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English Tragedy Involves the hero who struggles

(Literature) mighty against dynamic forces
until he meets death.
LITERATURE
• Derived from the Latin word “litera” meaning LETTER.
• It is a faithful reproduction of man’s various experiences 2. PROSE
blended into one harmonious expression. Legends Fictions, narratives which are
• This is an expression of man’s loves, griefs, thoughts, usually about origins.
dreams and aspirations communicated in beautiful
language. Anecdotes Creation of the writer’s
imagination and the main is to
TYPES OF LITERATURE: bring out lessons to the reader.
1. POETRY
a. Lyric – expresses emotions and feelings of the poet. This Short Story A narration involving one or more
is usually easy to understand and short literatures. characters in one plot and one
Sonnet 14-line poem dealing with single impression.
emotions, feelings or ideas
Essay Expresses the viewpoint or
Elegy Poem for the dead opinion of the writer about a
particular problem or event.
Psalms Songs praising God and
containing a philosophy of life Biography Deals with the life of a person
which maybe about himself or that
Awit This is sung and is realistic 12 of others.
Florante at Laura syllables per line
Novel Long narration divided into
Corrido Recited and with elements of chapters. The events are taken
Ibong Adarna fantasy from true to life stories and spans
Composed of 8 syllables a long period of time.

Folksongs Short poems intended to be Plays Presented on stage divided into

(Awiting Bayan) sung acts and each act has many scenes.
love, despair, grief, doubt, joy,
hope and sorrow are common Fables Stories about animals and
themes inanimate things that speak and
act like people and their purpose is
Ode Poem of a noble feeling, to enlighten the minds of children
expressed with dignity on a to events that can mold their ways
certain object and attitudes.

b. Narrative FICTION – a prose imaginative composition which may or may not

Tales Stories about be based on history or fact.
supernatural being
Types of Fiction:
Ballad Short poems adapted for 1. Short story – relatively brief prose fictional composition
singing, simple plot and based on a single main incident which is designed to
metrical structure produce a single dominant impression.

Epic Extended narrative about 2. Novel – a prose fictional work of considerable length that
• Biag ni Lam- heroic exploits often deals with a series of complications involving characters
Ang under supernatural in a particular setting.
• Ybalon (Bicol) control
• Bidasari 3. Drama – a composition in prose or verse designed for
(Mindanao) stage performance through mime and dialogue.
• Hudhud at Alim
(Igorot) 4. Allegory – a symbolic fictional account conveying
• Beowulf meanings beyond the literal
(England)
• Iliad and Elements of Fiction
Odyssey 1. Character
(Greece) • Moral agents of actions
• Invented personages in fiction
c. Dramatic Comedy TYPES
Comedy Derived from the Greek word MAJOR MINOR
“komos” which means festivity or 1. Protagonist – 1. Foil – opposite traits
revelry. Central character of the main
Its purpose is for amusement or where the story protagonist
happy ending. revolves
2. Confidant – serves as
Force An exaggerated comedy which 2. Antagonist – the friend of the
seeks to arouse mirth by laughable prevents the protagonist
lines. protagonist on
Situations are too ridiculous to be solving the conflict 3. Background
true. characters – not
closely related with
Melodrama Arouses immediate and intense the protagonist
emotion and is usually sad but a
happy ending is set for the
principal character.
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KINDS Revolving Characterized by a narrative

