MINA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Science, Technology, and Engineering (STE)

Mina, Iloilo

Anti-diabetic Activity of Clinacanthus nutans Extract in Mus musculus

A Research Paper Presented to

the Faculty of STE

Mina National High School

Mina, Iloilo

In Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements for Completion

in Junior High School

by

Micha R. Acuesta

Ronald C. Mallo Jr.

Tresiah Anne F. Lozano

June 2022
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Acuesta, Micha R., Mallo, Ronald Jr C., Lozaano,Tresiah Anne F., ”Anti-diabetic
activity of Clinacanthus nutans extract in Mus musculus”. Unpublished Research
Paper, Science Technology and Engineering, Mina National High
School, Mina, Iloilo, June 2022.

Abstract

This study deals with “Anti-diabetic Activity of Clinacanthus nutans 

 extract in Mus musculus”. The study was conducted at Acuesta's Residence at Brgy.

Abat, Mina, Iloilo. This study aimed to determine the effect of Clinacanthus

nutans extracts on the blood glucose level of Mus musculus. In every treatment,15 mice

were used, and a total of 60 mice were used in four different treatments.Treatment A

(2mL of Clinacanthus nutans   leaves extract),Treatment B (2mL of Clinacanthus

nutans   stem extract,Treatment C (Metformin),Treatment D (negative control). The

Researchers gathered the initial blood glucose level of Mus musculus after food intake

and final blood glucose after the treatments. Based on the mean Treatment C obtained the

highest amount of decrease in the blood glucose level compared to Treatment A. Based

on the results and data gathered, the Clinacanthus nutans leaves can be an alternative

medicine for diabetic people. There was a significant difference between Clinacanthus

nutans  (leaves Extract) on the blood glucose level of Mus musculus. Among the four

treatments, Treatment A (2mL of Clinacanthus nutans leaves extract), Treatment B (2mL

of Clinacanthus nutans stem extract), Treatment C (metformin), and Treatment D

(negative control), Treatment C and A were the most effective. Hence the researchers

concluded that treatments A and C were the most effective among the four treatments.
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Approval Sheet

This research paper entitled, Anti-Diabetic Activity Of Clinacanthus nutans

Extract In Mus musculus prepared and submitted by Micha Acuesta, Ronald Mallo Jr.,

and Tresiah F. Ann Lozano in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Completion in

Junior High School – Science, Technology, and Engineering (STE) is hereby approved.

Approved by the Research Committee:

___________________________________
OLIVA P. ALFARAS, PhD, Chairperson

___________________________________
MA. JANICE I. DAYADAY, Member

___________________________________
JULIET C. MAGBANUA, Member

___________________________________
RENLY R. LIBO-ON, Member

___________________________________
RODEN H. TORENO, Adviser

LUDA G. AHUMADA, PhD

Principal IV

June 2022
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Acknowledgement

The researchers would like to thank and give credit to the following persons who

made these things possible.

Mr. Roden H. Toreno, the research adviser, for all encouragement, guidance, and

knowledge he shared throughout the study and also for being patient and understanding.

research teacher.

Dr. Olivia P. Alfaras, for being a participative chairperson in research defense.

Mrs. Ma. Janice Dayaday, class adviser for the moral support and reminders about

the study.

Mrs. Juliet Magbanua, for the participation as a panel member in the research

defense

Mr. Renly Liboon, for the participation as a panel member in the research

defense.

Mr. Bernie Piad, the statistician for the help in solving and analyzing the data of

the study, and also for the love and support to the researchers.

The family of the researchers, for supporting financially and encouraging the

researchers throughout the study. Special thanks to the parents of the researchers.

And most of all, the almighty God, for giving the researchers guidance, and

inspiration and also enlightening the minds the researchers while conducting the study.

To give the researchers the inner strength in making them physically healthy, and have

the energy to do this work successfully.

Micha R. Acuesta
Ronald C. Mallo Jr.
Tresiah Ann F. Lozano
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Table of Contents
Page

Title page i

Abstract ii

Approval Sheet iii

Acknowledgement iv

Table of Contents v

List of Tables vii

List of Figures viii

List of Appendices ix

Introduction 1

Research Paradigm 3

Research Objectives 4

Hypotheses 5

Research Design and Methodology 6

Materials and Methods 7

Data Analysis 12

Results and Discussion 14

Summary Of The Problem, Methods And Findings 19

Conclusion 21

Recommendations 22
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References 24

Appendices 26
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List of Tables

Table Page

1 Blood Glucose Level Before Treatment 14

2 Blood Glucose Level After Treatment 15

3 Difference in the initial blood glucose level of Mus musculus

among different treatment groups 16

4 The significant difference of initial and final blood glucose level 16

of Mus musculus in Treatment A

5 The significant difference of initial and final blood 17

glucose level of Mus musculus in Treatment B

6 The significant difference of initial and final blood 17

glucose level of Mus musculus in Treatment C

7 The significant difference of initial and final blood 18

glucose level of Mus musculus in Treatment D

8 Difference in the final blood glucose level of Mus musculus 19

among different treatment groups.

