FIGHTING, FUTURE LPT!

PHYSICAL EDUCATION  It can help you look your best (with proper nutrition, good posture,
and good body mechanics).
“Fitness for All”
 Besides looking better, people who do regular physical activity feel
Fitness and Health
better, do better on academic work, and are less depressed than people
 The word health is often associated only with physical fitness, but who are less active.
there are other components of health.
 Regular physical activity results in physical fitness which is the key
 FITNESS means “readiness”. Fit people are better equipped than to being able to do more of things you want to do and enjoy life.
non-fit people.
 It allows you to be fit enough to meet emergencies and day-to-day
 The level of fitness includes all aspects of health and life. demanding situations.

 It affects physical, mental, and social health.  Being physically active can build fitness, which, in turn, provides
you with many health and wellness benefits.
The Part of Physical Fitness
What is Physical Fitness?
 Health – Related Physical Fitness
 Physical Fitness is the ability of your body systems to work
efficiently. A fit person is able to carry out the typical activities of - It helps you stay healthy
living, such as work, and still have enough energy and vigor to respond
Skill – Related Physical Fitness
to emergency situations and to enjoy leisure time activities.
- It helps you perform well in sports and activities that require
Physical Activity and Exercise
certain skills
 Physical activity is a general term that includes sports, dance, and
activities done at work or at home, such as walking, climbing stairs,
or mowing the lawn. Health – Related Physical Fitness
 When people do physical activity especially for the purpose of  Cardiovascular fitness: the ability to exercise your entire body for
getting fit, we say they are doing exercise long periods of time.
Health and Wellness Benefits of Physical Activity  Strength: the amount of force your muscles can produce.
 Regular physical activity can do much to prevent disease and illness.  Muscular endurance: the ability to use your muscles many times
without tiring.
 FIGHTING, FUTURE LPT!
 Flexibility: the ability to use your joints fully through a wide range
of motion.
 Body fatness – composition: is the percentage of body weight that
is made up of fat when compared to other body tissue, such as bone
and muscle.
Skill – Related Physical Fitness
 Different sports require different parts of skill - related fitness.
Many sports require several parts. For example, a skater might have
good agility, but may not possess good power.
Some people have more natural ability in skill areas than others.
Good health does not come from being good in skill-related fitness.
Agility is the ability to change the position of your body quickly and
to control body’s movements. People with good agility are most likely
to be good at activities such as: diving, soccer, ice skating, wrestling,
etc.
Balance is the ability to keep an upright posture while standing still or
moving. People with good balance are most likely to be good in
activities such as gymnastics, ice skating, rhythmic gymnastics, ski-
jumping, surfing, etc.
Power is the ability to use strength and speed. People with good power
might have the ability to put the shot, throw the discus, high jump,
play football, speed swim, speed skate, etc.
Reaction time is the amount of time it takes to move once you realize
the need to act. People with good reaction time are able to make fast
starts in track or swimming, or to dodge a fast attack in fencing or
karate.
Speed is the ability to perform a movement or cover a distance in a
short period of time. People with leg speed can run fast, while people
with good arm speed can throw fast or hit a ball that is thrown fast.
Lifetime Fitness
 Step 1: Doing Physical Activity
 Step 2: Getting Fit
 Step 3: Self-Assessment
 Step 4: Self-Planning
 Step 5: Lifetime Activity
 Step 6: Lifetime Fitness
Rhythmic Activities
Every individual has rhythm. It is found in all of nature and is
natural to every individual. Rhythm is most clearly seen through
dance- the art of movement
What is rhythm?
Is the regular recurrence of accented and unaccented beats
Rhythms
Is a term which denotes an aspect of a quality of movement
that is sometimes thought of as dance. When an individual moves in
response to a particular rhythm or music we call the movements as
rhythmic movements or rhythms. Structured forms which start
creative rhythmic movements are called rhythms.
Rhythmic activities
are the physical manifestations of the mental and emotional
response of the individual to rhythm. They are activities which a child
responds to physically, socially, and mentally to regular patterns of
sound.
They are also a source of enjoyment for people of all ages.
Through these activities, skills and the sense of rhythm are acquired
 FIGHTING, FUTURE LPT!
and developed, feelings are expressed, basic principles of time, space 11. Measure—a group of pulse beats.
and force can be experienced. 12. Note pattern—refers to a note or set of notes with or without
Everyone reacts to music or rhythm in one form or another. A rest used for a certain dance step.
head swaying, a foot tapping, fingers snapping, shoulders and body 13. Step pattern—refers to the movement or movements done
moving while a musical piece is played are physical reactions. for each of the dance steps.

Dance Elements of movement Space:

refers to movement set to music where there emerges 1. Direction—is the line of movement taken which maybe
organization, structure and pattern. It is a composition that implies forward, backward, sideward, diagonal, upward, or a
arrangement of parts into a form. combination of those mentioned.
2. Level—is movement through space that maybe done at a high,
Dancing low, or medium level.
is a means of expressing one’s emotions through movement 3. Range—refers to the area covered as the body moves. It may
disciplined by rhythm. It is an act of moving rhythmically and be small as when the movement is done in one’s place; or
expressively to an accompaniment. The word dancing came from an large when movement covers a wide area as when getting
old German word “danson” which means to “stretch”. Essentially, all away from one’s place.
dancing is made up of stretching and relaxing. 4. Floor Pattern—the path or design that is made while moving
in space is what is termed as floor pattern. It may take a form
Rhythmic Fundamentals of a circle, square, straight line or zigzag.
In the field of dance, there are certain fundamental knowledge
and rhythmic skills considered important for proficiency and Movement Qualities:
efficiency in bodily movements Movement expression is attained through the elements of
time, force and space
Elements of Rhythm:
1. Beat—the underlying pulse of a rhythm. Time qualities:
2. Tempo—rate of speed of a movement. 3. 1. Movements which is fast
3. Intensity—variation of stress of movement. a. Examples: galloping horse, Jet plane
4. Pitch—lowness or highness of a tone. 2. Movement which is slow
5. Accent—emphasis on certain beats. a. Examples: turtle, Flower growing
6. Meter—the regular recurrence of beats which divides a
musical design into measure. Force Qualities:
7. Phrase—measures grouped together. 1. Soft light movement
8. Bar—in music a vertical line across a staff dividing it into a. Examples: Fairies Birds and butterflies
equal measures of time. 2. Strong, heavy movement
9. Count—a pulse beat, a time limit. a. Examples: Elephant Bulldozer
10. Note—a printed symbol of a musical tone. 3. Strong, jerky movement
 FIGHTING, FUTURE LPT!
a. Examples: Frog A jumping jack Cagayan Valley Region and the ethnic dances in the
4. Smooth, sustained movement Mindanao Regions.
a. Examples: Airplane Fish swimming
3. Social and Ballroom Dance
Space Qualities: The setting of the social and ballroom dance is a social gathering
1. Movement up and down with the more formal atmosphere than the simple and informal parties
a. Examples: Bouncing ball Yo-yo in which the recreational dances are the usual forms. Social and
2. Movement across, back and forth or around ballroom dancing are generally held in the evenings. The participants
a. Examples: Rowing boat A merry-go-round are usually in formal attire.
3. Movement which is low
a. Examples: Ants Turtles 4. Recreational Dance
4. Movement which is high Includes dance mixers, square dance round and couple dances.
a. Examples: Kites Clouds Many of these dances have simple patterns and combinations of
walking steps, polka step and the waltz step. The setting is usually
PHASES OF THE DANCE PROGRAM informal gatherings and parties, reunions etc.

1. Creative Rhythms 5. Creative Dance

Are sometimes called fundamental rhythms or natural dances. A
creative rhythm is an end product of exploration and improvisation of
movements as children learn to move the parts of their body and to use
them as instruments of expression.
Is the highest form of dance. It is the end-product of exploration
and improvisation of movements as the dancer or the choreographer
expresses his feelings or emotions, ideas, and interpretations. This is a
dance with a definite form, a beginning and an ending. The principles
of art form are all observed in the composition of the dance. Examples
of creative dance are ballet, jazz, and modern or contemporary dance

2. Folk/ Ethnic dance

Is a cultural art form handed down from generation to generations. FORMATIONS commonly used in RHYTHMIC ACTIVITIES:
It communicates the customs, beliefs, rituals, and occupations of the
people of a region or country. Folk dancing belongs to the people. It 1. Single circle, facing clockwise
emanates from them. Ethnic tribes have their specific tribal art forms 2. Single circle partners facing
originated and danced by the people of the tribe. 3. Single circle, facing counterclockwise
4. Single circle, facing center
 Examples of folk dances are the rural and country dances, 5. Double circle, partners facing
jotas, mazurkas, pandanggos, among others with foreign 6. Double circle, facing clockwise
influence. 7. Double circle, couples facing
 Examples of ethnic dances are the dances of the mountain 8. Square or quadrille formation
peoples of the Cordilleras, dances of the ethnic groups in the 9. Semi-circle or half moon
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10. Double lines, facing front
11. Double lines, partners facing 5th position
12. Long open formation Feet: Heel of front foot close to big toe of rear foot.
Arms: Both arms raised overhead.
OBJECTIVE OF RHYTHMIC ACTIVITIES
The Basic Natural Movements:
1. Develop skills necessary for recreational enjoyment. 1. Locomotor movements
2. Maintain good posture and physical efficiency. Are those that move the body in space in any direction with the
3. Promote emotional freedom. feet as the moving base. Examples: walking, running, jumping,
4. Develop a balanced and well-coordinated body. hopping, skipping, leaping, galloping and sliding