Round: character was Flat: there was no change shift from one point of view
able to undergo change in the outlook and action of to another
the character
Composite Comprehensive view of the
events and incidents in the
2. Setting story through the different
• Serves as the background of the story, may it be angles adapted by several
physical, mental or spiritual. narrating characters
• Serves as the backdrop and sets the mood of the
characters.
WORLD LITERATURES
ELEMENTS Iliad and Odyssey Homer
Time Sets the duration of the events The Republic Plato
The Epic of Gilgamesh Leqi-Unninni
Place Locality of the events The Confessions St. Augustine
The Aenid Virgil
Atmosphere Emotion or the mood Alcestis Euripides
Medea
Hippolytus
3. Plot The Trojan Women
• The arrangement of incidents, the narrative Electra
structure, the organization of a narrative and the The Book of Mencius Mencius
logical sequence of actions. Romeo and Juliet William Shakespeare
TYPES Much Ado About Nothing
Organic Episodic Twelfth Knight
The story sprouted from There are two or more Hamlet
just one conflict. sources of conflicts. Merchant of Venice
The School of Wives Moliere
Tartuffe
ORGANIZATION The Would-Be Gentleman
Chronology Climax Tristram Shandy Laurence Sterne
The events are arranged The events are organized The Ancient Mariner Samuel Coleridge
according to time and according to order of Christabel
space suspense Kublai Khan
Second treatise of Government John Locke
Tom Jones Henry Fielding
4. Conflict Confessions Jean Jacques Rousseau
• Considered as the soul of the plot and it is the The Social Contract
tension between opposing forces in the story. Ethics Aristotle
Politics
• External: conflict is from outside forces Poetics
The Histories Herodotus
• Internal: conflict resides with the main character Meditations Marcus Aurelius
Types: The Ramayana Valmiki
a. Physical – Man vs. nature The Mahabharata Vyasa
The Prelude William Wordsworth
b. Social – Man vs. man Dead Souls Nikolai Gogol
The Scarlet Letter Nathaniel Hawthorne
c. Psychological – Man vs. self Pride and Prejudice Jane Austen
Emma
d. Cosmic – Man vs. God Candide Voltaire
Huckleberry Finn Mark Twain
5. Points of View Tom Sawyer
• Vantage point where the story is narrated Pickwick Papers Charles Dickens
First person A principal character in the The Tale of Two Cities
story in the one narrating it A Christmas Carol
David Copperfield
Second person An indirect disclosure of the Great Expectations
narrating self for Lysistrata Aristophanes
characterization and The Clouds
analysis The Birds
Records of the Grand Sssu-Ma Ch’ien
Third person AKA Omniscient point of Historia
(Unlimited) view where the narrator is The Art of War Sun-Tzu
an all-knowing maker 1001 Nights/Arabian Nights Anonymous
The Koran Muhammad
Third person AKA Central intelligence Gulliver’s Travel Jonathan Swift
(Limited) point of view wherein the One Hundred Years of Solitude Gabriel Garcia Marquez
author chooses a character
Love in the Time of Cholera
from whose consciousness
The Sound and the Fury William Faulkner
the entire story is told
A Rose for Emily
Moby Dick Herman Melville
Camera Eye Presents the dialogues, and
War and Peace Leo Tolstoy
the incidents of a narrative
Annakarenina
like a mechanical recording
The Interpretation of Dreams Sigmund Freud
device
Ulysses James Joyce
The Prince Niccolo Machiavelli
Democracy in America Alexis De Tocqueville
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Theban Plays Sophocles Poems in Spanish and Ilocano Leona Florentino

Oedipus Rex Now and At the Hour Aida Rivera Ford
Oedipus and Colonus Zita Arturo Rotor
Antigone The Wound and Scar
The History of Peloponnesian Thucydides Dead Stars Paz Marquez Benitez
War Stepping Stone
An Enquiry Concerning Human David Hume Half a Life
Understanding The Native Coast Edith Tiempo
Sons and Lovers David Herbert Lawrence The Tracks of Babylon
Lady Chatterly’s Lover Blade of Fern
The Fox
Fathers and Sons Ivan Turgenev
Madame Bovary Gustave Flaubert
The Soul Selects Her Society Emily Dickinson
A Dimple in the Tomb
The Age of Innocence Edith Wharton
The House of Mirth
A Passage to India E.M. Forster
Oh Liberty John Stuart Mill
The Subjection of Women
Faust Johann Wolfgang Von
Goethe

PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
Magnificence and Other Stories Estrella Alfon
Children of the City Amadis Ma. Guerrero
Small Key Paz Latorena
Desire
Sunset
The Wedding Dance Amador Daguio
Man Songs Jose Garcia Villa
Footnote to Youth
Ermita Francisco Sionil Jose
Poon
My Brother, My Executioner
The Archipelago Cirilo Bautista
Telex Moon
Sunlight and Broken Stones
Sunflower Poems Tita Lacambra Ayala
Juanita Crus Magdalena Jalandoni
Ang Dalaga sa Tindahan
The Creatures of Philippine Maximo Ramos
Lower Mythology
People in the War Gilda Cordero-Fernando
The Visitation of the Gods
The Butcher, The Baker and the
Candlestick Maker
Dogeaters Jessica Hagedorn
Gangster of Love
Encanto Maria Luisa Igloria
Blood Sacrifice
Lidia Juan Crisostomo Sotto
The Virgin Kerima Polotan-Tuvera
The Hand of the Enemy
The Living and the Dead Gregorio Brillantes
A Wind Over the Earth
Distance to Andromeda
No Certain Weather Ricardo Demetillo
Barter in Panay
Daedalus and Other Poems
Masks and Signatures
What is an Educated Filipino? Francisco Benitez
The Woman Who Had Two Nick Joaquin
Navels
Summer Solstice
May Day Eve
America is in the Heart Carlos Bulosan
The Laughter of My Father
The Voice of Bataan
The Power of the People
Literature and Society Salvador Lopez
My Humble Opinion Carmen Guerrero Nakpil
Women Enough
The Volcano Bienvenido Santos
The Man Who (Though He)
Looked Like Robert Taylor
The Day the Dancers Came Scent
of Apples
How my Brother Leon Brought Manuel Arguilla
Home a Wife and other Stories