LITERATURE 001

Module 1-5/FIRST SEMESTER S.Y. 2023-2024

MODULE 01: Genres, Forms and Figurative control, and government oppression. It is
Language described as a bad and dehumanizing world.
D. Utopian Literature
Literature Utopian Literature takes place in an idealized
- It derived from the Latin “littera” meaning a world; a perfect society in which may end
letter of the alphabet. gruesomely.
- It is a body of written works perceived with
aesthetic excellence of their execution and a Non-fiction - It is a literary genre that reports facts
medium for human expression. and reality.

● Genre tells us much more about the
content of the writing.
● Form tells us about the shape of the
writing.
Genres of Literature
Literature is categorized into two major genres,
namely fiction and non-fiction.
Fiction - It is a literary genre with characters, plots,
settings crafted by the writer’s imagination.
● Speculative fiction answers all "What if"
questions and makes these answers
possible by writing.
Here are different genres under Speculative
fiction:
A. Science Fiction
This is a literary genre that deals with the
imagined future of science upon society or
individuals.
B. Fantasy
This is a literary genre dependent on strange
settings (other worlds or times) and characters
(usually supernatural or different kinds of beings).
C. Dystopian Literature
Dystopian fiction depicts characters battling
environmental ruins, societal issues, technological
Narrative non-fiction is also called creative
non-fiction; famous in "true stories, well told '' line.
It is retelling of facts in a narrative format.
Creative character and story developments are
still evident.
Forms of Literature
Two major forms of literature:
- Prose
- Poetry.
Poetry
- It refers to those expressions in verse, with
measures, rhymes, lines, stanzas and melodious
tones.
A. Epic is a lengthy, narrative work of poetry
focusing on adventures and feats of the
characters.
B. Elegy is a poem that reflects upon death
or loss
C. Ode is similar to elegies, a praise to its
subject (a person, event or a thing,
although the subject is not dead. This
depicts the greatest admiration of the
subject which was a famous practice in
the old literature.
D. Sonnet is a 14 line poem focusing on the
topic of love.
LITERATURE 001
Module 1-5/FIRST SEMESTER S.Y. 2023-2024

Other Examples: C. Other examples

Free verse Speeches
Blank verse Diaries
Lyrical poems Essays

Prose Figurative Language and Figures of Speech

- Literary piece which is written in the pattern of - Is a broad category that includes figures of
ordinary spoken language and within the speech as well as sound-effect devices.
common flow of conversation.
Figures of Speech
These are some forms of prose: - These are words or phrases that deviate from
A. Short Stories the common language to create a different
- Brief narrative prose with elaborated meaning.
descriptions of settings and characters that
revolve on a single storyline. A. Simile
Simile is a comparison of two unlike things using
1. Fables are short stories using animals, the words “like” or “as.”
legendary creatures and inanimate ● His eyes are as green as the meadow,
objects as characters that depict the alluring and breath-taking.
moral of the story. B. Metaphor
2. Fairy tales are short stories involving Metaphor is a comparison between two unlike
magical events and imaginary creatures things that have similar characteristics without
in which traditionally, are stories used to the use of “like” or “as.”
tell children. ● Your words are music to my ears.
3. Legends are unverified stories about a C. Personification
person, or a place told from generations Personification is attributing human
to generations which are popularly characteristics to nonhuman things such as in
accepted as historical. animals, objects, or ideas.
● The Earth shall rest no more when the
B. Novels and Novelettes world is CoVID-free.
1. Novels are a book-length narrative work; D. Apostrophe
some parts are dedicated to narrating Apostrophe is done when a writer or speaker
individual experiences, feelings and speaks directly to someone who is not present
thoughts of the characters, creating a (dead) or cannot respond in reality; it can also
more complex persona but relatable to be directly speaking to an inanimate object or
the audience’s experiences. abstract ideas.
2. A novelette is a short novel but longer ● “Twinkle, twinkle, little star, how I wonder
than short stories. It is by nature romantic what you are…”
or sentimental.
LITERATURE 001
Module 1-5/FIRST SEMESTER S.Y. 2023-2024