FUNDAMENTAL DANCE POSITIONS 2. Non-locomotor

There are five fundamental or basic positions in dance that are
commonly termed as 1st position, 2nd position, 3rd position, 4th
position, and 5th position of the feet and arms.
1st position
Feet: Heels close together, toes apart with an angle of about
45 degrees.
Arms: Both arms raised in a circle in front of chest with the
finger tips about an inch apart.
2nd position
Feet: Feet apart sideward of about a pace distance.
Arms: Both raised sideward with a graceful curve at shoulder
level.
3rd position
Feet: Heel of one foot close to in-step of other foot.
Arms: One arm raised in front as in 2nd position; other arm
raised upward.
4th position
Feet: One foot in front of other foot of a pace distance.
Arms: One arm raised in front as in 1st position; other arm
raised overhead.
Are those in which various parts of the body move in space with
a fixed base. The base may be standing, kneeling, sitting or lying.
Non-locomotor movements:
1. Flexion - Bending or shortening of a body part occurring at a joint.
2. Extension - Turning, twisting or circling
3. Pendular - Swinging/ swaying arms forward, backward or sideward.
4. Percussive - Striking and hitting: pushing and pulling.
5. Vibratory - Shaking and beating.
6. Sustained - A slow, smooth flowing movement with a balance of
movement throughout the entire series.
7. Suspended - A sharp movement followed by a series of slow or
prolonged movements until a peak is reached.
Values of dancing
1. Physical fitness
2. Cultural
3. Social
4. Recreational
FOLK DANCES
Are traditional dances of a country which were evolved
naturally and spontaneously in connection with everyday activities
 FIGHTING, FUTURE LPT!
and experiences of the people who developed them. Folk dancing is
the heartbeat of the people.
Types of Folk dances:
1. National – traditional dances of a given country.
2. Regional – local.
3. Character – created by individual or group.
OBJECTIVES OF TEACHING PHILIPPINE FOLK DANCES
1. To foster patriotism and nationalism through the study of our dance.
2. To arouse better appreciation of Philippine music and folk dances.
3. To provide through dancing, a healthful form of relaxation and
recreation.
4. To develop a graceful and rhythmic coordination of body
movements that will improve posture.
5. To preserve for posterity, folk dances and music indigenous to the
different regions of the Philippines.
6. To demonstrate the growth of Filipino culture through the evolution
of Philippine dances.
Characteristics of Philippine Folk dances:
1. In general, dancers stand apart.
2. There is little, if any, bodily contact.
3. Most of the dances are done by pairs or couples.
4. Hand movements play an important part.
5. Most dances are in long formation.
6. Most dances begin and end with “saludo.”
7. Dances from the lowlands have more foreign elements those found
in the uplands.
8. War dances are found among non-Christian tribes.
COMMON DANCE TERMS
1. Arms in lateral position – Both arms are at one side either right or
left, at shoulder, chest or waist level.
2. Brush – Weight on one foot, hit the floor with the ball or heel of
the other foot and lift that foot from the floor to any direction.
3. Crossed Arms – Partners facing each other or standing side by side
join their left hands together and the right hands together; either right
over left or left over right hands.
4. Cut – To displace quickly one foot with the other.
5. Do-si-do – Partners advance forward, pass each other’s right (left)
side, step across to the right move backwards without turning around,
pass each other left side to proper places.
6. Hayon-hayon – To place one forearm in front and the other at he
back of the waist.
7. Hop – A spring from one foot landing on the same foot in place or
in any direction.
8. Jaleo – Partners turn around clockwise (with right elbows almost
touching) or counterclockwise (with left elbows almost touching)
using walking or any kind of dance step.
9. Jump – A spring on one foot or both feet landing on both feet in
any direction.
10. Kumintang – moving the hand from the wrist either in a clockwise
or counterclockwise direction.
11. Leap – A spring from one foot landing on the other foot in any
direction.
12. Place – To put foot in a certain position without putting weight on
it.
13. Pivot – To turn with the ball, heel or whole foot on a fixed place
or point.
14. Point – Touch the floor lightly with the toes of one foot, weight of
the body on the other foot. 15. Masiwak – To turn the hand from the
wrist half-way clockwise then raise and lower wrist once or twice.
This is an Ibanag term.
16. Panadyak – To stamp in front or at the side with the right foot and
tap with same foot close to the left foot. This is a Tagalog term.
17. Patay – To bend the head downward and to support the forehead
with the R forearm or with the crook of the R elbow while the left hand
supports lightly the palm of the right hand. This is usually done with
the left foot pointing in rear and knees slightly bent. This is an Ilocano
term and the movement is commonly found in Ilocano dances.
 FIGHTING, FUTURE LPT!
18. Salok – T o swing the arm downward-upward passing in front of PROFED 10 – ASSESSMENT IN LEARNING 2
the body as if scooping, the trunk is bent following the movement of
the arm doing the salok. This is a Tagalog term.
19. Saludo – Partners bow to each other, to the audience, opposite
ASSESSING AFFECTIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES
dancers, or to the neighbors with feet together. This is of Spanish
origin and is used in almost all Philippine dances. AFFECTIVE TRAITS AND LEARNING OUTCOMES
20. Sarok – Cross the R foot in front of the L, bend the body slightly
forward and cross the hands down in front of the R hand over the L.
Hohn (1995) cited by McMillan (2001)
This is a Visayan term.
- AFFECTIVE refers to a wide variety of traits and
21. Slide – To glide foot smoothly along the floor. The movement may
dispositions that are different from knowledge, reasoning and
be finished with or without transfer of weight.
skills.
22. Stamp – To bring the foot forcibly and noisily on the floor with or
- The term affect is general in nature. Teachers must use
without transfer of weight.
specific behaviour
23. Tap – To rap slightly with the ball or toe of the free foot, flexing
the ankle joint keeping weight of the body on the other foot. There is
Chouinard & Roy (2008)
no change or transfer of weight.
- In Mathematics education, scholars define affect as
24. Whirl – To make fast turns by executing small steps in place to
motivation, dispositions, beliefs and attitudes.
right or left.
- Anderson & Bourke (2000) pointed out that motivation and
affect may be redundant in the sense that motivation is
implicit in all aspects of affect

AFFECTIVE TRAITS
- These are traits related to one’s attitude, behavior, level of
acceptance, etc. McMillan (2001) provided a summary of
these traits where most students’ affect involves both
emotional and cognitive beliefs.

1. Attitude
- Predisposition to respond favorably or unfavorably to
specified situations, concepts, objects, institutions or persons
2. Interest
- Personal preference for certain kinds of activities
3. Value
- Importance, worth, or usefulness of mode or conduct and end
state of existence
4. Opinion
 FIGHTING, FUTURE LPT!
- Beliefs about specific occurrences and situations
LEVELS OF AFFECTIVE DOMAIN

5. Preference Level 1. RECEIVING (Attention)

- Desire or propensity to select one object over another. - Attention concerns the student’s willingness to attend to a
6. Motivation classroom activity and being directed by the teacher.
- Desire and willingness to be engaged in behavior and intensity - This can be assessed through interest inventories and can be
of self-involvement. rated using Likert scale.
7. Academic Self-Concept
- Self-perception of competence in school and learning. Level 2. RESPONDING (Interest)
8. Self-esteem - Attention concerns the student’s willingness to attend to a
- Attitude toward oneself, degree of self-respect, worthiness or classroom activity and being directed by the teacher.
desirability of self-concept - This can be assessed through interest inventories and can be
9. Locus of Control rated using Likert scale.
- Self-perception of whether success and failure is controlled by
the student or by external factors Level 3 VALUING (Preference/Appreciation)
10. Emotional Development - Preference or appreciation can be shown on the general
- Growth, change and awareness of emotions and ability to reaction to a series of questions that the teacher gets from the
regulate emotional expression students. Students may express strong opinion, problem-
11. Social Relationship solving attitude, show concern for others’ welfare.
- Nature of interpersonal interactions and functioning in group - This can be assessed using Likert scale such as Strongly
settings. Agree, Agree, Disagree, Strongly Disagree
12. Altruism
- Willingness and propensity to help others. Level 4. ORGANIZATION (Philosophy of Life)
13. Moral Development - Philosophy of life can be shown by accepting responsibility
- Attainment of ethical principles that guide decision making for his behavior, understanding and accepting own strengths
and behaviour and weaknesses, formulating a life plan in harmony with his
14. Classroom Environment abilities, interests and beliefs.
- Nature of feeling tone and interpersonal relationships in a - This can be assessed by determinig whether the learner has
class. developed a concept of value or belief

Affective Domain describes learning objectives that emphasize a
feeling, tone, emotion, or degree of acceptance or rejection.
Level 5. CHARACTERIZATION by a VALUE (Lifestyle)
- Lifestyle can be illustrated by demonstrating self-reliance in
working independently, cooperating in group activities,
punctuality and self-discipline, and demonstrating a lifestyle
by consistency of doing his daily actions.
 FIGHTING, FUTURE LPT!
METHODS of ASSESSING AFFECTIVE LEARNING
OUTCOMES
McMillan (2001) stated that the three considerations in assessing
affect are:
(1) Emotions and Feelings
(2) Use of several approaches
(3) Result
Three Considerations when Assessing Affect
1. Emotions and Feelings
They are not stable attitudes of young children and during early
adolescence because most of them are unpredictable. Hence, it is
better to measure repeatedly over several periods of time.
2. Use of Several Approaches
Do not rely on a single approach because it has limitation.
Dobbins, et.al (2001) found out that low performing students tend
to overreport than high performing students
3. Result
Decide whether you need an individual or group result. If the
purpose is for the parents, use individual result. If for the improvement
of classroom instruction, use group result.
Three Methods
Since affective traits are not directly observable, it is best to
infer from the students’ behavior or what they say about themselves
or others. Here are three methods in assessing affective traits:
1. Teacher Observation
This is use to make a systematic record on the observation about
the presence or absence of affective outcomes.
a. Steps in Using Teacher’s Observation
a.1. Determine in advance the specific behavior related to the targets.
a.2. Develop a list of positive and negative behaviors.
a.3. Decide the type of observation you want to use
Methods of Teacher Observation
a. Unstructured Observation
- Also known as open-ended observation.
- Recording observations can be done through note-taking,
mental note taking or diary keeping.
- The teacher monitors students in natural classroom setting.
- Anecdotal Record is a report of observed behavioral incident.
b. Structured Observation
- Usually involves checklist, rating scale, or rubrics.
- Recording is more systematic because the teacher will attend
only on predetermined aspects of affective traits.
2. Student Self-Report
This allows students to express their feelings towards a given
specific classroom activity.
Two Methods
a. Interview Method - allows teacher to probe and clarify
information in order to avoid ambiguity
b. Questionnaire or Survey Method – comes in two formats
b.1. Constructed Response Format done using completion item
or essay
Examples:
“I think Science is ___________.”
“I am interested in Assessment 2 because ________”
b.2. Selected-Response Format
- provides option for learners to choose from
- Usually used to assess attitudes, beliefs and interests of learners.
- It has three (3) types.
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 Rating Scale
o Set of categories designed to gather information
on quantitative attributes. Students are required to
rate their degree of agreement with certain
statements
 Semantic Differential Scale
o A pair of adjectives are used to provide
connections with feelings, beliefs, opinions that
can be measured by degrees of agreement that
show both opposite directions and intensity
 Checklist
o The easiest tool to develop compared to the first
two. It consists of simple items that the students
or teacher mark as “absent” or “present”
3. Peer Rating
The least method to be used. The students are asked to assess or
judge their classmates’ behavior.
To analyze results, Frequency Nomination or Sociogram is used.
It comes in two approaches:
a. Guess-Who Approach
 Students are asked to write the name of his/her classmate who
is described in the form
Example:
1. Who is the most willing to work with others?
2. Who is the most concerned about his/her classmates?
3. Which student is willing to cooperate with others?
b. Sociometric Approach
 It is used to assess social structure and interaction patterns
among students
 Give the teacher information on students who are in small
groups: e.g. popular students, social isolates, socially
awkward.
PORTFOLIO ASSESSMENT
What is a Portfolio?
Portfolio
a purposeful collection of student work that exhibits that
exhibits the students efforts, progress and achievement in one or more
areas.
The collection must include student participation in selecting
contents, the criteria for selection, the criteria for judging merit and
evidence of student self-reflection.
The greatest value of portfolios is that in building them,
students become actives participants in the learning process and its
assessment. 
Portfolio Assessment is one of a several authentic and non-
traditional assessment techniques in Education. 
The use of portfolio assessment became popular in early to
late 1980’s in response to the growing clamor for more “reasonable”
and authentic means of assessing student’s growth and development
in school.
Features and Principles of Portfolio
1. A portfolio is a form of assessment that students do together
with their teachers.
The teacher’s guide the students in the planning, execution and
evaluation of contents of the portfolio. Together, they formulate the
overall objectives for constructing the portfolio. As such students and
teachers in interact in every step of the process in developing a
portfolio.
 FIGHTING, FUTURE LPT!
2. A portfolio represent a selection of what the students believe
are best included from among the possible collection of things
related to the concept being studied. It is the teacher’s
responsibility to assist the students in actually choosing from
among a possible set of choices. To be included in the
portfolio. However the final selection should be done by the
students themselves since the portfolio represents what the
students believe are important considerations.
3. A portfolio provides samples of the students work which show
growth over time. By reflecting on their own learning (self-
assessment) students begin to identify the strengths and
weakness in their work. These weakness then become
improvement goals.
4. The criteria for selecting and assessing the portfolio contents
must be clear to the teacher and the students.
The criteria for selecting and assessing the portfolio contents must be
clear to the teacher and the students.
Purposes of Portfolio Assessment
1. PORTFOLIO ASSESSMENT MATCHES ASSESSMENT
OF TEACHING.
The final outputs to be assessed are products of classroom discussions
and classroom work and are not simple diversions from the tedium of
classroom activities.
2. PORTFOLIO ASSESSMENT HAS ACLEAR GOALS. IN
FACT, THEY ARE DECIDED ON THE BEGINNING OF
INSTRUCTION AND ARE CLEAR TO TEACHER AND
STUDENT ALIKE.
In cognitive testing, the objectives are set at the beginning but the
actual items may or may not reflect achievement of such objectives.
the students control the items to be included and therefore are assured
that the goals are achieved.
3. PORTFOLIO ASSESSMENT GIVES A PROFILE OF A
LEARNER ABILITIES IN TERM OF DEPTH, BREADTH,
AND GROWTH.
Portfolio assessment enable the students to demonstrate quality work
done without pressure and constraints of time presents in traditional
testing through the help of resource.
4. PORTFOLIO ASSESSMENT IS A TOOL FOR
ASSESSING A VARIETY OF SKILLS NOT NORMALLY
TESTABLE IN A SINGLE SETTING FOR TRADITIONAL
TESTING.
The portfolio can show written, oral and graphics output of students
in a variety of way which demonstrate skills developed by students.
5. PORTFOLIO ASSESSMENT DEVELOPS AWARENESS
OF OWN LEARNING STUDENTS.
Students have to reflect on their own progress and the quality of their
work in relation to known goals. This is achieved at each stage of the
progress since the students continually refer to the set of goals and
objectives set at the beginning
6. PORTFOLIO ASSESSMENT CATERS TO INDIVIDUALS
IN A HETEROGENEOUS CLASS.
Such a flexibility is attributed to the fact that Portfolio Assessment is
open-ended so that students can demonstrate their abilities on their
own level and caters to differential learning styles and expression of
varying strengths
7. PORTFOLIO ASSESSMENT DEVELOPS SOCIAL
SKILLS. STUDENTS INTERACT WITH OTHER
STUDENTS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THEIR OWN
PORTFOLIOS.
Sometimes they are assessed on work done in groups or in pairs so
that they necessarily have to interact band collaborate to complete the
Tasks.
 FIGHTING, FUTURE LPT!
8. PORTFOLIO ASSESSMENT DEVELOPS DATES ON ALL ENTRIES
INDEPENDENTAND ACTIVE LEARNERS. - This facilitates proof of growth over time.
Students must select and justify portfolio choices monitor progress
and set learning goals. Traditional testing cannot achievement this DRAFTS
educational objective no matter how skillfully the tests are - Drafts of aural/oral and written products and revised versions;
constructed. i.e., first drafts and corrected or revised versions.

