25

International Journal of Academic and Practical Research This is an open access

article under the
Volume 1, Issue 1, May 2022 CC BY-NC-ND license.

Available online at http://actonlineedu.org/ijaapr/

ISSN (Print): 2980-4116; ISSN (Online): 2980-4124

Research Article

Understanding Depression and

Determining Its Causing Factors
Among Male Grade 12 Senior High
School Students in a Private School
in Manila, Philippines
Alyana Joy G. Tana
College of Arts and Sciences, San Sebastian College - Recoletos, Manila, Philippines
a

Article ID No. 202207004

Article Information Abstract

Article History This study aimed to understand depression and determine the factors
causing it among Grade 12 male students in a private school in Manila,
Received 25 Jul 2022 Philippines, as well as the relationship between emotion and thought. The
Reviewed 22 Aug 2022 study was analyzed by identifying the factors that cause depression as well
Revised 26 Sep 2022 as their respective interventions. The research instruments used in the study
Accepted 24 Oct 2022 were online survey questionnaires and interview questions, which were first
Published 24 Oct 2022 submitted for content and face validation. According to the findings, 40% of
Corresponding Author respondents are easily stressed. It shows that people are triggered by the
things that are happening in their lives. For some reasons, being under a lot
tanalyana123@gmail.com
a
of pressure, especially when facing big challenges in life. On the basis of the
results gathered, after losing something, the majority of respondents
Digital Object Identifiers
experienced despair. That altered the person's mood and behavior in
Zenodo Elsevier BV response to life's regrets and expectations—which hampered life's
https://doi.org/ http://dx.doi.or pleasures. Self-perception is generally low—some people are perplexed and
10.5281/zeno g/10.2139/ssr fearful of making the wrong decision because they have been defeated
do.7259952 n.4260725 quickly when they are struggling. Even when things were going well, some
respondents were depressed. There is also emotional anguish and a desire
Quick Response Code to improve. Respondents are less likely to harm themselves. A reminder that
not being able to solve a problem is often the cause of sadness and
emotional pain.
Keywords
causes, factors, depression, pressure, stress

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Academic Course Tutorial Online Education Inc., International Journal of Academic and Practical Research, and the Author/s

