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    Structure and Bonding

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    4L Anisha Sieudass

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Structure and bonding ‘Atoms of elements in Group 0 of the periodic table are stable and unreactive and exist in nature as individual atoms because they have full outer electron shells or valence shells. Atoms of all other elements are not stable because they do not have full valence shells. These atoms attempt to obtain full valence shells and become stable by bonding with each other. They can do this by: * Losing valence electrons to atoms of another element. Metal atoms with 1,2 or 3 valence electrons usually lose their valence electrons and form positive cations. * Gaining valence electrons from atoms of another element. Non-metal atoms with 5, 6 or7 valence electrons usually gain electrons into their valence shell and form negative anions, ‘+ Sharing electrons in their valence shells with other atoms. When non-metal atoms with 4,5, 6 0r7 valence electrons bond with each other, they share valence electrons and form molecules ‘There are three main types of chemical bonding: + lonic bonding. This occurs when a metal bonds with a non-metal (see p.32) + Covalent bonding, This occurs when two or more non-metals bond (see p. 36) ‘+ Metallic bonding. This occurs within metals (see p. 39) ‘Chemical compounds are formed when elements bond by ionic or covalent bonding Chemical formulae Chemical formulae can be used to represent compounds formed by ionic or covalent bonding, ‘A chemical formula shows which elements are present in a compound and shows the ratio between the elements. Chemical formulae can be written in three main ways: + The molecular formula. This gives the actual number of atoms of each element present in one molecule of a compound. For example, the molecular formula of ethene is CH, ‘+ The structural formula. Thisis a diagrammatic representation of one molecule of the compound. Lines between the atoms are used to represent bonds. For example, the structural formula of ethene is: + The empirical formula. This gives the simplest whole number ratio between the elements in the ‘compound. For example, the empirical formula of ethene is CH, How to write empirical formulae of compounds formed from two elements Empirical formulae of compounds formed from two different elements can be written using the concept of valence number or valency. Valency is the number of bonds an atom can form when bonding with other atoms. Itis determined by the number of valence electrons an atom has, and it, can be thought of as the number of electrons an atom has to lose, gain or share when bonding, Table 5.1. Valence numbers or valency 1 uy Transition yy vo metals Variable, 1 Seeny 8 HD 1 0 * Elements in Groups I to IV: valency = the group number + Elements in Groups V to VII: valency = 6 - the group number When forming a compound, both types of atom must lose, gain or share the same number of valence electrons. Consequently, the sum of the valencies of each element in the compound must be equal. ‘The empirical formula of calcium nitride is CaN, + Number of atoms of each element from the formula: Ca = 3 N=2 * Valency of each element: Ca= 2 (Group I) 3 (Group V) + Sum of the valencies: Ca=3x2=6 N=2x3=6 ‘This shows the sum of the valencies of the two elements is equal, here they are both 6, ‘To write the empirical formula of a compound formed from two elements: + Determine the valencies of each elementin the compound, + Write the symbol of the first element. If a metal is present, always write its symbol first. + Write the valency of the second element immediately after the symbol of the first clement in subscript * Write the symbol of the second element immediately after the subscript. + Write the valency of the first element immediately after the symbol of the second element in subscript. Note If a valency is 1, then no number is written as a subscript (see paint 1 below) Aluminium sulfide (Group i) (Group vp ‘+ Symbol of the first clement followed by the valency of the second element in subscript: Al, + Symbol of the second element followed by the valency of the first