9. PORTFOLIO ASSESSMENT CAN IMPROVE REFLECTIONS

MOTIVATION FOR LEARNING AND THUS - can appear at different stages in the learning process (for
ACHIEVEMENT. formative and/or summative purposes.) and at the lower levels
When students are empowered to prove their own achievement and can be written in the mother tongue or by students who find it
worth they become highly motivated to pursue the learning tasks. It is difficult to express themselves in English\
when they lose this feeling of empowerment that they feel inadequate
and become less motivated as in traditional classroom setting. Stages in Implementing Portfolio Assessment

10. PORTFOLIO ASSESSMENT PROVIDES OPPORTUNITY Stage 1: Identify teaching goals to Assess through portfolio
FOR STUDENT-TEACHER DIALOGUE.  Organizing portfolio assessment is to establish the teaching
It enables the teacher to get to know every student. Moreover, portfolio goals.
assessment promotes joint goal-setting and negotiation of grades  To be clear about the teachers hopes to achieve in teaching.
which can never happen in traditional setting.  Guide the selection and assessment of the students
Stage 2: Introducing the Idea of Portfolio Assessment to your class
 Introduce the concept to the class. 
Essential Elements of a Portfolio  Explaining the meaning of the word “portfolio”.
 The portfolio assessment will assess the learners in a much
COVER LETTER fairer way than the traditional testing method.
- “About the Author” Stage 3: Specification of Portfolio Content
This summarizes the evdiences of a student’’s learning and progress  Specify how much to be included in the portfolio – both
core and options (it is important to include options as
TABLE OF CONTENTS these enable self-expression and independence).
- With numbered pages  Portfolio entries can take many form – written, audio,
video recorded, items, artifacts e.g. drawing, model etc.
ENTRIES Stage 4: Giving clear and detailed guidelines for portfolio
- Students can choose to include “best” pieces of work, but also presentation
a piece of work which gave trouble or one that was less  Present as many evidence of learning as the students left on
successful, and give reasons why their own.
 FIGHTING, FUTURE LPT!
 Explain the need for: 2. Process Portfolio
⚫ Clear and attractive presentation The process portfolio in contrast demonstrates all facets or phases
⚫ dated drafts of the learning process. As such these portfolio contain an extensive
number of reflective journals think logs And other related forms of
⚫ attached reflections or comment cards
metacognitive processing.
Stage 5: Informing key school officials, parents and other
stakeholders
3. Showcase Portfolio
 Make sure that the school principal is aware of your new
The showcase portfolio only shows the best of the student’s
assessment procedures.
outputs and products
 It is also a good idea to inform parents about the portfolio
assessment and allow them to comment on the work
Assessing and Evaluating Portfolio
Stage 6: Development of the portfolio
 Support and encouragement are required by both teacher and
According to Paulson, Paulson and Meyer Portfolios offer a
students at this stage.
way of assessing student learning that is different from the traditional
 Devote class-time to student-teacher conferences, to
methods. Portfolio assessment provides the teacher and students an
practicing reflection and self-assessment and to portfolio
opportunity to observe students in a broader context taking risk
preparation.
developing creative solution and learning to make judgments about
 Give guiding feedback
their own performances
 Ownership: To ensure that the portfolio represents the
student’s own work
Portfolio can include the following
1. Thoughtfulness - including evidence of students monitoring
Guide for Self-Reflections
of their own comprehension metacognitive reflection and
 What did I learn from that activity?
productive habits of mind.
 Which is my best piece? 2. Growth and development in relationship to key curriculum
 How can I improve this? expectancies and indicators.
o Brainstorming 3. Understanding and application of key processes.
o Portfolio partners 4. Completeness correctness and appropriateness of products
and processes presented in the portfolio
Types of Portfolio 5. Diversity of entries (e.g, use of multiple formats to
demonstrate achievement of designated performance
1. Documentary Portfolio standards.
As the name implies, this approach involves a collection of work
over time showing growth and improvement reflecting students Simple Rating Scale for Cover Letter
learning of identified outcomes. This portfolio is called a growth (Holistic Rubric)
portfolio in the literature. ▹ The
Collection becomes meaningful when specific items are selected
out to focus on particular educational experiences or goals
 FIGHTING, FUTURE LPT!
Goal (Benchmark)
- Ask and answer simple questions
- Express likes, dislikes and feelings
- Give and follow simple directions and instructions
- Follow stages in a process
- Describing events
- Presenting information, using audio-visual aids
Sample Classroom Activity
- Interview in pairs to fill in ID card for partner
- Survey on chosen subject
- “Show and tell” about your hobby in group/class
- Give and follow directions with map
- Listen to instructions for making egg-rolls
- Tell about a book you read
- A recorded radio or TV show an advertisement
Portfolio Evidence
- Caste of role-play (also ID card)
- Filled- in form form on survey
- Video clip/cassette of presentation, multimedia presentation
- Pair-work casstte, completed task (filled-in map)
- Sequence of steps (number the pictures)
- Cassette, posters, Power point presentation
- Audio/video cassette prepared by group (plan of production
and stages)
Assessment Tools
 Self/peer assessment with rating scales ▹
 Checklist with criteria (such as: clear presentation, relevant
vocabulary, correct spelling/pronunciation), depending on the
task
 Teacher/peer observation ▹ Learning log
 Answer key
 Guided reflection on the task
One of the more significant aspects of Portfolio assessment is its
“Collaborative Approach” in which students and teachers work
together to identify especially to significant or important artifacts and
processes to be captured in the portfolio.
Student-Teacher Conference
The main philosophy embedded in portfolio assessment is
“Shared and active assessment”. The teacher should have short
individual meetings with each students, in which progress is discuss
and goals are set for a future meeting.
The teacher and the student keep careful documentation of the
meeting noting significant agreements and finding each individual
session.
The formative evaluation process of the portfolio assessment
is facilitated.
Indeed the use of portfolio assessment takes time but in the
end it gains
Finally, student-teacher conference can also be used for
summative evaluation purposes when the students present his final
portfolio product and where final grades are determined together with
the teacher. This conference can be prepared in pairs, where students
practice presenting their portfolio
 FIGHTING, FUTURE LPT!
PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION 9
TEACHER AND THE COMMUNITY, SCHOOL CULTURE AND
ORGANIZATIONAL LEADERSHIP
Global Issues that Concern Schools and Society
(Top 10 Current Global Issues According to Chloe Turner)
1. Climate Change
- The global temperature are rising. This would cause more severe
weather, crisis with food resources and the spread of diseases.
- The reduction of greenhouse emissions and the spreading of
education on the importance of going green can help make a big
difference.
- Lobbying government and discussing policies to reduce carbon
emissions and encouraging reforestation is an effective way of making
progress with climate change.
2. Pollution
- Includes ocean litter; pesticides and fertilizers, air, light and noise
pollution.
- Clean water is essential for humans and animals, but more than one
billion people don't have access to clean water due to pollution from
toxic substances, sewage or industrial waste.
3. Violence
- Violence can be found in the social, cultural and economic aspects
of the world.
- Whether it is a conflict that has broken out in a city, hatred targeted
at a certain group of people or sexual harassment occurring on the
street, violence is a preventable problem that has been an issue for
longer than necessary.
Various form of Violence
Physical Violence - Occurs when someone uses a part of their body
or an object to control a person’s actions.
Sexual Violence - Occurs when a person is forced to unwillingly
take part in sexual activity.
Emotional Violence - Occurs when someone says or does something
that makes a person feel stupid or worthless.
Psychological Violence - Occurs when someone uses threats and
causes fear in an individual to gain control.
Spiritual Violence - Occurs when someone uses and individual’s
spiritual beliefs to manipulate, dominate or control that person.
Cultural Violence - Occurs when an individual is harmed as a result
of practices that are part of his/her culture, religion or tradition.
4. Security and Well-being
- The UN is a perfect example of what should be done to prevent the
lack of security and well-being.
- Through its effort with regional organizations and representatives
that are skilled in security, the UN is working towards increasing the
well-being of people throughout the world.
5. Lack of Education
- More than 72 million children across the world that are age to be in
primary education are not enrolled in school.
- This can be attributed to inequality and marginalization as well as
poverty. Fortunately, there are many organizations that work directly
with the issue of education in providing proper tools and resources to
aid schools.
6. Unemployment
- Without the necessary education and skills for employment, many
people, particularly 15 to 24 years old, struggle to find jobs and create
a proper living for themselves and their families.
- This leads to lack of necessary resources, such as enough food,
clothing, transportation and proper living conditions.
7. Government Corruption
- Means of corruption including graft, bribery, embezzlement,
backdoor deals, nepotism, and patronage.
 FIGHTING, FUTURE LPT!
- Corruption is a major cause of poverty considering how it affects the  Lack of economic opportunity and employment (12.1%)
poor the most, eroding political and economic development,
democracy and more. The 17 Sustainable Development Goals for the Period 2015-2030