Published by
Academic Course Tutorial Online Education Inc., Philippines
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26
Introduction
Background of the Study
According to Montemayor (2019), 3.3 million Filipino
people are suffering from a condition called
depression disorders, in line with the suicide rates of
2.5 males and 1.7 males per 100,000. There is a
movement called the Mental Health Act, in which,
according to Senator Risa Hontiveros, "Providing such
establishment services that are related to mental
health helps for those areas of barangays, psychiatric,
psychosocial, and neurologic services in every part of
places here to produce a better quality of facilities"
(Philstar Global Corp., 2019, par. 8). Also, both
schools and workplaces will have an awareness
campaign about mental health. The researcher
focused on the depressive experience to have a better
understanding from their perspective.
In line with this, men's depression should not be
compared to women's because both genders are
capable of experiencing it and are often willing to keep
it a secret. It seems that they are less prone to and
unwilling to seek professional assistance for the issues.
But, due to the care and counseling they got, some
people with cases appear to be improving. Based on
Zartaloudi (2011), comparing men's and women's
depression has the same reason, and depression in
men can be dangerous if it cannot be controlled. It
could have a serious condition. In this case, this study
aimed to understand and examine depression and
determine the factors causing it for grade 12 males in
a private school in Manila, Philippines. Schneiderman,
Ironson and Siegel (2005) emphasized that men
reported having a high risk of recognizing stress and
can be in danger because that is their weakness. They
have also talked about emotional problems and
seeking help for such things as depression.
From the perspective of Smith et al. (2019), having a
support system can help you gain control over your
depression. Although it can be hard to beat depression,
people with depression can have a hard time asking
for help. If the person is depressed, the connection to
their close family members and friends might be
broken, and it can be tough for them. People should
change how they view depression in men. Considering
that depression is not based on gender, losing
interests can be one of the reasons for depression.
Instead, try not to discourage the problem and the one
who is suffering. They already overthink the situation.
In the case of talking about depression, choosing to
have someone who will listen and entertain them can
make a difference in the mood.
International Journal of Academic and Practical Research
Volume 1, Issue 1, p. 25 - 32, May 2022
Literature Review
According to Crochan and Rabinowitz (2003), it has
been realized that depression is a serious condition,
which is not often detected in the state of men. In
cases where it cannot be detected and untreated, that
is one of the reasons why more men commit suicide
than women. But, because of the cultural environment
in our society, it disheartens or loses confidence to
express the mood in the case of men. It can be difficult
to be treated for them at times. It was discovered that
men have a higher rate of anger outbursts, substance
abuse, and risk-taking behaviors such as friend
removal, grumpiness, sleep problems, and
competitiveness than women. However, women are
diagnosed with depression twice as often as men. It
suggests that relying on men's concealed symptoms
could lead to undiagnosed depression in men and
should have included other signs of depression when
checking out of it (Martin, Neighbors & Griffith, 2013).
It appears that there are important differences that can
be found in the strategies, that is, predicting the future
or catastrophizing, strong concentration and
contemplation. It is said to be found more frequently in
women than in men. There are no differences that can
be seen, particularly in cognitive strategies connected
to what has been reported for depressive symptoms.
Depression manifests itself in both genders, but the
outward manifestation varies depending on gender
and socioeconomic status. Home or work had different
priorities, even though the experiences of high
demands covered the narratives of all informants. In
terms of men, they talk more about physical distress,
frequently in the heart, than about emotions
(Danielsson & Johansson, 2005). It should require
public health interventions that will help men to seek a
guide when it is required to strengthen the positive
ways in which men are caring for themselves
(Johnson et al., 2011) . For men’s descriptions that are
found of helpseeking that were divided between voices
expressing a need for help and voices resisting help.
Theoretical and Conceptual
Framework
The researcher used Aaron Beck's Cognitive Theory
(Beck, 2016) as a starting point. The connection
between the theory and the research is that thoughts
determine feelings, and in behavior, it results in stress
and problems. It aims to help people become
conscious of when they think of negative
interpretations and of their behavior patterns.
International Journal of Academic and Practical Research, 1(1) , 25 - 32 (May 2022)
Figure 1
Conceptual Framework of the Study
INPUT  PROCESS  OUTPUT
   through Google forms describing the current status or
Profile of the Understanding
Interviewees Survey Depression and
and Questionnaire Determining
Causes of and Interview Its Causing
Depression Factors
The IPO (Input-Process-Output) model framework was
used for the study. The study was analyzed by
identifying the factors that cause depression as well as
their possible solutions. In accordance with the input,
the following are the needed profiles of the
interviewees: (a) student of Espiritu Santo Parochial
School of Manila, Inc., (b) Grade 12 (Senior High
School), (c) male, and (d) exhibits depression
symptoms. Aside from the profile needed in
accordance with the input in the framework, it is
important to consider the causes of depression, such
as the following: (a) conflict, (b) other personal
problems, (c) major events, and (d) serious illnesses.
This was gathered through a survey questionnaire and
an interview. The expected output of this research is
that the researcher should be able to determine who is
at risk of developing depression and who is not. Thus,
this can prevent problems related to it by means of
observation.
Statement of the Problem
This study aimed to understand and examine
depression through the relationship of emotion and
thought in a private school in Manila, Philippines,
specifically for Grade 12 male students. Furthermore,
this study aimed to answer the following:
1. What are the common signs of depression?
2. How does depression change our mood?
3. How does depression lead to suicide?
Research Design
This study made use of a qualitative research design
of non-numerical data in which the data only focuses
on collecting data from those individuals who are
experiencing signs of having depression. The research
type is case study, describing an individual's situation
to detect who will be at risk of developing depression
and who is not going to develop depression so as to
prevent these problems ahead of time.
The Impact of a Poor Home-based Learning Environment and Its Intervention on the Learning Process
27
This study also used a quantitative method through
descriptive statistics in analyzing and interpreting
numerical data in elaborating the qualitative data.
Quantitative methods were implemented through the
use of survey questionnaires, which were made online
condition of a variable that has been identified
(Tabuena et al., 2021).
Sample and Sampling Technique
This study used purposive sampling specifically for
Grade 12 male students at Espiritu Santo Parochial
School of Manila, Inc. whose ages ranged from 17 to
18, all of whom were men, to recognize and assess
depression through the connection of motion and
thought, as the purpose of the researcher was to
determine specifically for men about depression. In
this case, twenty (20) male Grade 12 senior high
school students participated with the following needed
profile: (a) a student of Espiritu Santo Parochial
School of Manila, Inc., (b) a Grade 12 senior high
school bona fide student, (c) male, and (d) exhibits
depression symptoms.
Research Instrument
In the qualitative method, the research instrument or
the online survey questionnaire and interview
questions were evaluated and validated. Then, it was
distributed for the survey process specifically for
Grade 12 male students at Espiritu Santo Parochial
School of Manila, Inc., Philippines. In addition, the
researcher first asked permission of the respondents
to give personal information as part of the
preliminaries of the research instrument.
Data Gathering Procedure
In the first phase of the qualitative method, the
research instrument (survey questionnaire) was
evaluated and validated by three experts (teachers
and coordinators) at Espiritu Santo Parochial School
of Manila, Inc., and distributed for the survey process
among 20 male students in grade 12 level in the
school community. The researcher asked the
participants for permission to give the necessary
(existing) data. The researcher initiated the strictest
confidentiality and anonymity of the data gathered.
The data was used to determine the impact of
depression on the relationship between emotion and
thought in men to prevent these problems ahead of
time.
© Author/s 2022
28

