REVIEW RELATED LITERATURE

The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted the world in ways unimaginable. As we look back on
the past two years and the harsh repercussions of the pandemic that continue until
today, it is apparent that one of the most impacted sectors was education. This brought
up to the different challenges in instructions that teachers faced amidst the pandemic.
Teachers are the closest witnesses of the challenges the pandemic has brought for their
students, for themselves, and for their jobs, and their expertise and judgment are
critically important to solving these challenges as the pandemic continues and, in its
aftermath and how best to address the adverse impacts of COVID-19 on education and
rebuild a stronger, more equitable public education system (Garcia, Weiss & Welhans,
2020). In the Philippines, distance education is already use by teachers specially
nowadays where pandemics are closing all schools to operate and allowing the
students learn from their homes.

Distance education is a process of planned teaching learning that occurs in a different

place from the normal learning setting and requires communication and a special
corporate organization via technologies (Moore & Kearsley, 2012). The definition of
distance education has four components: a. Corporate basis b. Interactive
telecommunication c. Data, sound and video sharing (learning experiences) d.
Separation of teacher and student (Simonson, Smaldino, Albright & Zvacek, 2008).
Distance education is a concept which pertains to increasing the quality of education to
develop student’s learning (Burns, 2011). The challenges that teachers are facing in
distance learning such teaching online classrooms are different from the traditional ones
with no in-person face-to-face interaction. Consequently, teachers are challenged to
convey their lessons precisely in order to facilitate learners to accomplish desired
learning outcomes. However, teachers and learners from developing countries are more
likely to face technology challenges or barriers (Eltahir, 2019). Distance learning in the
Philippines is important. However, the choices on how to conduct distance learning
includes modular (printed or digitized), online learning, radio and television-based
instruction, or a combination of these (blended learning) approved by the Department of
Education as the learning modalities in the new normal in the Philippines.

In online classes it is a flexible learning tools widely used in the country. Online
teaching is the process of educating others via the internet. Various methods can be
used, such as one-on-one video calls, group video calls, and webinars. You can start
teaching from any location (home, coffee shop, co-working space) and enroll students
from various backgrounds and geographical areas. They are vital because lessons can
be delivered efficiently through technology and lessons and students' progress can be
easily monitored and recorded. The disadvantages that can be encounter in online
classes such as minimal social interaction between students and teachers, has a little
support, financial crisis due to demand on the internet expenses, prone to technical
issues specially on signals, requires training to be more efficient and effective in
handling online classes and many more but online classes helped save time and energy
on travel to and from school.
Moreover, teachers are greatly challenged in terms of learning quality transfer, module
distribution and retrieval, students' difficulties in following instruction, power disruption,
internet connection, and health risks posed by the pandemic. In a distance learning
environment, instructors lack direct access to verbal and nonverbal feedback from their
students. This feedback enables the teacher in a conventional learning environment to
use verbal and nonverbal signals to adjust the instructional process in real-time, in order
to meet their student's needs. However, According to Ambayon's (2020)
research, modular instruction is more effective in the teaching-learning method when
compared to traditional teaching techniques because students know at their own pace
with this modular approach. The following are the positive effects of modular learning on
students: It helped students economize on daily transportation, fares, gasoline for those
who have cars or vehicles. Parents economize on children's weekly monetary
allowances. Online classes helped save time and energy on travel to and from school.
Moreover, the issues encountered towards modular distance learning approach were
communication failure like that of instructions or confusion of students on the modules,
limited teacher guidance, students in discourteous approach to teachers, complaints on
not understanding the module, and all of which results to misbehavior on students.
These are the different instructional challenges humanities and social sciences faced
amidst the covid-19 pandemic that still happening now adays. The role of the teachers
in education is not easy because teacher collaborates with student in self-development
and responsibility. Teacher provides environment, materials, and guidance for
collaborative learning, interactive discussion groups, individual learning, and research.
Teacher provides prompt and accurate feedback to students to facilitate learning but in
this pandemic, it is difficult for teachers to have an interactive teaching with their
students that’s why the Department of Education is still continuously monitors each
school process to secure the constitutional mandates of the agency, to educate each
learner through efficient procurement processes of resources just to ensure the
continuation of students education amidst the pandemic.