8. Malnourishment and Hunger 1. End poverty in all forms everywhere

- Currently, there are 795 million people who do not have enough food
to eat. Long term success to ending world hunger starts with ending
poverty.
9. Substance Abuse
- It is the harmful or hazardous use of psychoactive substances,
including alcohol and illicit drugs.
10. Terrorism
- An issue throughout the world that cause fear and insecurity,
violence and death. Across the globe, terrorists attack innocent people,
often without warning.
- The world has become a global village
- We become a citizen of a global community
- What takes place in one part of the globe no matter how
far affects us
Top 10 World Issues According to Millennials
(World Economic Forum’s Global Shapers Survey in 2017)
 Climate Change/destruction of nature (48.8%)
 Large scale conflict/wars (38.9%)
 Inequality (income, discrimination) (30.8%)
 Poverty (29.2%)
 Religious conflicts (23.9%)
 Government accountability and transparency/corruption
(22.7%)
 Food and water security (18.2%)
 Lack of Education (15.9%)
 Safety/Security/well-being (14.1%)
2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition,
and promote sustainable agriculture
3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote
lifelong learning opportunities for all.
5. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls
6. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and
sanitation for all
7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern
energy for all
8. Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable and economic
growth, full and productive employment and decent work for
all
9. Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and
sustainable industrialization to foster innovation
10. Reduce inequality within and among countries
11. Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient
and sustainable
12. Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns
13. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impact
14. Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas, and marine
resources for sustainable development
15. Protect, restore, and promote sustainable use of terrestrial
ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat
desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and half
biodiversity loss
16. Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable
development, provide access to justice for all and build
effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels
17. Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the
global partnership for sustainable development
 FIGHTING, FUTURE LPT!
 The Why and How of School and Community Partnership
 The Teacher and the Community: Teachers Ethical and
Professional Behavior
 Organizational Leadership
The Why and How of School and Community Partnership
Opportunities for School- Community Partnership
- Partnership implies two parties helping each other. Both
parties benefit. This means that is a school- community
partnership exist both parties benefits from the
relationship.
What can the Community do for School?
1.) Brigada Eskwela
This program engages all education stakeholder to contribute
their time, effort and resources in ensuring the public school facilities
are in time for the forthcoming school opening. It takes place more or
less two weeks before classes begin in june. This is a school
maintenance program that has been institutionalized since 2009 when
DepEd issue DepEd Order #100.
2.) Curriculum development
This can mean use of community resources for learning .
E.g. museum, elders of the community as key information in research
or resource persons in the study of local history.
3.) Work experience programs
Business establishment and offices in the community can
serve as training group for learners. A concrete example is the work
immersion required of Senior High School students.
Some school call this sevice learning since it actively involves
students in a eide range of experiences which benefits students and the
community at the same time fulfilling the requirement of a curriculum
4.) Remediation and enrichment classes
Parents and retired teachers may be involved in the School
Reading remediation and Learning Enrichment Program.
5.) Youth development Program
The young may involve themselves in youth development
programs and development their skills and talents. Learn how to deal
positively with peers and adults and serve as resources in their
communities.
6.) Community service
Examples of community service are students participating in
tutorial program, community reforestation program, clean up drive for
a river assisting in medical mission.
What can schools do for Communities in return?
 Classroom used by community organization for meetings
 School used as a political place and venue for medical
mission which it may co-sponsor with the Rural Health
Unit
 School use by the Rural Health Unit for mother class in
childcare
 School used as an evacuation center
 School facilities used for community assemblies
 FIGHTING, FUTURE LPT!
 School basketball court used for local celebration and
barangay spots league
 School Conduct livelihood skills-training program for
parents and 0utoff school youth by using school resources
 Livelihood skills-training for parents and out of school
youth by teachers themselves
Learning from the Experience of Schools and Community
Partners
1.) Dumingag Central School, Dumingag, Zamboanga del Sur
Strong school community partnership- feeding program was
maintained by community donors- mother Butler Mission Guild,
barangay councils, office of the mayor, parents who budgeted, cooked,
purchased.
2.) Angels Magic Spot and Project REACH, etc.
Pembo Angels Magic Spot (PAMS) were the volunteer
environmental steward students of Pembo Elementary School while
magic spots were the small dumpsites or empty lots in the barangay
which were by the students into vegetable gardens from which
members of the barangay could harvest for home supply, the school
for their feeding program or sold them for cash for the purchase of
seedling and planting of more vegetables.
Another effective practice was Project Revitalize Enthusiasm
for Assistance to children of humanity (REACH were each teacher
adopted one student and acted as his/ her mentor for the entire school
year.
Urbanidad Kids were ideal students who acted were ideal
students who acted as role models for the students and the PEMBO
community. The cleanest, most well- mannered and most diligent in
class.
BOWLS mean brain operates well on loaded operates well on
loaded stomach. Every recess, children who were selected by the
school as BOWLS beneficiaries due to malnutrition were provided
and bowl of lugaw.
Pera as pantalon was a weekly trash market where students,
their parents and other member of the community were invited to bring
their recyclable garbage.
Sociological basis if School-Community Partnership
 The functionalist theory states that institutions must
perform their respective functions for the stability of
society. Other institutions must come in if one institution
fails to do its part for the sake of society.
 It takes a village to educate a child
 The rearing and education of the child is the primary
obligation of parents. The school, the church and other
social institutions come in to assist parent and families to
fulfill their irreplaceable obligation.
 The breakdown of marriages, the demand for both mother
and father to work to meet the demands of a rising cost of
living resulting to less or practically no more time for
parents spend time with their children.
 Added to these is the increasing number of families
composed of single mothers struggling to raise a family.
With the burden of earning lodged solely on the shoulders
of one parent, single parents struggle to earn enough to
provide for their families
 This is not to mention the negative effect of uncontrolled
and unregulated use of technology on the young while the
use of technology has brought a lot of convenience its
uncontrolled and unregulated use by the tech-savvy kids
expose these kids to all sorts of information not
necessarily favorable for their development.
 FIGHTING, FUTURE LPT!
The Teacher and the Community: Teachers Ethical and
Professional Behavior
o Teachers help students learn the academic basics, but they
also teach valuable life lessons by setting a positive example.
As a rode models, teachers must follow a professional code of
ethics. This ensures that students receive a fair, honest, and
uncompromising education. A professional code of ethics
outlines teacher’s main responsibilities to their students and
defines their role in student’s lives. Above all, teachers must
demonstrate integrity, impartiality and ethical behavior in the
classroom and in their conduct with parents and co-workers.
Being with students
o They are entrusted with the role of providing a quality
education to all students in the classroom. As a part of ethics,
they cannot exhibit favoritism towards any particular student
or even show discrimination against any of them. He/she
ought to interact with the pupils in a appropriate manner
without taking any advantage. They must keep minimum
contact with students outside the school premises, and if need
arises, it must be related to some school event or function.
Safety for all students
o Apart from making the learners the basics of different
subjects, it is the teacher’s responsibility to ensure student’s
safety by gaining their trust. They have to understand needs
of each individual student and report incidences of harassment
and bullying that occur within the school premises. Also, if
there is a strong doubt of neglect or abuse at home, or when a
student discloses any such case, then it must be immediately
notified to the right authorities even if the involved student
refrains from any such action.
Commitment towards the profession
o Anyone who aspires to work on this field must understand
ethics related to this profession. They must represent accurate
information about their qualifications, certifications of
undertaken course or workshops and required licenses.
Representing misleading information just to get entry into this
profession can shatter your chances to a great extent. The
teachers must report the progress of students and be fair in
giving grades for assessments. Manipulating it or purposefully
reconstructing student responses can land them with
fraudulent charges thus leading to loss of job.
Cooperating with colleagues
o To provide a safe environment in the school, all teachers,
administrators and non-teaching staff that must collaborate to
give a rich learning experience for the learners. Every teacher
associated with the institution must adhere to the guidelines
set by administrators. They must bear in mind to follow
expected rules; however, unreasonable it may occur to create
a right example in front of students and not disrespect the
authorities. In case of disagreement with a colleague over any
trivial issue or topic, the educators must sort out their
differences in private. They should not speak negatively for
their fellow employees and maintain appropriate relationships
with them. In addition to this, the teachers must keep personal
and professional life different and abstain from indulging in
any adult behaviors.
Interaction with parents and community
o Apart from colleagues, the educators must engage in positive
interactions with parents or guardians for the child’s future. In
case of troublesome parents, the meetings must be conducted
under the supervision of administrator or with the help from
 FIGHTING, FUTURE LPT!
other teachers. They must not give into unduly demands by
parents.
o Teachers can be regarded as a guiding light as they play an
important role in shaping the life of many individuals. They
are strong role models and need to have a rational behavior
towards the students. Following above ethics will help them
in being partial in their field and do the job honestly with
professionalism.
Keep learning
o A professional code of conduct demands attentiveness to
continuing education requirements and career development.
You must research new teaching methods, attend classes to
maintain your certifications, consult colleagues for
professional advice, participate in curriculum improvements
and stay up to date on technical advancements for the
classroom. It’s your duty to ensure that your teaching methods
are fresh, relevant and comprehensive. Teachers must engage
in educational research to continuously improve their teaching
strategies.
Code of Ethics for Professional Teachers
Pursuant to the provisions of paragraph , Article 11, of R. A,.
No. 7836, otherwise known as the Philippines Professionalization Act
of 1994 and Paragraph (a), section 6, P. D. No. 223, as amended , the
Board for Professional Teachers hereby adopt the Code of Ethics for
Professional Teachers.
The teachers and the community
Section 1: A teacher is a facilitator of learning and of the development
of the youth; he shall, therefore, render the best service by proving an
environment conducive to such learning and growth.
Section 2: Every teacher shall provide leadership and initiative to
actively participate in community movement for moral, social,
educational, economic, and civic betterment.
Section 3: Every teacher shall merit reasonable social recognition for
which purpose he shall behave with honor and dignity at all times and
refrain for such activities as gambling, smoking, drunkenness, and
other execesses, much less illicit relations.
Section 4: Every teacher shall live for and with the community and
shall, therefore, study and understand local customs and traditions in
order to have sympathetic attitude, therefore, refrain from disparaging
the community.
Section 5: Every teacher shall help the school keep the people in the
community informed about the school’s work and accomplishments
as well as its needs and problems.
Section 6: Every teacher is intellectual leader in the community,
especially in the barangay, and shall welcome the opportunity to
provide such leadership when needed, to extend counseling services,