Data Analysis It appears, therefore, that the respondents are having

a difficult time deciding whether to go for it or not. That
The data was analyzed using descriptive analysis it made uncertainty about fear of making the wrong
based on the percentage and mean in determining the decision and the possible consequences of suffering
intensity of the response of each respondent in the from it.
online survey questionnaire (Tabuena & Hilario, 2021).
The data was also collected by gathering and Table 3
analyzing it through a qualitative interview study. Frequency, Percentage, and Rank Distribution on the
Response They Do Not Sleep on Time
Based on their experiences, it gives them a better
understanding of the other possible answers that the
Indicators Frequency Percentage Rank
researcher is looking for.
Yes 14 70.00% 1
No 2 10.00% 3
Ethical Considerations Sometimes 4 20.00% 2
A Little 0 0.00%
By using suitable techniques for administering surveys
Total 20 100.00%
and interviews, the researcher was accountable for the
protection of the participants. Additionally, it will Table 3 shows that 14 out of 20 of the majority of the
ensure the participants' anonymity and confidentiality. respondents, or 70%, said yes, that they do not sleep
Furthermore, no future private information is revealed on time. Based on the data being presented, it
while the data is being collected.
appears therefore that the thinking might have caused
the force of not sleeping on time and instead they do
other stuff, to avoid thinking, for instance, that people
might be experiencing emotional changes that affect
their sleep.
Common Signs of Depression
Changes in a Person's Mood Due to
Table 1 Depression
Frequency, Percentage, and Rank Distribution on the
Response They Feel Hopeless When Losing Something Table 4
Frequency, Percentage, and Rank Distribution on the
Indicators Frequency Percentage Rank Response They are Not Good Enough in Their Lives
Yes 8 40.00% 2
No 2 10.00% 3 Indicators Frequency Percentage Rank
Sometimes 9 45.00% 1 Yes 6 30.00% 2.5
A Little 1 5.00% 4 No 6 30.00% 2.5
Total 20 100.00% Sometimes 8 40.00% 1
A Little 0 0.00%
Table 1 shows that 9 out of 20 respondents, or 45%, Total 20 100.00%
said that they sometimes feel hopeless when losing
something. As a result, it appears that when Table 4 shows that 8 out of 20 of the majority of the
respondents lose something, it affects their feelings respondents, or 40%, said that they sometimes feel
and causes them to overthink. That feeling remains in like a failure. It appears that it changed the person’s
that place, and that makes life tough for them. mood whenever they felt unsatisfied with the work,
and that affected them to change and hold onto a
Table 2 negative image of themselves for every mistake they
Frequency, Percentage, and Rank Distribution on the made.
Response They Have Difficulty Making Decisions in Life
Table 5
Indicators Frequency Percentage Rank Frequency, Percentage, and Rank Distribution on the
Yes 10 50.00% 1 Response They are Losing Interest in Some of Their
No 2 10.00% 3.5 Activities
Sometimes 6 30.00% 2
A Little 2 10.00% 3.5 Indicators Frequency Percentage Rank
Total 20 100.00% Yes 13 65.00% 1
No 1 5.00% 4
Table 2 shows that 10 out of 20 respondents, or 50%, Sometimes 4 20.00% 2
majority of them, said yes, they are having a difficult A Little 2 10.00% 3
time when it comes to decision-making in life. Total 20 100.00%