element in subscript: Al,S, ‘The empirical formula of aluminium sulfide is ALS, Em = 2 2 g z > Points to note: 1. Some transition metals have more than one valency. The valency is indicated by a Roman numeral placed in brackets after the name of the metal, for example: Copper(i chloride Valency of each element: Cu a Empirical formula of copper(t!) chloride is CuCl, 2. Ifthe ratio of the subscripts is not in its simplest form, then cancel to its simplest form, for example: 7 dioxide (given in the name) (Group VIN) \Valency of each element: Si 4 (Group IV) 2 (Group VI) Empirical formula of silicon dioxide is SiO, (Si,O, is cancelled to its simplest ratio) lonic bonding Ionic bonding occurs between a metal and a non-metal. Valence electrons are transferred from the metal atom (or atoms) to the non-metal atom (or atoms). The metal atoms form positive fans known as cations. The non-metal atoms form negative ions known as anions. Both types of ion have full outer electron shells and are stable. Examples Sodium chloride Formula: NaCl NEF ee 1 dn som 1 sin tam os e The sodium atom transfers its valence electron to the chlorine atom. A sodium ion (Na“), which has a single positive charge, and a chloride ion (CI), which has a single negative charge, are formed. Lithium oxide Formula: LiiO a. @) 2 ithiumatoms oxygen atom 2 ithium ions oxide ion a 0) wy (07) Note Diagrams to show the formation of ionic compounds can be simplified by showing only the valence electrons. Aluminium fluoride Formula: AIF, (@}—@) - @ } 1 aumaumaton kore xams 1 aumiwmion 3 farses w ® wr 6 The crystalline structure of ionic compounds ‘At room temperature, ionic compounds exist as crystalline solids, Strong electrostatic forces of aitraction between the ions, called ionic bonds, hold the oppositely charged ions together ina regular, repeating, three-dimensional arrangement throughout the Crystal. This forms a structure known asa crystal lattice. Example ‘Sodium chloride A semen ioe sing rc bons Eotonnt omelet Figure 5.1. The sodium chloride crystal lattice Each sodium ion, Nar, is bonded to six chloride ions, Cl-. Each Cl- ion is bonded to six Na* ions. ‘This is seen by looking at the Nar ion in the centre of the cube. Formulae and names of ionic compounds Ionic compounds can be composed of ions formed from single atoms called monatomic i (see p. 32), or ions formed from small groups of atoms which are bonded together and called polyatomic ions, e.g. the ammonium ion, NH,", and the carbonate ion, CO, Table 5.2, Common cations Ue hydrogen HY magnesium — Mg" iron(ll!) Fe lithium ur calcium Ca’ aluminium — Al sodium Na* barium Ba potassium — K> iron(ti) Fe copper(l) Cu copper(il) Cu? silver Ag zinc Zn ammonium NH; tin(ll) Sn’* lead (ti) Pb** Table 3.3 Common anions i fluoride oxide oO» nitride chloride cr sulfide s* phosphate no bromide Br sulfite (sulfatev)) SOY" iodide 1 sulfate (sulfatetv)) SO? hydride H carbonate co; hydroxide OH dichromate(V1) cr0,- nitrite (nitrate(it)) NO, nitrate (nitrate(v)) NO, hydrogen carbonate HCO, hydrogen sulfate = HSO,- manganate(VIl) MnO, ethanoate cH,cOO ‘To name anions: + The name of an anion formed from a single atom is derived from the name ofthe element, with the ending ‘ide’. For example, N~ is the nitride ion. * When oxygen is present in a polyatomic anion the name of the jon is derived from the element combined with the oxygen, with the ending “ite’ orate’. for example, NO._ is the nitrite ion and NO, is the nitrate ion. Alternatively, the ending ‘ate’ is used with the oxidation number of the element given in brackets. For example, NO,” is the nitrate( lll) ion and NO,” is the nitrate(V) ion (see p. 63). When writing formulae of ionic compounds the sum of the positive charges and the sum of the negative charges must be equal. This is because the total number of electrons lost by one type of atom or group of aioms must be the same as the total number gained by the other type of atom or group of atoms. Formulae of ionic compounds arc empirical formulae since they represent the ratio of ions present. They are also known as formula units ‘The chemical formula of magnesium nitride is Mg,N, eer ee ee nee =

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