as appropriate, and to actively be in matters affecting the welfare of
the people.
Section 7: Every teacher shall maintain harmonious and pleasant
personal and official relations with other professionals, with
government officials, and with the people, individually or collectively.
Section 8: A teacher possess to attend church and worships as
appropriate, but shall not use his positions and influence to proselyte
others.
Article XII: Disciplinary Actions
✘ Section 1. Any violation of any provisions of this code shall
be sufficient ground for the imposition against the erring
teacher of the disciplinary action consisting of revocation of
 FIGHTING, FUTURE LPT!
his Certification of Registration and License as a Professional
Teacher, suspension from the practices of teaching profession,
reprimand or cancelation of his temporary/special permit
under causes specified in Sec. 23, Article III or R.A No. 7836,
and under Rule 31, Article VIII, of the Rules and Regulations
Implementation. R. A 7836.
It is observed that usually more attention has been paid to codes of
professional ethics for teachers than the ethical philosophy underlying
them. Considering the ethical relations of the teacher with this
followers, it is important to note at the outset that, though these
relations only indirectly affect a child, ultimately they are governed by
the same ethical imperative of keeping one’s eye single to the best
interests of the child. All the time it is the teachers who make ceaseless
effort to do good for their disciplines as well as other people of the
society. Again, it is said that everybody can not be teachers, but some
enlightened and blessed people can. Thus the teachers are always
different and teaching as a profession indicates a different dimension
of honor and dignity.
ORGANIZATIONAL LEADERSHIP
Organizational leadership is the ability to lead groups of
individuals toward fulfilling an organization's mission. It encompasses
the following skills: Understanding an organization's mission, in
alignment with one's strengths. Creating a strategic plan in line with
that mission
Types of Organizational Leadership
 Democratic
 Autocratic
 Laissez-Faire
 Strategic
 Transformational
 Transactional
 Coach-Style
 Bureaucratic
Democratic leadership, which is also commonly known as
participative leadership, is about letting multiple people participate in
the decision-making process. This type of leadership can be seen in a
wide range of contexts, from businesses to schools to governments.
Authoritarian leadership, style is exemplified when a leader dictates
policies and procedures, decides what goals are to be achieved, and
directs and controls all activities without any meaningful participation
by the subordinates. Such a leader has full control of the team, leaving
low autonomy within the group.
Laissez-faire leaders have an attitude of trust and reliance on their
employees. They don't micromanage or get too involved, they don't
give too much instruction or guidance. Instead laissez-faire leaders let
their employees use their creativity, resources, and experience to help
them meet their goals
Strategic Leadership is the ability to influence others to voluntarily
make decisions that enhance the prospects for the organization's long-
term success while maintaining short-term financial stability.
 FIGHTING, FUTURE LPT!
Transformational leadership is a theory of leadership where a leader MAJOR 17 – FILIPINO II PANITIKAN NG PILIPINAS
works with teams or followers beyond their immediate self-interests
to identify needed change, creating a vision to guide the change
Transactional leadership or transactional management is the part of NCR – National Capital Region
one style of leadership that focuses on supervision, organization, and
Metropolitan Manila
performance; it is an integral part of the Full Range Leadership Model. The National Capital Region (NCR), also known as
This type of management was born during the Industrial Revolution Metropolitan Manila, is the smallest region in the Philippines. NCR
as a source of competitive advantage is the only region in the country without any province. It is
subdivided into 17 local government units (LGUs) comprising of 16
Coaching leadership is one characterized by collaboration, support,
cities and one (1) municipality: Manila, Caloocan, Malabon,
and guidance. Coaching leaders are focused on bringing out the best
Navotas, Valenzuela, Quezon City, Marikina, Pasig, Taguig, Makati,
in their teams by guiding them through goals and obstacles. This Mandaluyong, San Juan, Pasay, Parañaque, Las Piñas, Muntinlupa;
leadership style is very much opposite to autocratic leadership, which Pateros is the lone municipality in the region.
is focused on top-down decision making.  Manila
 Caloocan City
Bureaucratic leadership can be defined as a system of management
 Las Piñas
that follows a hierarchy where official duties are fixed. Employees in  Makati
this form of leadership are expected to follow specific rules and  Malabon City
authority created by their superiors.  Mandaluyong
 Marikina City
 Muntinlupa
 Navotas
 Pasay
 Pasig
 Parañaque
 Quezon City
 San Juan City
 Taguig City
 Valenzuela
 Pateros
 FIGHTING, FUTURE LPT!
1st District
Metro Manila
Metro Manila is located in the southwestern portion of Luzon
and lies along the flat lands extending from the mouth of the Pasig
River in the west to the lands of Marikina Valley in the east.
Metro Manila is the country’s economic, political and
cultural capital. The city’s name, originally Maynilad, is derived
from the nilad plant; the name was shortened first to Maynila and then
to its present form. In 1975, by presidential decree, Manila and its
contiguous cities and municipalities were integrated to function as a
single administrative region, known as Metropolitan Manila (also
called the National Capital Region).
Resources
The City of Manila produce industrial-related products such
as chemicals, textiles, clothing electronic goods, food, beverages, and
tobacco products. The growth in services and industry fueled the
expansion in NCR’s construction and manufacturing — making NCR
the largest contributor to the country’s production of goods and
services at 37.5% GDP.
Dress
In Manila, people dress very well; appearances really do
matter.
Restaurants and hotels do not have a dress code as such, but
shorts would be regarded as improper and you'd feel really out of
place.
Light casual clothes in natural fibers – linen, silk, cotton –
work well in the heat and humidity.
Language
Tagalog is the primary local language of Manila, and this
dialect is often called "Filipino." English is almost universally spoken
as a second language.
People
Almost of the residents of Manila are Filipinos. The total
population of the City of Manila reached to 1.8 million based on the
2020 Census of Population and Housing. The population of the city is
predominantly Roman Catholic, although there are some Protestants,
Muslims, and Buddhists.
Culture
Food is a huge part of Filipino culture. Filipino cuisine is
an exotic, tasteful fusion of oriental, European, and American culinary
influences. Metro Manila is home to famous Filipino cuisines like
adobo, lechon, sinigang, and kare-kare.
Manila's wide range of cultural influences spanning different
historical and cultural periods – American, Spanish, Chinese, and
Malay – clearly reflect the turbulent history of the city and country as
binds the rich cultural heritage towards the latest contemporary art
developments.
Special Features
- Intramuros
- Manila Cathedral
- Ocean Park
- Binondo
- Malacañang
- Luneta Park
2nd District
Mandaluyong
Mandaluyong lies on a heart-shaped of land, southeast of
Manila and west of Pasig. To the south lies Makati, to the northwest,
San Juan, and to the northeast, Quezon City. Thus Mandaluyong is
located at the center of Metro Manila.
Mandaluyong City is one of the cities that compromised
Metro Manila.. It is known as Metro Manila's Heart and the New
 FIGHTING, FUTURE LPT!
Tiger. The city derived its name from tagalog terms "mga" meaning People
many, and "daluy" which means flowing in references to tall grasses. According to the 2020 census, Marikina City has a
population of 456,059 people.
People
According to the 2020 census, Mandaluyong City it has a Language
population of 425,758 people. The people of Marikina are called "Marikeno", but the
main language used is Filipino or Tagalog.
Language
The city also has various ethnic origins. However, most of Resources
its population generally speaks Tagalog, followed by Bicol, Bisaya, The Marikina watershed is seen as a potential source of
Ilonggo and Ilocano language. water supply for Metro Manila, and plays a vital role in regulating
flooding in the low-lying areas of Rizal and the capital. A watershed
Economy is an area of land that drains or “sheds” water into a specific body of
Mandaluyong is well developed, that many of its water.
infrastructures are owned and managed by the most successful
businessmen in the country. Central businesses are banks, offices, Industry
malls, and service establishments. Marikina City prides itself as a major host of shoe making,
and other multinational and exporting firms. The city has already
Special Features received numerous citations and awards for its progression.
- Dambana ng mga Alaala
- San Felipe Neri Church Special Features
- Tatlong Bayani - Marikina Market Mall
- Marikina Sports Center
Festivals - Cityhood Park
- Lavandero Festical - Ka-angkan Festival
- Sto. Niño Festival - Rehiyon Festival
- Sapatero Festival
Marikina
Marikina lies on the so-called Marikina Valley, which
extends to the south toward Pasig and Cainta, Rizal. Marikina River Pasig
runs through the mid-west portion of the city, with its tributary Pasig is bounded by Quezon City and Marikina on the north,
including Nangka River. the municipalities of Cainta and Taytay on the east, the city of
Marikina is known as the Shoe Capital of the Philippines. Mandaluyong on the west, and the municipalities of Taguig and
The term Marikina is used after the Americans took possession in the Pateros and the city of Makati on the south.
Philippines.
 FIGHTING, FUTURE LPT!
Pasig is one of the higly urbanized city in Metro Manila. It Quezon City
was the former capital of the province of Rizal prior to the formation Quezon City, the former capital of the Philippines, is bounded
of this grouping of cities designated as the National Capital Region. on the north, east and south by the Province of Rizal, on the northwest
by the City of Caloocan, and on the west by the City of Manila
People
According to the 2020 census, Pasig has a population of 803,159 Quezon city- on eof the key cities that compromise Metro
people. Manila. It is formerly the capital of the Philippines and is popularly
known as simply QC, named after the former president Manuel
Language Quezon.
The native language of the Pasig City is Tagalog or Filipino
People
Industry According to the 2020 census, Quezon City has a population of
The west part of the Pasig City is where most of the financial 2,960,048 people.
resources are primarily concentrated. It includes numerous factories,
warehouses, establishments and commercial facilities. Language
The province primarily speaks Tagalog dialect called Tayabas
Food Tagalog that resembles a dominant part of Batangas Tagalog with a
Any millennial would know that Pasig City is a place to satisfy all heavy mixture of Ilocano, Bicolano and Cebuano words
cravings. If there’s one thing that Pasig knows absolutely everything
about, it’s grilled chops and slobs. And there's more, a surefire Pasig Industry
landmark for foodies is Poco Deli, known for its delectable European Quezon City has so much business establishments and
dishes commercial buildings. Business establishments range from Wholesale
and retail trade, followed by hotels and restaurants and other personal
Special Features services.
- Concepcion Museum
- Rainforest park Food
- Plaza bonifacio A visit to the province wouldn’t be complete without trying their
- Bahay ni Tisa own native delicacies. In Quezon, they take pride in their budin, which
is more commonly known as cassava cake. Moreover, noodle fans will
Festivals surely love Quezon Province’s own take on the classic pancit habhab.
- Araw ng Pasig Festival
- Pakalog Festival
Special features
- Itik-itik Festival
- Park and wildlife
- Bambino Festival
- Araneta coliseum
- Pahiyas festival
 FIGHTING, FUTURE LPT!
- La Loma Lechon Festival Caloocan City
The City of Caloocan or Kalookan is highly urbanized and is
one of the cities that compromise Metro Manila. It is also called as
San Juan "The only Divided City in the Philippines." Caloocan orginated from
San Juan is bordered by Quezon City on the north and east, the Tagalog word "Lo-ok" which means Bay as the place is near
Mandaluyong City on the south, and the City of Manila on the west. Manila. Furthermore, it is part of the CAMANAVA sub-region of
Metro Manila.
San Juan - It is the smallest city in the NCR and country, in
terms of land area. It is known for being the site of the first battle of People
the Katipunan against troops of the Spanish empire in 1997. As of 2020, the city has a population of 1.6 people, which
makes it the fourth largest city in the Philippines in population.
People
According to the 2020 census, San Juan has a population of Language
126,347 people. Tagalog is the official language of Caloocan. Most residents
speak both Filipino and English, with considerable numbers speaking
Language other languages.
The native langugae of the San Juan City is Tagalog or
Filipino. Food
Various foods and delicacies can be seen in Caloocan City
Food which includes, fast-food chains, restaurants, and food-stalls in mall.
San Juan dishes are as flavorful as its cobblestone streets are
colorful. The first dish you need to try on your cruise to San Juan is Special Features
mofongo, often touted as the best Puerto Rican food. If you love - Bonifacio Monument
lasagna, then you’ll love the Puerto Rican version called Pastelón - Buena Park
- San Roque Cathedral
Festivals
- Catalan fire festival Festivals
- Wattah wattah Basaan Festival - Pamaypay festival
- Pajotan Festival