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Volume 1, Issue 1, p. 25 - 32, May 2022
International Journal of Academic and Practical Research, 1(1) , 25 - 32 (May 2022) 29

Table 5 shows that 13 out of 20 of the majority of the Table 8 shows that 7 out of 20 of the majority of the
respondents, or 65%, said Yes. They feel like they are respondents, or 35%, said that they sometimes feel
losing interest in some things that they do usually. It guilty about something that they would want to be
appears that due to the shifting of the mood, there punished for. It appears that it often involves some
might be something wrong. It is most likely because suffering in life. They wished to be better rather than
they have that feeling of a negative reaction that bemoaning their inability to improve, which triggered a
comes from a state of mind; for instance, emotions or realization and altered their mood.
feelings.
Depression as a Cause of Suicide
Table 6
Frequency, Percentage, and Rank Distribution on the Table 9
Response They Become Depressed Despite Good Things Frequency, Percentage, and Rank Distribution on the
Happening to Them Response They Lack Energy for Anything or Anyone in
Their Lives
Indicators Frequency Percentage Rank
Yes 5 30.00% 2 Indicators Frequency Percentage Rank
No 4 30.00% 3 Yes 5 30.00% 2
Sometimes 8 40.00% 1 No 5 30.00% 3
A Little 3 0.00% 4 Sometimes 9 40.00% 1
Total 20 100.00% A Little 1 0.00% 4
Total 20 100.00%
Table 6 shows that 8 out of 20 of the majority of the
respondents, or 40%, said they sometimes become Table 9 shows that 9 out of 20 of the majority of the
sad even though good things are happening. It shows respondents, or 45%, said yes, they sometimes lack
that the person may look forward to things like energy. It shows that they don’t have a sense of
achievements, but sometimes it can be too self- purpose in life or that they recognize a lack of meaning
centered. For that reason, imposing material things is in life.
not the ultimate goal in life.
Table 10
Table 7 Frequency, Percentage, and Rank Distribution on the
Frequency, Percentage, and Rank Distribution on the Response They Have a Decision to Do Uncertain Things
Response They are Easily Stressed by Things
Indicators Frequency Percentage Rank
Indicators Frequency Percentage Rank Yes 2 30.00% 2
Yes 8 30.00% 1 No 10 30.00% 3
No 3 30.00% 3.5 Sometimes 5 40.00% 1
Sometimes 6 40.00% 2 A Little 3 0.00% 4
A Little 3 0.00% 3.5 Total 20 100.00%
Total 20 100.00%
Table 10 shows that 10 out of 20 of the majority of the
Table 7 shows that 6 out of 20 of the majority of the respondents, or 50%, disagreed with the thought of
respondents, or 40%, have said they sometimes feel harming themselves. People might think of other ways,
easily stressed over things. It shows that people are and that is not the reason to do it. Other people can be
triggered by the things that are happening in their lives. helped in their difficult moments if they have someone
For instance, the way of life is being unpredictable, who is willing to spend time with them, and that will
things they cannot control and overthinking at times. depend on how they feel.