E. Synecdoche does not depend on letters but on sounds. These

Synecdoche is using a part of a person or object are some examples:
to represent the whole, or a whole to represent ● "Deep into that darkness peering, long I
the part. stood there wondering, fearing,
● Eyes are everywhere. ● Doubting, dreaming dreams no mortal
F. Metonymy ever dared to dream before;"
Metonymy replaces the name of a thing with the C. Assonance
name of something else with which it is closely Is the repetition of vowel sounds within words.
associated. ● “on a proud round cloud in white high
● “The pen is mightier than the sword.” night…”- E.E. Cummings
G. Paradox
D. Consonance
Paradox is a statement that appears to
Is the repetition of consonant sounds within or at
contradict itself but does make sense.
the end of the words.
● We are stronger in the broken places.
● You are the first and my last; from all my
H. Oxymoron
quest, you are the best.
Oxymoron is the combination of two opposite
E. Cacophony
ideas joined side by side.
Is a combination of harsh or inharmonious
● All you said were fabricated truths!
sounds. This helps create a maddening and
I. Allusion
disastrous effect to the literary piece. To create
It is an indirect reference to a person, place,
cacophony, writers use short explosive sounds
thing or idea which can be of historical, cultural,
such as g, v, b, sc, t, tr, k,
biblical or of literary significance.
F. Euphony
● Lancelot seems mocking, kissing the feet
Is the combination of harmonious and pleasing
of the man of whom he betrayed.
sounds. To create euphony, writers use good
J. Hyperbole
voice effects with w, m, n, l, or r, etc.
Hyperbole is the use of exaggerated terms for
G. Rhyme
the purpose of emphasis or heightened effect.
Is the repetition of similar sounding words, usually
● The whole world was staring at me.
occurring at the end of the lines.
H. Repetition
Sound-Effect Devices
It is the repetition of a word, or phrase, or a full
- Writers use Sound-Effect devices in prose and
poetic line or sentence to emphasize its
poetry to stress certain sounds and create
significance in the entire text.
pleasing emotive effects for readers.

MODULE 02: Philippine Literature During the

A. Onomatopoeia
Pre-Colonial Period
Is the natural sound of things converted into
words. However, some words are unrecognizable
- In 1521, when Magellan "discovered the
in the dictionary.
Philippines, official history started in the
B. Alliteration
Philippines. However, the early residents of this
Is the repetition of the consonant sounds in the
peninsula already had a lifestyle of their own.
first stressed syllables. Remember that alliteration
LITERATURE 001
Module 1-5/FIRST SEMESTER S.Y. 2023-2024