3rd District
South Caloocan is bounded on the north-northwest by Valenzuela,
Malabon and Navotas; on the east by Quezon City; and on the south
by the City of Manila.
Malabon City is bounded on the North by the City of Valenzuela, on
the West and Southwest by the City of Navotas, and on the East and
Southeast by Caloocan City.
 FIGHTING, FUTURE LPT!
Malabon City is originally called the town of Tambobong. It
was founded as "Vista" of Tondo. Moreover, it is part of the
CAMANAVA sub-region of Metro Manila.
People
With the recent 2020 population census, Malabon City has a
total population of 380, 522 people.
Language
Filipino/Tagalog is the main language spoken by the people
in the city. There are also some speakers of English.
The City of Navotas is a first calss city in Metro Manila. It is known
as the fishing capital of the Philippines. And it is part of the
CAMANAVA sub-region of Metro Manila.
People
According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 247,543
people.
Language
Tagalog is the native language of the residents of Navotas

Resources Resources
Malabon City is rich in marine resources and a productive fishing Navotas City has been known as the Fishing Capital of the
industry. It has contributed much to the economy of the region and has Philippines with its population deriving their livelihood directly and
also become a manufacturing base as well. indirectly from fishing and its related industries like fish trading, fish
net mending, and processed fish. It is also famous for fish sauce and
Special Features shrimp paste
- San Bartolome Churce
- Malabon Zoo & Aquarium Food
- Teodoro Luns House Navotas is known for is its line of products that include patis
- Rizal Shrine (fish sauce) and bagoong (shrimp paste). The city heavily relies on the
food and fish products it produces to provide means of livelihood for
Festivals the locals living there.
- Luglugan Pancit Malabon Festival
- Pagoda-Caracol Festival
Special features
Food
Malabon is a commercial fishing center for Manila, known for - Shrine of St. Joseph
"bagoong" production. Some other famous delicacies are Dolor's - Centinnial Park
Kakanin, Rufina's Patis, and Pancit Malabon - Pangisdaan festival
- Sanggalang Bayan Festival

Navotas is a coastal town in the northwest part of Metro Manila. It is The city is bordered by Meycauayan (Bulacan) in the north,
a narrow strip of land with an aggregated shoreline of approximately Quezon City and northern Caloocan in the east, Obando (Bulacan) in
4.5 km. the west, Malabon. southern Caloocan and Tullahan River in the south
 FIGHTING, FUTURE LPT!
4th District
Valenzuela Las Piñas City
Valenzuela is originally called "Polo" and known as the city Las Piñas City is located south of Metro Manila and gateway
of discipline. It is part of the CAMANAVA sub-region of Metro to the Calabarzon (Cavite, Batangas, Laguna, Rizal, and Quezon)
Manila. areas. It is a part of the cities and municipalities comprising the
National Capital Region (NCR).
People
Its population as determined by the 2020 Census was 714,978. The City of Las Piñas is one of the cities that can be found in
This represented 5.30% of the total population of the National Capital the National Capital Region. The city has many nicknames such as
Region Home of the Bamboo Organ, City of Love and Progress, Salt Center
of Metro Manila, and the Lantern Capital of Metro Manila.
Language
Its population is composed of 72% Tagalog people and 5% People
Bicolanos. There is a small percentage of foreign nationals who live According to the 2020 census, Las Pinas has a population of
in the city. 606,293 people. 

Food Language
The Putong Pulo is a popular Filipino delicacy native in The native language of Las Piñas is Tagalog, but the majority of the
Valenzuela City, which is formerly known as Polo town in the 1920s. residents understand and speak English.
It is made from a small rice cake, steamed and mixed with achuete that
gives its well-known distinctive reddish-brown color. It is then topped Economy
with a small, thin slice of cheese Las Piñas is known nationwide for its bamboo organ, salt
beds, and jeepney factories. It is distinguished as one of Metro
Special Features Manila’s fastest-growing communities.
- Museo Valenzuela
- Arkong Bato Festivals
- Church of San Roque - Waterlily festival
- Residence of Dr. Pio Valenzuela - Parol/Lantern Festival
- Bamboo Organ Festival
Festivals
- Mano Po, San Roque Festival Special Features
- Putong Poli Festival - Las pinas Bridge
- Father diego Cera Bridge

The city is bounded on the north by the Pasig River, facing

Mandaluyong, on the northeast by Pasig, on the southeast by the
 FIGHTING, FUTURE LPT!
municipality of Pateros and Taguig, on the northwest by the city of
Manila, and on the southwest by Pasay.
Makati City
Makati City is reffred to as the "Financial Capital" and "Wall
Street" of the Philippines. It is the most modern and highly
cosmopolitan culture.
Muntinlupa City is known before as a sleepy, agricultural
community and a city that is famous for its national pententiary,
National Bilibid Prison, and is now a full develop and progressive city.
People
According to the 2020 census, Muntinlupa has a population of
543,445 people.