Table 8
Frequency, Percentage, and Rank Distribution on the
Response They are Feeling Guilty About Something and
Discussion
Want to be Punished for It
The respondents found that most of them feel
Indicators Frequency Percentage Rank hopeless sometimes when they lose something. That
Yes 5 30.00% 2.5 affected the feelings of the person, and sometimes
No 5 30.00% 2.5 that is the reason why the person changes their mood
Sometimes 7 40.00% 1 and their reaction to regrets in life or how they expect
A Little 3 0.00% 4 things. That can hinder activities and enjoyment in life.
Total 20 100.00% The respondents are having a hard time when it

The Impact of a Poor Home-based Learning Environment and Its Intervention on the Learning Process
© Author/s 2022
30
comes to decision-making in life. They are confused
and afraid of decisions, whether to go for it or not, as
they think of the wrong decisions and consequences
that they might suffer from. Every decision in life,
whether it is big or small, affects a larger group of
people who have the role of making decisions that are
either temporary or permanent. In addition, the
respondents said that not sleeping on time can affect
their mental health. Considering that some people are
stressed and worried, they do other things to keep
themselves busy. Mental health and sleep have
something in common. Having sleep problems can
cause changes in mental health. It can also cause a
problem that is made worse with sleep due to mental
health problems. Having a lack of sleep can prompt
conditions that are related to psychology.
Furthermore, it demonstrates that they sometimes feel
like a failure. So, what causes this to occur? People
often observe themselves as if they have low self-
esteem. Considering how they feel being quickly
defeated when they are having a hard time in life,
some are confused and scared of making the wrong
decision about whether to go for it or not. As they
know, it might be the consequence of it. That is, for
every failure or mistake, they consider not flourishing.
Remember that it is essential to know the value. In
addition, the respondents agreed that they are losing
interest when it comes to some other things and what
they do. Before, it might have been things that used to
interest them. But now, they do not have much
motivation to do it for the same reason—they hold
negative emotions, such as stress. On the other hand,
some of the respondents felt sad even when good
things were happening to them. It appears that the
person expects things such as achievements or what
they desire in life. Sometimes it is part of life to feel
sad that it does not know where it came from. That
pain can be upsetting. It is essential to know that
feelings are valid. They easily feel stressed over things
because they have their own feelings that can also
affect their physical health. They are triggered by the
things that are happening around them and that they
face big changes and worry. Talking about stress is to
first recognize it. If the effects of stress are hindering
your life, then consult an expert. They will give advice
that is related to how the person feels. Also,
counselors can address it. Having control of stress is
essential to a person, and somehow it should be taken
care of. The respondents explain why men feel guilty
about something. They want to be punished for
considering themselves, which makes them feel less
guilty. It does not go on what the true issue of hiding is,
and that causes more guilt, in which they try to resolve
it with more self-punishment. It also appears that it
involves emotional distress and a wish to be better.
International Journal of Academic and Practical Research
Volume 1, Issue 1, p. 25 - 32, May 2022
Finally, according to the respondents' responses, they
sometimes feel a lack of energy in their lives. If you
are not taking care of it, it can affect your health
condition. If experience is the problem, it is essential to
know that sometimes getting that feeling of
hopelessness is a common sign of having depression,
and it appears they do not have that sense of purpose
in life. There is always a way to feel better and not
allow yourself to suffer in the long run. The
respondents are much less likely to harm themselves
or act upon these thoughts. A reminder that one of the
most common signs of depression and emotional pain
is not being able to think of another way to replace the
pain they are feeling.
The result showed that most men experience common
signs of depression. This aligned with the research
study that aimed to understand depression and
determine the factors causing it for Grade 12 male
students at Espiritu Santo Parochial School of Manila,
Inc., Philippines, to determine who is at risk of
developing depression and who is not. The
significance of the research study is that, in terms of
viewing men about depression, it does not have a
connection to what type of gender they are. Also, the
study showed how males are influenced by the signs
of depression. Based on the outcome of the study,
most males had experienced common signs of
depression that clearly could be seen from their
experiences from which they had responded. The
purpose of this study is to look into how men are
affected by depression. It is to be kept longer than
women and that men who have chosen to suffer in
silence might not intend to get help from a professional.
People should change their perceptions of depression
in men; depression should not be associated with
gender, but rather with the fact that both genders can
suffer from it. People think that men do not show any
signs of depression, but it is a lack of understanding of
depression in men. That includes how the people are
identified and how to treat them.
On the other hand, other questions are rising about
the common ages that experience depression and,
instead of just men, what makes it different from
women that experience depression as well. In this
case, it can benefit more than just the person who is
depressed. It also finds those who will be at risk of
depression. Learning about depression can help
prepare and understand depressed people, and
learning about depression will show what the potential
causes are and will lead to a better plan that can help
them cope.
International Journal of Academic and Practical Research, 1(1) , 25 - 32 (May 2022)
In line with the statement of the problem, most of the
respondents felt despair after losing something. That
changed the person's mood and behavior to life's
regrets and expectations—that hinders life's pleasures.
Respondents struggle with life decisions. They are
confused and terrified of making the incorrect choice
and suffering the repercussions. Every action
influences a broader group of individuals who make
permanent or temporary judgments. Sleeping late can
also damage mental health. Some individuals stay
busy to avoid stress and worry. Sleep issues affect
mental health, and mental health issues might make
sleep worse. Thus, sleep deprivation can cause
psychological issues.
They also feel like a failure. Self-perception is
generally poor—some are confused and afraid of
making the wrong choice since they have been
defeated swiftly when they are having a hard time.
Every error or failure is considered not prospering, and
value is crucial. They are losing interest in other things
and what they do. Their interests may have changed.
For the same reason—stress—they do not want to do
it anymore. Some respondents were melancholy even
when things were going well. The person appears to
expect success or to achieve life goals. It is normal to
be upset about not knowing your origins—a painful
The Impact of a Poor Home-based Learning Environment and Its Intervention on the Learning Process
31
ache; understand that feelings matter. They become
upset quickly since their sentiments might impact their
health. Their surroundings and the huge changes and
worries they cause them. Men also express their guilt
to make them feel less guilty. It does not address the
real reason they are concealing, which leads to further
shame and self-punishment. Emotional anguish and a
desire to improve are also present.
Lastly, respondents reported feeling tired occasionally.
It can harm your health if neglected. If experience is
the issue, realize that sadness can cause pessimism
and a lack of purpose. You can feel better and avoid
long-term suffering. Respondents are less prone to
self-harm. A reminder that sadness and emotional
pain are often caused by not being able to solve the
problem.
In light of the findings and conclusions of the study,
the following recommendations are hereby offered: (a)
having more of the findings on the topic of depression
in men to look at a wider range of the study; (b) having
more questions to be able to see a wider scope of the
study based on the experiences they have; and (c)
having more of the respondents to get better results
from what they have experienced.
© Author/s 2022
32