Philippine Literary Forms During the Pre-Colonial earth and planted the ground with trees and
Period flowers.
Religion/Belief in Gods or Goddesses
1. Folk speeches - It was not known just where these two deities
- Folk speech refers to the dialect, or style of came from but it is related by old Bisayan folk
speaking, unique to people living within a that Tungkung Langit fell in love with Alunsina.
geographic area.
2. Folk Songs or Lyrics Role Portrayal
- These are dung to tell the lifestyle or culture of a Tungkung Langit
community. Some provinces here in the ● Hardworking
Philippines still practice this. ● Busy
● Dirges, or lamentations are also songs ● Has a right to drive away someone
sung for the dead. A famous song from Alunsina
Ilo-ilo, Ili-ili, a lullaby to make a child ● Lazy, jealous, and selfish
sleep. ● Combs hair and does nothing
3. Folk Tales ● Welcomes the man and soothes the
- These are stories told by the old people to aching muscles
teach a lesson to the children, explain a
phenomenon through fiction, or just for Literary Technique: Imagism
entertainment. - Imagism is a 20th century movement in poetry
4. Mimetic and Indigenous Dances that focuses on the images more than the
- These are dances from the different tribes that statement. The image, rather than the statement,
imitate the movements of nature for various is the central device in poetic revelation.
purposes – celebration, thanksgiving, marriage,
etc. Figurative Level
- This tells the true emotions of the writer. This
Literary Theme illustrates the reality.
- Literary Theme is the main idea or underlying
meaning a writer explores in a novel, short story, Philippine Literature During the Spanish Colonial
or other literary work. Period
- Spaniards colonized the Philippines with their
Tungkung Langit and Alunsina Creation Myth religion. This topic will emphasize the influences of
Creation/Nature Spanish colonization in Philippine Literature.
- In the beginning everything was shapeless and
formless. The earth, the sky, the sea, and the air Themes during Spanish Colonization
were almost mixed up. In a word, there was only - Philippine Literature during the Spanish
confusion. colonization is marked by religious and secular
- He would make the sea and the earth, and the prose and poetry.
earth and the sea suddenly appeared. However,
the somber sight of the lonely sea and the
barren land irritated him. So he came down to
LITERATURE 001
Module 1-5/FIRST SEMESTER
A. Religious
● Komedya is a popular theatrical form
during the Spanish colonial period in the
Philippines that focuses on the conflicts between
Christians and Muslims.
● Cenaculo/Senakulo/Sinakulo is a Lenten
play that depicts events from the Old and New
Testaments related to the life, sufferings, and
death of Christ. Maybe you will be very familiar
with this because of our rich religious culture.
● Doctrina Christiana
"Doctrina Christiana, en lengua española y
tagala" is the first book written in the local
language to be printed in the Philippines during
Spanish colonization.
● Ladino poets, Filipinos who were well
versed in Spanish and in Tagalog, helped the
Spaniards in translating, reading and writing.
They were either trained or educated in parish or
catechetical schools and were used
interpreters and informants.
● A dalit is a type of a short Filipino poem
with four lines and eight syllables each. These
dalit poems were appended to novenas and
catechism. One example is Ang mga Dalit kay
Maria (Psalms for Mary).
Imagism is a 20th century movement in poetry
that focuses on the images more than the
statement. The image, rather than the statement,
is the central device in poetic revelation.
B. Secular
means anything that is non-religious such as
culture, human life and romance.
1. Zarzuela
is a mixture of instrumental music, singing,
dancing and the spoken word that
encompassed the rhythms and traditions of the
diverse cultures of Spain.
S.Y. 2023-2024
2. Awit
is a dodecasyllabic verse, and refers to chanting
while korido is an octosyllabic verse and refers to
narrating. Jose Corazon de Jesus and Francisco
Balagtas were famous because of their metrical
romances like awit and korido in Tagalog.
C. Nationalism
Because Filipinos were oppressed by the Spanish
colonizers, the idea and the fire for freedom and
liberty emerged. Literary pieces with such
themes were published, and they threatened the
Spanish occupation. The Ilustrados, who are
known as educated Filipinos, studied in other
countries. Later on, they started the Propaganda
Movement which aims to confront the Spanish
oppression toward Filipinos. Famous names
include Jose P. Rizal, Marcelo H. del Pilar,
Mariano Ponce, Emilio Jacinto and Andres
as Bonifacio, though he is not an ilustrado. Examples
of these literature are the well-known Noli Me
Tangere and El Filibusterismo
Pedro Paterno
- A poet and a novelist during the period wrote
Ninay, which is largely cultural. It is considered to
be the first Filipino novel and it attracted some
critics as Paterno was considered to be a "traitor"
of the Philippines, and this might be reflected in
his work.
New Literary Forms During the American Colonial
Period
- In addition to the literary forms the Philippines
had during the pre-colonial and Spanish
colonization period, new literary forms came
upon Philippine literature. These are free verse,
modern short stories and critical essays.
LITERATURE 001
Module 1-5/FIRST SEMESTER S.Y. 2023-2024