People Language
According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 629,616 The native language of Muntinlupa is Tagalog, but the
people making it as the 17th most populous city in the country and majority of the residents can understand and speak English.
ranked as the 41st most densely populated city in the world

Language Resources
The native language of Makati is Tagalog or Filipino. The land of Muntinlupa is suited for lowland rice, corn,
root, crops and cogon grass due to its Guadalupe Clay Loam Series
Industry type of soil.
Major corporations, banks, department stores, shopping malls
and embassies are based in Makati, thus the city earned the name Food
"Wall Street of the Philippines". The best traditional dishes in Muntinlupa are atchara, pichi-
pichi, turon and puto.
Festivals
- Caracol Festival Festivals:
- Kasuotang Pilipino Festival - Banhayan Festival
- Bulaklakan Festival
Special Features
- Makati Park and Garden Special Features
- Museo Makati - Memorial Hill
- Metropolis Mall
Muntinlupa - Jamboree Lake
Muntinlupa is bordered on the north by Taguig; to the
northwest by Parañaque; by Las Piñas to the west; to the southwest by Parañaque City
Bacoor; by San Pedro and Laguna de Bay to the east, the largest lake The City of Parañaque is bordered on the north by Pasay City,
in the country. by Taguig City to the northeast, Muntinlupa City to the southeast, by
Las Piñas City to the southwest, and by Manila Bay to the west.
 FIGHTING, FUTURE LPT!
Parañaque's old name is called "Palanyag", generally Special Features
means "my beloved", among other definitions, for as far as its - St. Andrew’s Cathedral
residents are concerned, this best describes their affection for their - Casino Filipino
hometown. It is known as the "Fashion Capital of the Philippines" and - Baclaran Church
"City of Lights."
Pasay City
People Pasay City is located right at Manila Bay. It is a large urban
According to the 2020 census, Parañaque has a population of settlement and a part of a huge Metro Manila area in central
689,992 people.  Philippines.
Pasay City is known in different descriptions such as the
Language Premier Gateway to the Philippines, The Travel City, The Travel
The native language of Parañaque is Tagalog and Spanish, Capital of the Philippines.
but the majority of the residents can understand and speak English and
the use and knowledge of Spanish is almost nonexistent. People
According to Philippine Statistics Authority National capital
Resources Region, as of May 2020, there are a total of 440,656 residents of
The Las Piñas–Parañaque Critical Habitat and Ecotourism Pasay City.
Area (LPPCHEA), also known as the Las Piñas–Parañaque Wetland
Park, is a protected area at the coasts of the cities of Las Piñas and Language
Parañaque in Metro Manila, Philippines. The native language of Pasay City is Tagalog or Filipino.
Industry Food
Even before the Spanish era, trading and fishing were the The best and famous delicacies in Pasay are special
major industries. Parañaque later became known for its massive dry bibingka, yema and seafood in Dampa.
goods market of “ready-to-wear” (RTW) clothes and the fishing
villages of La Huerta. Festivals
- Pasinaya Festival
Food - Aliwan Festival
The best traditional dishes in Parañaque are silvanas, tocino, - Feast of the Black Nazarene
lumpia, silog and tapsilog.
- San Juan Town Fiesta
Festivals
Special Features
- Caracol Festival
- Resorts World Manila
- Kasuotang Pilipino Festival
- The Mall of Asia Bay Area
- Upside-Down Museum
- Star City
 FIGHTING, FUTURE LPT!
Taguig People
Taguig is located on the western shores of Laguna de Bay, the According to the 2020 census, Pateros has a population of
largest lake in the Philippines. Taguig River, a tributary of the Pasig 63, 643 people.
River, runs through the northern half of the city,
Taguig is a highly urbanized city located in south-eastern Language
portion of Metro Manila. It is known as the Metro Manila's The native language of Pateros is Tagalog or Filipino.
ProbinSyudad.
Industry
People Pateros municipality is famous for its duck-raising industry
According to the 2020 census, Taguig has a population of and especially for producing balut, a Filipino delicacy, which is a
886,722 people. boiled, fertilized duck egg. Pateros is also known for the production
of red salty eggs and "inutak", a local rice cake.
Language
The native language of Taguig is Tagalog or Filipino. Festival:
- Full Moon Festival
Industry
Taguig is known from a thriving fishing community along the Special Features
shores of Laguna de Bay. Moreover, it is now an important residential, - Dulong Bayan Monument
commercial and industrial center. - Manggahan Shrine
Food Famous Persons in NCR
INUTAK is a famous delicacy that took its roots from the
kitchens of Taguig. It was and still is a staple household treat the Lualhati Torres Bautista (born Manila, Philippines December 2,
women of Taguig lovingly prepared for the family. 1945) is one of the foremost Filipino female novelists in the history
of contemporary Philippine Literature. Her novels include Dekada
Festivals: '70, at Bata Bata, Pa'no Ka Ginawa?
- Taga-giik Festival
- Pagodahan Festival Roberto T. Añonuevo is a Filipino poet and author of award-winning
- Sta. Anang Banak Fiesta anthologies. He was inducted into the Don Carlos Palanca Memorial
Awards Hall of Fame for his poems from Talaang Ginto: Gawad
Pateros (Municipality) Collantes (1990, 1993, 1999) Panorama Poetry Contest (1993) at
Pateros is bordered by Pasig City to the north, Makati City to Diyaryo Filipino (1990). He was one of the honored representatives of
the west, and Taguig City to the South. the Philippines in the Second ASEAN Poetry Conference Workshop
Pateros is the lone and first class municipality in in 1995.
Metropolitan Manila, Philippines.
 FIGHTING, FUTURE LPT!
Teo Antonio is a Filipino poet. He garnered numerous Carlos Palanca
Memorial Awards for Poetry in 1973. 1975, 1976. 1986 and 1998. He
also received top prizes during the Centennial Literary Contest for his
epic poem Piping-Dilat in 1998 as well as Manila Critics' Circle
National Book Awards in 1982, 1991 and 1992. He also received a
grant as Philippine Representative to the World Poetry Reading
Summit in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia in 1996.
Francisco V. Coching was a Filipino comic books illustrator and
writer and is regarded as one of the “pillars of the Philippine Komiks
Industry”.He served as both illustrator and writer for his comic book
stories,Coching is referred to as the "King of Komiks", and as the
"Dean of Philippine Comics".In 2014, he was posthumously conferred
as a National Artist for Visual Arts, the highest honor for artists in the
Philippines.
Lope K. Santos (born Lope Santos y Canseco, September 25, 1879 –
May 1, 1963) was a Filipino Tagalog-language writer and former
senator of the Philippines. He is best known for his 1906 socialist
novel, Banaag at Sikat and to his contributions for the development of
Filipino grammar and Tagalog orthography.
Antonio "Tony" Velasquez (29 October 1910 – 1997) is a Filipino
illustrator regarded as the Father of Tagalog comics and as the pioneer
and founding father of the Philippine comics industry. He was the
creator of Kenkoy, an “iconic Philippine comic strip character”.
Ildefonso Santiago Santos was a Filipino educator, poet, and
linguist. Recognized as one of the finest poets in Tagalog,[1] Santos
was also renowned with his translations of Rubaiyat of Omar
Khayam and of the Philippine National Anthem, and for his use of
the ancient Filipino form of poetry known as Tanaga.
Pablo S. Gomez (January 25, 1929 – December 26, 2010), was one of
the top komiks writers in the Philippines. He was also a screenwriter
and director. His most popular works include Kurdapya and Petrang
Kabayo among others.
Juan Miguel Severo is a Filipino actor and is a spoken word artist
who rose to fame with his performances that usually focus on
unrequited love. His loves poems, like “Ang Huling Tula na Isusulat
Ko para sa Iyo,” had been going viral in the Net. Severo describes
himself as “a writer who performs and a performer who writes.”
Alejandro Roces is a Filipino author, short story writer and essayist a
National Artist of the Philippines for literature. He is known for his
widely anthologized “My Brother’s Peculiar Chicken.” In his
innumerable newspaper columns, he has always focused on the
neglected aspects of the Filipino cultural heritage.
CENTRAL VISAYAS – REGION VII
- Is boast of a rich historical and cultural heritage
- It is the center of Visayan-Cebuano cultured and tradition.
It preserved a strong Spanish Tradition in its cultural life
- Attracted by the island’s focal position, the Portuguese
navigator Ferdinand Magellan landed there and converted
the ruler and chiefs to Christianity
It consists of four provinces: Cebu, Bohol, and Siquijor,
together with the eastern part of Negros, and three highly urbanized
cities: Cebu City, Lapu-Lapu, and Mandaue.
CEBU
The Cebu Metropolitan Area or Metro Cebu is the second
largest metropolitan area in the Philippines (after Metro Manila) with
Cebu City (The Queen City of the South) as the main center of
commerce, trade, education and industry in the Visayas.
Geography
 FIGHTING, FUTURE LPT!
 Cebu is located to the east of Negros, to the west of Leyte and
Bohol islands. Place to Visit
 The province's land area is 4,944 square kilometers (1,909 sq - Basilica MInore Del Santo Niño
mi), or when the independent cities are included for - 1730 Jesuit House
geographical purposes, the total area is 5,342 square - Fort San Pedro
kilometers (2,063 sq mi). - Cebu Heritage Monument
Climate - Lapu-Lapu Statue
 The climate of Cebu is tropical. There are 2 seasons in Cebu - Magellan’s Cross
− the dry and wet season - Cebu Metropolitan Cathedral
 It is dry and sunny most of the year with some occasional rains
during the months of June to December. The province of Cebu Cebu Delicacies
normally gets typhoons once a year or none. - Lechon
Cebu Administrative Division - Liempo
 The province of Cebu has 3 independent cities that are not - Rosquillos
under provincial supervision but are grouped with the
- Chicharon
province for geographical and statistical purposes, 6
component cities and 44 municipalities
- Ampaw
Cebu Population - Masareal
 5,151,274 (2020) census - Puso
Languages - Otap
 The Cebuano language is spoken in Cebu, as well as in most - Humba
areas of the Visayas, including Bohol (where it is spoken as
Boholano), Siquijor, western Leyte, Biliran and Negros Island
Festivals
Region (especially in Negros Oriental), as well as most
- Sinulog Festival
provinces of Mindanao.
- Pasigarbo sa Sugbo
 In the Camotes Islands, especially in Poro, people there speak
- Kadaugan Sa Mactan
their own Visayan language called Porohanon, which has
some Masbateño and Waray-Waray influences. Some of the The Cebuanos Custom and Tradition
residents in Bantayan islands also speak Bantayanon, a
Visayan language related to Hiligaynon The Cebuanos observe certain customs and traditions
about birth, baptism, courtship, marriage, death and burial.
Religion
 The majority of its population are Roman Catholic followed
by roughly 95% of Cebuanos. There are also followers of
Iglesia Filipina Independiente, Islam, Buddhism and
Hinduism.
 FIGHTING, FUTURE LPT!
ABOUT THE BIRTH
 The coming of a child is welcomed by a Cebuano family for
it is about to give birth, pomelo leaves are placed under the
house so as to drive away all evil spirits which maybe
hovering around.
 While the woman is in labor, the family burn some dried
leaves and roots so that smoke will free the mother from
painful labor pains.
 It is a sign of good luck when the mother’s first baby happens
to be a boy. After the child is born, the placenta is buried on
he seashore to insure the baby's good health.
 During the first haircut of the child some pieces of hair are set
aside and inserted in the prayer book or any book to make the
child a wide reader when he grows up.
ABOUT THE BAPTISM
 It is the customs among the Cebuanos to baptize child a few
days after birth or in a week's time Godparents are chosen very
carefully because they are the second parents of the child. The
parents hope the child will emulate the good examples shown
by his godparents.
ABOUT THE COURTSHIP
 When a man falls is in love a girls the first step that he does is
to visit her at home. Woman are quite shy and it will take the
man a long time before a girl answers his proposal. Sometimes
the man asks a third person to act as his go-between to help
him win the favor of the girl he loves.
 As soon as he engaged, the man's parents request an important
person in the community, preferably the barangay chairman,
to ask for the girl's hand in marriage.
 The mediator has to go back several times before the girls
parents give their consent to the marriage of their daughter.
Every time he goes to the house of the girl's parent he bring
with him food and drinks for merrymaking.
 An important requirement which the parents of the girl ask for
the living of dowry consisting of a certain amount of money
of some valuable pieces of jewellery.
ABOUT THE MARRIAGE
 All the preparations for the wedding party is done at the
groom's house. Part of it is bought to the bride's house to be
served to her guests and relatives. The expenses for the party
are shouldered by the groom.
 After the wedding ceremony, the newlyweds walk together to
the bride's house. Two plates filled with water and some
leaves of the San Francisco plant are placed at the foot of the
stairs for the newlyweds to step on.
 An old woman who is a member of the bride's family combs
the hair of the newlyweds and offers some advice for a happy
life together. It is believed that by stepping on the plates and
combing the hair of the married couple, they will have an
orderly, and harmonious life.
ABOUT DEATH
 Cebuanos believe that people should not sweep the floor
when somebody dies for it might cause the death of other
members of the family.
CEBUANOS SUPERSTITIOUS BELIEFS
ABOUT PLANTING
 It is believed that crops planted during low tide bear more fruit
so farmers observe the movement of the tides before planting
anything.
 When the skies are filled with thousands stars, it is the best
time to plant for it will bear plenty of fruits.
 FIGHTING, FUTURE LPT!
ABOUT COURTSHIP
 When a star is close to the moon, it is believed that it is the BOHOL: Splendor Underwater and Overhills
proper time to court a lady. The man's proposal will readily be
accepted.  Bohol is ultimately derived from bo-ol, a kind of tree that
flourished on the island. The original name is survived
ABOUT ILLNESS through Bool, a town in Tagbilaran where Miguel Lopez
 When someone gets sick in the family, it is believed that the de Legazpi supposedly landed.
sick person is being punished by the fairies because of his Geography
carelessness or naughtiness. An herbolario is invited to
perform the healing ceremony. The family kills or dresses a Physical
pig or two chickens on this occasion.  With a land area of 4,821 km2 (1,861 sq mi) and a
coastline 261 km (162 mi) long, Bohol is the tenth
Cebuano’s Literature largest island of the Philippines.
 Agnid, Bayok sa Atong Tawarik Islands
 Lagda sa Pagca Maligdon sa Tauong Bisaya (1734)  There are 75 outlying islands surrounding mainland
 La Teresa (1852) Bohol under the jurisdiction of the Bohol Provincial
 Alimpatar (1876) Government
 Maming Climate
 Elena (1902) The summer season from May to July brings higher
 "Hikalimtan?" (1906) – a poem written by Vicente Ranudo temperatures and very humid days.
 Daylinda (1912) – a novel by Amando Osório  From August to October is the southwest monsoon
 Patria Amada (1916) – a play written by Amando Osório (habagat).
 La Oveja de Nathan (1927) – a novel written by Antonio  The weather during this season is not very predictable,
Abad with weeks of calm weather alternating with rainy days.
 "Inday" (1959) – a poem by Leonardo C. Dioko It can rain any day of the year, but a higher chance of
 "Mga Luha sa Nahanawng Kagahapon" (1977) – a poem heavy showers occurs from November to January.
by Melchor U. Yburan Bohol Administrative Division
 There are 47 municipalities, 1 component city, and 1,109
Cebuano Writers barangays in Bohol
 Vicente Sotto Bohol Population
 Vicente Ranudo  1,349,329 (2020) census
 Gardeopatra Quijano Languages
 The major dialect spoken in the province is Boholano, which
 Antonio Abad
is closely related to the Cebuano dialect. Majority of
 Armando Osorio
 FIGHTING, FUTURE LPT!
Boholanos can speak and write the English language as well - Whistling at night invites evil spirits.
as the national language, Filipino. - A lingering black butterfly is a sign that one of your
Religion relatives has just died.
 The majority of its population are Roman Catholic followed - A wound inflicted on a Good Friday will take a long time
by roughly 95% of Cebuanos. There are also followers of to heal.
Iglesia Filipina Independiente, Islam, Buddhism and - Do not form groups of three or thirteen because one
Hinduism. among you will die.
- If you give your girlfriend a handkerchief as a gift it will
Place to Visit make her cry.
- Baclayon Church - When a star appears near a half moon it is a sign that
- Chocolate Hills young couples are eloping.
- HInagdanan Cave - Breaking something during the wedding reception brings
- Tarsier Sanctuary good luck to the newlyweds.
- Blood Compact Shrine - A married woman, who wears a pearl ring, will cause her
husband to commit adultery.
Historical Churches in Bohol - A house frequented by black ants means that itÃs owner
- Cathedral de San Jose will be rich.
- Loboc Church - Anyone who pays his debts at right at night will become
- Dauis Church poor.
- St. Augustine Church - If your palm itches, it means you will soon receive a lot
of money.
Bohol Delicacies - Never sweep the floor at night or youÃll lose all your
- Peanut Kisses wealth.
- Otap - If a pregnant woman's abdomen is pointed, her baby will
- Kalamay be a boy; if itÃs round, the baby will be a girl.
- Ube Kinampay Polvoron - Give an expectant mother anything she craves for, or she
- Tablea will have a miscarriage.
- If a pregnant woman eats a fruit from a tree all the
Festivals remaining fruits will turn sour.
- Sandugo Festival - Don't put money on the table while you are eating.
- Saulog Festival - A baby who sucks on her toes means her mother will soon
be pregnant again.
Superstitious Belief - Stepping over a child will slow his growth.
- Wearing a diamond protects the bearer from evil-minded - Cutting a baby's eyelashes during her first month will
people. make them grow long and beautiful.
 FIGHTING, FUTURE LPT!
Writers from Bohol
- Marjorie Evasco
- Carlos P. Garcia
- Eligion Lofranco
- Cecilio Putong
- Justino Romea
NEGROS ORIENTAL: Whale and Dolphin Haven
- (Cebuano: Sidlakang Negros; Tagalog: Silangang
Negros.)
- Also called Oriental Negros or "Eastern Negros". It
occupies the south-eastern half of the island of Negros.
Geography
 It has a total land area of 5,385.53 km2 (2,079.36 sq mi). A
chain of rugged mountains separates Negros Oriental from
Negros Occidental. Negros Oriental faces Cebu to the east
across the Tañon Strait and Siquijor to the southeast.
 Negros is basically volcanic, making its soil ideal for
agriculture. Eighty percent of all arable land in the island
region is cultivated.
Climate
 Negros Oriental has a tropical climate. Because of the
mountain range running from the north to the south, the
province has two types of climatic conditions.
 The eastern part of the province is characterized by
unpronounced maximum rainfall with a short dry season
lasting from one to three months.
 The western half of the province is characterized by a distinct
wet season and dry season
Negros Oriental Administrative Division
 Negros Oriental comprises 19 municipalities and 6 cities,
further subdivided into 557 barangays.
 Dumaguete City is the provincial capital and seat of
government. It is also the province's most populous city,
despite having the smallest land area among all component
cities and municipalities of Negros Oriental.
Negros Oriental Population
 1,432,990 (2020) census
Languages
 Cebuano and Hiligaynon are the main dialects generally
spoken in the households of Negros Oriental. Cebuano is
spoken by 969,192 individuals (94.75%) and Hiligaynon or
Ilonggo is generally spoken by 49,101 (4.80%) idividuals
mostly in areas around Basay, Bayawan, Sta. Catalina,
Canlaon City and some areas in Mabinay
Religion
 Christianity is the predominant religion in the province with
Roman Catholicism as the largest single denomination.
However, there is a strong and growing presence of mainline
and evangelical Protestant which forms about 12% of the
province population.
 The Iglesia ni Cristo(1.4%), the Seventh-day Adventists,
Jehovah's Witnesses and the Aglipayan Church, also known
as the Philippine Independent Church also has some presence.
Adherents of Islam and Buddhism constitute a minority of the
population.
Place to Visit
- Apo Island
- Dolphin and Whale Watching in Bais
- Filipino-American-Japanese Amity Shrine
- Dumaguete Belfry
- Saint Catherin of Alexandria Cathedral
- Rizal Boulevard
Negros Oriental Delicacies
- Chicken halang-halang
- Atay ng manok (barbeque)
- Sinampalukang Manok
- Stew of pork
 FIGHTING, FUTURE LPT!
- Banana flower bud
- Pechay Geography
- String beans eggplant in thick peanut sauce  With a land area of 327 square kilometres (126 sq mi) and a
coastline 102 kilometres (63 mi) long,
Festivals  Siquijor is the third smallest province of the Philippines, both
- Sandurot Festival in terms of population as well as land area: (after Camiguin
- Buglasan Festival and Batanes).
Climate
Well-known literary works in Negros Oriental  Siquijor has two different climates, dominated by Am. All
climate is within Coronas climate type IV, characterised by
During Pre-Colonial Literature not very pronounced maximum rainfall with a short dry
- Catalina of Dumaguete season from one to three months and a wet season of nine to
- Legend of Mt. Kanlaon ten months.
- The Story of Sicalac and Sicavay (Visayan Creation  The dry season starts in February and lasts through April
Myth) sometimes extending to mid-May.
- The Legend of Dumaguete (Catalina of Dumaguete) Siquijor Administrative Division
- "Ili-ili" (Hiligaynon Folk Songs) - A mother singing a  Siquijor (province) comprises 6 municipalities.
lullaby to his/her child  Siquijor (municipality) is the capital and most important port.
- Dandansoy (Folk Song) Siquijor Population
 103,395(2020) census
Well-known Writers in Negros Oriental Languages
 The main language spoken in the island province is Cebuano,
- Rowena Tiempo Torrevillas with Tagalog and English often used as second languages.
Religion
- Ian Casocot
 95% of the residence in the island of Siquijor are Catholics
- Lakambini A. Sitoy
and belong to the Catholic Church, while the rest of the 5%
are divided into Christian communities and other religions.
SIQUIJOR: Marine Paradise of Central Visayas
Place to Visit
- (Cebuano: Lalawigan sa Siquijor; Tagalog: Lalawigan ng
- St. Isidore de Labrador Church
Siquijor)
- During the Spanish colonial period of the Philippines, the
- Old Enchanted Balete Tree
Spaniards called the island Isla del Fuego (Island of Fire). - Cambugahay Falls
Siquijor is commonly associated with mystic traditions
that the island's growing tourism industry capitalizes on. Negros Oriental Delicacies
- Saang Alat
- Binas-oy
 FIGHTING, FUTURE LPT!
- Kilawin MAJOR 19 – EPP with Entrepreneurship