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Author(s)’ Statements on Ethics and Conflict of Interest

Ethics Statement The author/s hereby declare that research/publication ethics and citing principles
have been considered in all the stages of the study. The author/s take full
responsibility for the content of the paper in case of dispute.
Originality and The manuscript has a similarity assessment of less than 20% in accordance with the
Plagiarism publication ethics in terms of originality and plagiarism and the plagiarism policy of
Assessment the journal.
Statement of The author/s have no conflict of interest to declare.
Interest
Funding None
Acknowledgement The researcher would like to express his sincerest gratitude to the following
individuals who supported the realization of this study: to the following faculty
members and Senior High School Coordinator, Ms. Lady Katrine Montecillo and Mr.
Melbhie Pescasio, respectively, for their invaluable advice, continuous support, and
patience during my studies at Espiritu Santo Parochial School of Manila, Inc.,
Philippines. Their immense knowledge and plentiful experience have encouraged me
all the time in my academic research and daily life.

Suggested Citation
American Tan, A. J. G. (2022). Understanding depression and determining its causing factors
Psychological among male grade 12 senior high school students in a private school in Manila,
Association (APA) Philippines. International Journal of Academic and Practical Research, 1(1), 25 - 32.

Copyright © 2022
Academic Course Tutorial Online Education Inc., International Journal of Academic and Practical Research, and the Author/s

International Journal of Academic and Practical Research

Volume 1, Issue 1, p. 25 - 32, May 2022