1. Free verse in poetry measured and orally recited poems were

Means that it does not follow standard or introduced.
regularized meter (the organization of stressed
and unstressed syllables) or rhyme scheme. 3. Critical essay
- Focuses on certain subjects that need
a) Jose Garcia-Villa discussions, issues that need to be addressed or
- A poet and later National Artist in Literature, simply an art that needs to be analyzed. The
used free verse in writing and embraced the essay in English became a potent medium from
dictum "Art for art's sake" which caused the 1920's to the present.
disappointments for writers who are more
concerned about the utilitarian (functional) a) Salvador P. Lopez's
aspect of literature. - criticism grabbed attention when he won the
b) Angela Manalang-Gloria Commonwealth Literary Award for the essay in
- A woman poet described as ahead of her time 1940 with his "Literature and Society." This essay
is another maverick in poetry who used free posited that art must have substance and that
verse and talked about illicit love in her poetry. Villa's adherence to "Art for Art's Sake" is
Despite the threat of censorship by the new decadent, which means that it is more likely to
dispensation, more writers turned up "seditious change, or disappear.
works" and popular writing in the native
languages bloomed to the weekly outlets, like A Summary of Philippine Literature During the
Liwayway and Bisaya. These works are described Contemporary Period
as "seditious" because they encourage people - The flowering of Philippine literature in the
to disobey the government. various languages continues especially with the
appearance of new publications after the
2. Modern short story Martial Law years and the resurgence of
- Is a short version of a novel. It tells stories about committed literature in the 1960s and the 1970s.
people and how they respond to everyday life.
The March of Death
a) Paz Marquez Benitez Bienvenido N. Santos
"Dead Stars" published in 1925 was the first - 76,000 Filipino and American troops
successful short story in English written by a - 65 miles from Mariveles, on the southern
Filipino. Later on, Arturo B. Rotor and Manuel E. end of the Bataan Peninsula, to San
Arguilla showed exceptional skills with the short Fernando.
story.
MODULE 03: Philippine Literary Canon
Modernism in Poetry
a) Alejandro G. Abadilla (AGA) - The word "canon" originates from the Greek
- a poet, with his "Ako ang Daigdig" , advocated term "kanon" which means "a yardstick" or "a
modernism in poetry. The Balagtas tradition measuring rod".
persisted until this departure from the traditional
rhymed,
LITERATURE 001
Module 1-5/FIRST SEMESTER
Persona
- the voice chosen by the author for a particular
artistic purpose. the person who is understood to
be speaking (or thinking or writing) a particular
work.
Angela Manalang Gloria
● August 23, 1907 in Guagua, Pampanga
● initially enrolled in law, as suggested by
her father
● matriarch of Filipino women poets writing
in English
● “Revolt from the Hymen” which was her
own way of protesting marital rape.
● Soledad = Solitude
● Solitude – being alone because you
want to be
Soledad
● Sacrilege - Blasphemous behavior; the
act of depriving something of its sacred
character
● Mullioned - Of windows; divided by
vertical bars or piers usually of stone
● Firebrand - Someone who deliberately
foments trouble
● Flung - Throw with force or recklessness
● Graven - Cut or impressed into a surface
● Profane - Not concerned with
devoted to religion
● Aureoled - An indication of radiant light
drawn at the end of the summit
● Spires - A tall tower that forms the
superstructure of the building (usually a
church or building) and then tapers to a
point at the top.
S.Y. 2023-2024
Estrella D. Alfon (About the Author)
● most prolific woman writer before World
War
● She became the first and only female
member of the Veronicans, a group of
writers in the 1930s
Psychological Criticism (Literary Approach)
- Reflects the effect that modern psychology has
had upon both literature and literary criticism. It
has a number of approaches, but in general, it
usually employs one (or more) of three
approaches.
1. The psychological study of a particular artist,
usually noting how an author’s biographical
circumstances affect or influence their
motivations and/or behavior.
2. The analysis of fictional characters using the
language and methods of psychology.
Psychosexual Theory (Sigmund Freud)
These stages show that behavior is developed
through the satisfaction or dissatisfaction of our
“erogenous zones”.
Erogenous zones – areas of satisfaction
If erogenous zones were not satisfied, a person
or develops mannerisms and behaviors referred to
as “Fixation”
Psychosexual Stages (SPG)
1. Oral Stage - 0-18 months
2. Anal Stage - 3-6 years old
3. Phallic Stage - 7-12 years old
4. Latency Stage - 13-19 years old
5. Genital Stage - 20 and up
LITERATURE 001
Module 1-5/FIRST SEMESTER S.Y. 2023-2024

