within 20 weeks of conception and, in some cases, after that time, such as when
a pregnancy threatens the mother's life. Access and exclusions differ by province and, in
certain cases, every hospital (The NewYork Times, 2022).

Mexico - Prior to a court judgment last year, abortion was largely restricted, with
just Mexico City and three of 31 states allowing it up to 12 weeks of fetal gestation.
However, the Supreme Court unanimously declared in the autumn that punishing women
who have abortions was unconstitutional, and five additional states moved to
decriminalize abortions in the months after. The judges did not define how long into a
pregnancy abortion might be conducted, instead leaving it up to the states. Legislators in
states that still prohibit abortion will need to amend their laws to allow the operation (The
NewYork Times, 2022).

Britain - Abortions have been legalized in England, Scotland, and Wales for more
than 50 years, according to the 1967 Abortion Act. Abortions are permitted up to the 24th
week of pregnancy, but they must be medically authorized by two doctors (The NewYork
Times, 2022).

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 China - China liberalized its abortion legislation in the 1950s and encouraged it as
part of its one-child policy, which was implemented in 1979 in an effort to limit
population increase by limiting families to one child. To discourage illegal births, the
program, which made abortion services publicly available, included extreme coercive
measures such as penalties, compulsory sterilization, and abortion. China increased the
long-standing two-child restriction in 2016, coupled with additional incentives to
stimulate population growth in the face of a rapidly aging population. It raised the limit to
three children in 2021, and China's State Council released women's development
guidelines calling for a reduction in "non-medically required abortions." (Women and
Foreign Policy Program Staff, 2022).

Abortion is prohibited altogether in 24 countries. When people face barriers to

obtaining safe abortions, they often resort to unsafe procedures, according to the WHO,
and unsafe abortions are more common in countries with restrictive laws (Elbaum &
Chiwaya, 2022).

El Salvador - Abortion is a crime in El Salvador, which has some of the world’s

most restrictive laws. They prohibit abortion even when the pregnancy endangers a
woman’s life or health or in cases of rape. The procedure has been banned without
exception since 1998. More than 180 women who experienced obstetric emergencies
were prosecuted for abortion or aggravated homicide in the last 20 years. Women
accused of having had abortions have been convicted of homicide, sometimes with prison
terms of up to 40 years, according to Human Rights Watch (Elbaum & Chiwaya, 2022).

Poland - Soviet-era Poland had some of Europe's most extensive abortion access,
and it became a popular destination for women seeking abortions. However, with the fall
of the Soviet Union and under the influence of the Catholic Church, the Polish Parliament
established one of Europe's harshest prohibitions in 1993, declaring that "every human
being should have an intrinsic right to life from the time of conception".

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 It permitted three exceptions: danger to the mother's health or life; rape or incest;
and serious fetal deformities. Despite widespread opposition, the nationalist Law and
Justice Party strengthened the prohibition last year, eliminating the most often used
exceptions – fetal abnormalities — which accounted for nearly all of the roughly 1,000
legal abortions performed each year. Every year, between 100,000 and 150,000 illegal
abortions are performed (The NewYork Times, 2022).

African countries - In Africa, while unintended pregnancies have decreased by

15% over the last 30 years, abortions have increased by 13%, according to the
Guttmacher Institute. Many African countries have restrictive laws on abortion, allowing
the procedure only if a mother’s life is threatened, like in Nigeria, or in the cases of rape,
incest, or fetal defects, as in Botswana and Zimbabwe (Elbaum & Chiwaya, 2022).

21
 CHAPTER 3: CONCLUSION & DISCUSSION
1. Conclusion
When this law first became known, the reaction of women was fierce, especially
in states considering passing this law. Except for the humanitarians who think the law is
right and support it, the vast majority of women take to the streets to protest, whether in
the state in favor or in the state against. This act not only affects the health, honor, and
finances of women but also shows human rights and feminism in the US. Through this
report, we can see that anti-abortion has a more negative effect on women than positive.
In the long run, this law will not only have a negative effect on women but also on
families and society. Therefore, to protect the rights of women in general and pregnant
women in particular, the law should be legal and protect the right to abortion reasonably
and safely.

2. Discussion
2.1. Personal perspective
In our opinion, as a student who is studying this topic as well as women, we do not
support this legislation. First of all, as this report has analyzed, the most negative and
most directly influenced people are women in general and pregnant women in particular.
Looking at the positive side, this act can contribute to reducing the rate of innocent
abortion and the population ratio, but this leads to another negative - abortion. Therefore,
the negative things that this law brings are a lot more than positive things. Not only the
women were influenced, but the family, society, and even the baby were also born
without an expectation from their parents to be influenced. Families with pregnant
women who cannot abortion will take a reputation, shocked by others. The relationship
and reputation of the family will have certain harm. For the social part, people will have
to pay more taxes and the government will have to spend more money because the
number of children increases. For the kids, here we have to recognize that they are the
most innocent people. But compared to not being born, it was born without a person who
loved care of care, even hated and treated with silver worse. Try to think about the

22
perspective of children because of the lack of emotional and continuous violence both
mentally and physically will grow up, they will most likely have negative thoughts, and
become very dangerous people to society. Increasing social evils, the rate of crime, and
violations of the law also increased, so why did they have to suffer all of this just because
of a law like a century a thousand years ago? In order to prevent tragedy, abortion rights
need to be legalized and protected by law and morality.

2.2. Assumption in Vietnam

If this is in Vietnam, the ratio of this act adopted is rather considered very small.
The law that allows women to have abortions according to their wishes was passed by
Vietnamese law 29 years ago and is still valid now. Vietnamese law only does not allow
abortion when the fetus is 22 weeks old or abortion due to the selection of the fetus's sex.
This shows that human rights and women's rights in Vietnam are always protected by the
law, whether a woman or a 22-week-old fetus. Vietnam is currently on momentum and
reaching a civilized society, conservative and backward thoughts have decreased a lot,
and together with the new generation with very honest and positive thoughts. This is
evident in the movements to protect human rights and feminism such as "My body, my
choice", "Me too"... are strongly supported by young people. Young people in general
and the following generations, in particular, are receiving and thinking very well on
outstanding issues such as the rights of women, LGBT, human rights, etc. Therefore,
abortion rights in Vietnam are always supported, protected by law, and maintained.

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Blazina, C. (2022). Key facts about the abortion debate in America. Pew Research
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Chuck, E. (2018). What is Roe v. Wade? Everything you need to know. NBC News.
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Elbaum, R & Chiwaya, N. (2022). Abortion laws worldwide: In what countries is

abortion legal? NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/countries-
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