Festivals  Ang kahulugan ng Entrepreneurship ay tumutukoy sa

- Pasiugdang Sikihudnon Festival kakayahan at kagustuhan ng isang tao na magsimula ng isang
- Witches Festival negosyo. Itinuturing na pang-apat na salik ng produksiyon
ang entrepreneurship. Ang ibang salita para dito ay negosyo
o pagnenegosyo, hanap-buhay o paghahanap-buhay.
Entrepreneur o negosyante ang tawag sa isang nagnenegosyo.
Mahalagang salik ito sa pagsulong ng ekonomiya.
 Ang Entrepreneurship ay ang inisyatibo o kakayahan ng
isang indibidwal upang makabuo ng isang proyekto sa
negosyo, o iba pang ideya na bumubuo ng kita na nagbibigay
daan sa kanya upang masakop ang pangunahing mga gastos,
at ng kanyang pamilya.
 Ang Entrepreneurship, tulad ng naunang sinabi, ay lumitaw
dahil sa krisis sa ekonomiya ng bansa, na humantong sa
indibidwal na bumuo ng mga makabagong ideya sa merkado
na nagpapahintulot sa kanila na lumago sa mga mahirap na
panahon.
 Gayunpaman, ang negosyante ay may mga pakinabang, una
sa lahat, iyon ng pagbuo ng kita, trabaho. Pagkatapos,
pinapayagan nito ang indibidwal na maging kanyang sariling
boss, at samakatuwid, upang pamahalaan ang kanyang
sariling oras at gumawa ng kanyang sariling mga pagpapasya.
 Mayroon itong mga pangangailangang proseso sa pagsisimula
at sa patuluyang paglago nito. Gumagamit ng giya mula sa
mga business principles gaya ng tinatawag ng iba na PDCA,
o Plan, Do, Check, Act. Kailangang magplano, isagawa ang
plano, may kakayahang pamahalaan at patuloy sa progreso.
 Ang entrepreneurship ay isang pamamaraan upang
mapaunlad ang kabuhayan. Kinakailangan nito ang sapat na
lakas ng katawan, lakas ng loob, mapanuring kaisipan at
kaukulang panustos na salapi sa mga pangangailangan.
 Entreprenuer- nagtatayo ng sariling negosyo. Inilalagay nila
ang kanilang lakas, kaisipan at puhunan sa pinili nilang
 FIGHTING, FUTURE LPT!
pamumuhunan. Sila ay nagpaplano ng kanilang kapaki-
pakinabang at kumikitang gawain.
Ang kahalagahan ng Entrepreneurship
 Ang Entrepreneurship ay hindi lamang mahalaga para sa
negosyo mismo. Ito ay may malaking papel sa ekonomiya ng
isang bansa.
 Una sa lahat, lumilikha ito ng mga bagong trabaho. Kapag
nagsimula ang isang negosyante ng isang negosyo, siya ay
nangangailangan ng pag-upa ng iba upang itayo ang
kumpanya. Bukod diyan, ang entrepreneurship ay
nagdudulot ng paglago ng ekonomiya.
Kabutihang dulot ng Entrepreneurship
Narito ang mga ilan sa mga kabutihan dulot ng entrepreneurhip:
1. Ang namumuhunan ay ang tanging responsable sa kanayang
sariling negosyo.
Tanging siya lamang ay ang may pananagutan sa
kanayang negosyo. Magagawa niya ang mga Gawaing sa
kanyang paniwala ay makabubuti sa pamumuhunan.
2. Ang pagkakataong kumita ng Malaking pakinabang para sa
sarili.
Ito na marahil ang pinakamatibay na dahilan upang
pumasok at umasang magtatagumpay sa pamumuhunan o
entrepreneurship: ang pagkita ng malaking pakinabang para
sa sarili.
3. Ang pagkakataong makatulong sa kapwa.
Sa pagpapatakbo at pagpapalago ng negosyo, ang
namumuhunan ay mangangailangan ng tulong mula sa kapwa
na kinakailangang bayaran. Sa ganitong pamamaraan ay
nakakatulong siyang magbigay ng pagkakakitraan sa kapwa.
Mga Katangan ng Isang Entrepreneur
1. Malakas at malusog na pangangatawan at kaisipan
Ito ay isang pangunahing katangian sa anumang gagawin. Ang
entrepreneur ay dapat na may kakayahan harapin ang lahat ng mga
pangangailangan at kaakibat na Gawain.
2. Matibay na Kalooban
Ang gawaing pamumuhuna ay puno ng pagsubok at balakid.
Kilangan dito ang matibay na kaluobang di madaling maigupo ng mga
pagsubok at balakid.
3. Kakayahan
Ang kakayahang ito ay pinaghahandaang mabuti. Ang isang
naghahangad ng matagumpay na entreprenuer ay dapat may
kakayahang matuto at mahubogsa pagharap sa iba’t-ibang uri ng
kalagayan sa pamumuhunan.
4. Masipag at matiyaga
Ang namumuhunan ay dapat magbuhos ng oras at lakas sa
pagpapatakbo ng negosyo.
5. Magiliw at makatao
Dapat maging magiliw at makatao sa mga tagatangkilik ng mga
negosyo, at maging sa mga kasamang tumutulong sa pagpapatakbo ng
pamumuhunan. Ang namumuhunan ay dapat isapuso ang matapat at
makataong pakikitungo sa kapwa.
6. Malikhain at mapamaraan( Creative/Resourceful)
Ang pagiging malikhain at mapamaraan ay natutunan habang bata
pa.Kailangang bukas ang mga mata at kaisipan. Ang gawaing libangan
ay nahahasa ng kakayahang maging malikhain at mapamaraan.
 FIGHTING, FUTURE LPT!
7. Katapatan
Ang isang matagumpay na entrepreneur ay matapat. Siya ay
nagbabayad ng kanyang pagkakautang (payables) sa takdang panahon
at nagbibigay ng tamang pasahod sa kanyang mga manggagawa
Ang mga iba’t – ibang uri ng negosyo
May apat na uri ng negosyo sa ating pamayanan. Ito ay ang mga
sumusunod:
1. Industriyang paggawa/ Paglikha(Product Industry)
Ang negosyong ito ay natuon sa paglikha ng mga kinakailangang
bagay sa pamayanan, tulad ng pagluluto ng pagkain, paglikha ng
kagamitan tulad ng tsinelas, bag, o laruan. Anu- ano ang mga bagay
bagay na pwedeng gawin at ipagbili sa pamayanan?
Eatery - Negosyo na may kinalaman sa mga pagkain.
Bakery Shop - Negosyo na may kinalaman sa paggawa ng ibat-ibang
uri ng tinapay.Isa ito sa negosyo na madaling pagkakakitaan dahil isa
ito sa pangangailangan ng isang tao.
2. Industriyang Paglilingkod(Service Industry)
Maraming pangangailangan sa pamayanan na kinapalolooban ng
paglilingkod (services) tulad halimbawa ng beauty salon,
pagkumpuni ng mga sirang kagamitan tulad ng kotse, telebisyon, o
kaya ay tutoring services. Ang mga Business Process Outsourcing
(BPO) ay kabilang sa kategoryang ito.
Vulcanizing Shop - Negosyo na may kinalaman sa pag-aayos ng
sasakyan. Ang mga serbesyong inaalok dito ay ang pagkukumpuni ng
sirang gulong, paglilinins ng sasakyan at iba pa.
Beauty Salon - Negosyo na may kinalaman sa pagpapaganda ng ating
sarili.
Repair Shop - Negosyo na may kinalaman sa pag-aayos ng mga
sirang gamit.
School Bus Services - Services na ma kinalaman sa paghahatid sundo
sa mga bata.
3. Industriyang pangangalakal( Merchandising)
Ang pangangalakal ay ang pagsasapamilihan ng mga
pangangailangan ng pamayanan.Ang pagtitinda ng tingian( retailer) at
pakyawan ( wholesaler) ang mga pangunahing gawain sa industriya
ng pangangalakal.
4. Agrikultura at Pangingisda
Ang mga magsasaka at mangingisda ay isang natatanging pangkat
ng entreprenuer. Ang pangunahin nilang puhunan ay ang kanilang
pawis at lakas. Sila ang nagtutustos ng pangangailangan ng pagkain sa
pamayanan. Ang mga entreprenuer na ito ay lubos nangangailangan
ng tulung sa larangan ng pamumuhunan, teknolohiya at sa marami
pang ibang pangangailangan mula sa pamahalaan at pribadong sektor.
Mga tuntunin sa paggamit ng computer, email, at ng internet
Paggamit ng internet
Ang mga sumusunod ay ilan lamang sa mga panuntunan sa paggamit
ng internet:
• Ugaliing irespeto ang posts ng ibang tao
• Huwag magpost ng mga masasamang bagay
• Iwasan ang cyberbullying sa ibang tao
Paggamit ng computer
Ang mga sumusunod ay ilan lamang sa mga panuntunan sa paggamit
ng computer:
• Punasan ang computer tuwing pagkatapos gamitin
• Maglagay ng antivirus upang hindi ito mapasok ng mga virus
at manakaw ang iyong data
• Tanggalin sa plug ang computer pagkatapos gamitin
 FIGHTING, FUTURE LPT!
Paggamit ng email
Ang mga sumusunod ay ilan lamang sa mga panuntunan sa paggamit
ng email
• Laging magpakilala sa tuwing magpapadala ng email
• Maging magalang sa ipapadalang email
• Magbigay ng reply agad lalo na kung urgent ang email
Internet – upang tayo ay maka access sa iba’t – ibang application
Email – sa email pwede kang magpadala ng mensahe sa nais mong
padalhan
Computer – aling ginagamit sa ating pag - aaral
Ano ang Web Browser?
- Nagagamit natin ang web browser at ang basic features ng
isang search engine sa pangangalap ng impormasyon.
- Ito ay ginagamit upang maghanap at makapunta sa iba’t-
ibang website.
- May kakayahan itong ipakita ang nilalaman ng isang
website tulad ng tekso o larawan.
Ilan sa mga uri ng web browser na maaring gamitin:
 Internet explorer – libreng browser mula sa Microsoft
cooperation na inilabas noong 1995
 Mozilla Firefox – isa rin itong website na ipinamahagi ng
walang bayad noong 2004
 Google Chrome – inilabas naman ito sa 2008. Isa rin itong
website browser na ipinamahagi ng walang bayad.
Mga bahagi ng web browser
- Tab name
- New tab
- Address bar
- Window buttons
- Bookmark
- Scroll bar
- Display button
- Navigation buttons
Nakagagawa ng table at chart gamit ang word processing.
● Ang word processor o word processing application ay
isang software na tumutulong sa paglikha ng dokumento, sa
pag-eedit at pag-save ng mga computer file system.
● Sa tulong ng word processing application maari din nating
isaayos ang mga numerical at tekstuwal na impormasyon sa
pamamagitan ng table at chart.
 Ang table ay koleksyon ng magkakaugnay na tektuwal na
nakaayos sa pamamagitan ng rows at columns. Mas madaling
masusuri ang datos kung ito ay nakaayos sa table.
 Rows – mga linyang nakahilera pahalang.
 Columns – ay mga linyang pababa.
 Cell – ay ang kahon kung saan ang mga column at row.
MGA HAKBANG SA PAGGAWA NG TABLE
1. Buksan ang word processing application ng iyong computer
2. I-click ang insert tab na makikita sag awing itaas ng inyong
screen. I-click ang table button
3. I-klik mo ang table, pwede kang pumili kung ilang rows at
column ang gusto mong ilagay sa word
4. Itakda ang bilang ng hany na pahalang o row at hany na
pababa o column. Para sa gawain, gumawa ng 3 column at 6
na row. Magkakaroon ng table and iyong document window
Ang CHART ay ang biswal na modelo ng mga numerical na
impormasyon. Gumagamit ito ng imahen at simbolo upang maging
mas madali ang pagsusuri ng mga datos.
Ang COLUMN CHART ay gumagamit ng mga patayong bar upang
ipakita ang paghahambing ng mga numerical na datos.
Ang BAR CHART ay binubuo ng mga parihaba na nagpapakita ng
paghahambing ng mga numerical na datos.
 FIGHTING, FUTURE LPT!
Ang PIE CHART ay bumbubuo ng pizza pie. Nagpapakita ang
ganitong uri ng tsart ng paghahati ng isang buo sa iba’t ibang
kategorya.
Ang LINE CHART ay binubuo ng mga linya na nagpapakita ng trand
o kilos ng pagtaas at pagbaba ng mga numerikal na datos.
ang numerikal na impormasyon naman ay isinasaayos mula sa
pinakamataas hanggang sa pinakamababang bilang.
Ang Filter ay isang command electronic spreadsheet na ginagamit
upang mabilis na masuri at masala ang mga impormasyon na kailngan.
Kaiba sa sorting, ang filtering ay hindi lamang nag-aayos ng
pagkakasunod-sunod ng mga impormasyon, itinatago rin nito ang
impormasyon na hindi pasok sa pamantayang naitakda.

Nakagagawa ng table at chart gamit ang electronic spreadsheet

tool.
 Ang spreadsheet application ay isa pang software na
maaring gamitin upang makagawa ng table at chart. .
Kadalasan itong may workbook na naglalaman ng
worksheets. Bawat worksheet ay naglalaman ng rows at
columns. Ipinapasok ang datos sa loob ng cells.
 Microsoft Office Excel

Pag-sort at pag-filter ng impormasyon gamit ang spreadsheet

tool.
 Sort – isang command sa electronic spreadsheet na
ginagamit upang maisaayaos ang mga listahan na
sitwasyon tekstuwal na datos.

May dalawang uri ng sort.

Sort ascending
isinasaayos nito ang listahan ng ng mga tekstuwal na
impormasyon sa alpabetong pagkakasunod- sunod mula A-Z.
ang numerikal na impormasyon naman ay naisasaayos mula
sa pinakamababa hanggang sa pinakamataas na bilang.

Sort descending
isinasaayos nito ang mga tekstuwal na impormasyon sa
baliktad na alpabetong pagkakasunod sunod mula Z hanggang A.