MODULE 4: NATIONAL ARTISTS FOR LITERATURE Jose Garcia Villa (About the Author)
- Filipino poet, literary critic, short story writer, and
- A national artist is a Filipino citizen who has been painter
given the rank and title of National Artist in ● National Artist for literature in 1973
recognition of his or her significant contributions ● He presented “Comma poems” where
to the development of Philippine Arts and commas are placed after every word.
Letters. Because of this writing style, he was
known as the comma poet.
What is the Order of National Artists? ● Furthermore, he used the pen name
- Orden ng Gawad Pambansang Alagad ng DOVEGLION which represents the dove,
Sining. A rank, title, and a wearable award that eagle, and lion.
represents the highest national recognition given ● He was known to be one of the harshest
to Filipinos who have distinct contributions in the critics of Filipino poetry in English in his
field of music, dance, theater, visual arts, time and has angered many of those
literature, film and broadcast, and architecture who received his critiques.
or allied arts. The order is jointly administered by
the National Commission for Culture and the Arts Bienvenido Lumbera (About the Author)
(NCCA) and Cultural Center of the Philippines ● B.A and M.A in Journalism at the UST,
(CCP) and conferred by the President of the Ph.D in Comparative Literature at
Philippines upon recommendation by both Indiana University
institutions. ● DLSU, Ateneo, UST and UP Professor in
Literature, Philippine Studies and
The Insignia Order of the National Artist Creative Writing

Taglish Hanggang Saan?

Essay by Bienvenido Lumbera
● Hindi lenggwahe ang Taglish, kundi isang
convenient vehicle (manner of
expression).
● Composed of a Grand Collar featuring ● Limited ang gamit nito.
circular links portraying the arts, and ● Effective lamang kapag Americanized
eight-pointed conventionalized sunburst intellectual ang speaker.
suspended from a Sampaguita wreath in ● Kailangan ng spontaneous interaction:
green and white enamel. physical gestures, facial expressions, o
● Medallion divided into three equal tonal inflection 5. Cannot be a
portions, red, blue, and white, recalling permanent arrangement.
the Philippine flag.
● Three stylized letters Ks – the KKK stands
for the CPP’s motto: Katotohanan,
Kabutihan, kagandahan. – First Lady
Imelda Marcos, CPP’s founder.
LITERATURE 001
Module 1-5/FIRST SEMESTER S.Y. 2023-2024

MODULE 05

Six-Word Story
● is an entire story told in six words.
● It is a short narrative that can have all of
the emotional themes of longer
stories—from funny to dramatic, sad to
scary.
● For sale: baby shoes, never worn.
-Ernest Hemingway
● I’m dead. I’ve missed

Flash Fiction
● also known as short-short stories, are
stories no longer than 1,500 words in
length.
● Flash fiction is dangerous — it asks the
writer to surrender all safety nets and let
a mere smattering of sentences speak
for themselves.

Characteristics of Flash Fiction

1. Brevity. Regardless of the exact word count,
flash fiction attempts to condense a story into
the fewest words possible.
2. A beginning, middle, and end.
3. A twist or surprise at the end.

Eliza Victoria (About the Author)

● UP graduate (Magna Cum Laude)
● Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for
Literature
● Philippines Free Press Literary Awards
● nominated for the Philippines’ National
Book Awards