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List of Figures

Figure Page

1 Research Paradigm of the study showing the 4

Relationship of Independent and dependent variable

2 Material Collection and Preparation 7

3 Boiling and Extraction of Clinacanthus nutans Leaves and Stem. 8

4 Preparing the Mus musculus 9

5 Getting the Initial Blood Sugar Level 10

6 Giving the Treatment 11

7 Getting the Final Result of Bood Glucose level of Mus musculus 12

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List of Appendices

Appendix Page

A Material Collection And Preparation. 23

B Giving Sugar To Mus musculus. 23

C Measuring Initial Blood Glucose Level Of Mus musculus 24

D Giving Treatments To Mus musculus. 24

E Getting Final Blood Glucose Level Of Mus musculus. 24

F Lists Of Blood Glucose Level Of Mus musculus Every Treatment. 25

 MINA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
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Anti-diabetic Activity of Clinacanthus nutans Extract in Mus musculus

Micha R. Acuesta

Ronald C. Mallo Jr.

Tresiah Anne F.Lozano

Introduction

Diabetes is one of the most alarming diseases caused by rising above-normal

glucose levels. In today’s world, humans in our thriving society are fond of eating sweets

and ignoring the fact that consuming too much sugar will make you prone to diseases,

especially diabetes. Diabetes is among the most common chronic disorders, affecting up

to 5–10% of the adult population of the Western world. The prevalence of diabetes is

increasing dramatically. By around 2019, the world number of affected people with

diabetes is estimated to be 9.3% (463 million people), rising to 10.2% (578 million) by

2030 (Saeedi, et al., 2019). In the Philippines, the prevalence of diabetes, a chronic,

metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia, is about 7.1% of adults between 20-

79 years old in 2019 (Arcellana & Jimeno, 2020). 

Many medications for diabetes have spread and commercialized nationwide. One

of the medications for diabetes is metformin. Metformin reduces hepatic glucose

production and enhances peripheral glucose uptake as a result of increased sensitivity of

peripheral tissue to insulin ( Gomi & Hasegawa, 2015). Metformin does not generally
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cause low blood sugar levels. Low blood sugar may occur if this medication is taken in

conjunction with other diabetes medications, some people are allergic to this medicine.

Diabetes therapies and medications are so expensive that many people cannot afford and

others are not available to everyone. As many people around the world have financial

problems or are poor, especially in the Philippines it’s hard to buy medication for

diabetes. 

Metformin can cause mild and serious side effects, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea

are some of the most common side effects. Heartburn, weight loss, and stomach pain are

serious side effects of metformin (Cunha, 2021). In May 2020 the Food and Drug

Administration recommended some extended-release metformin tablets may be removed

from the U.S. market. This is because an unacceptable level of a probable carcinogen

(cancer-causing agent) was found. Although very rare, metformin’s most serious side

effect is lactic acidosis. Metformin has a “boxed” referred to as a “black box” warning

about this risk. Lactic acidosis is a rare but serious problem that can occur due to a

buildup of metformin in your body. Metformin can decrease the levels of vitamin B12 in

your body. In rare cases, this can cause anemia or low levels of red blood cells (Yetman,

2021).

Propylene Glycol is used in the metformin tablet. It helps to  increased plasma

glucose and insulin concentrations but only tended to increase glucose and insulin

concentrations. This chemical component is also present in Clinacanthus nutans

(Dabhel, et al., 2015).

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Based on a review of the literature, C. nutans significantly improved glucose

tolerance, which could be attributed to the potentiality of the insulin effect of plasma by

increasing the pancreatic secretion of insulin from existing b-cells, its release from bound

form, or enhancements in its activity (Sarega, et al., 2016). C.nutans have bioactive

compounds such as glycosides found in the plant (Ariful, et al., 2016). Glycoside

decreased fasting foods glucose by 19% and improve glucose tolerance by 29% (Cherian,

et al., 2017).

This research is conducted to help those people who are suffering from diabetes.

This is to find a cheaper and safer alternative to those expensive medicines. C. nutans can

be easily planted and grow. This study aimed to ascertain the effect of C.nutans on

lowering the sugar level of Mus musculus. Additionally, this study wants to contribute to

achieving a cheaper and more sustainable solution to the problem of diabetes.

Research Paradigm

The main reason why the researchers conducted this study is that the cases of

diabetes are increasing and a lot of people died due to this disease. The researchers

wanted to contribute a solution that will help, a solution that is not just effective but also

cheap and safe. Besides this study was proved then this can be an alternative medicine

that is efficient to use and safe.

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Sabah snake grass (Clinacanthus nutans ) Plant in

different treatments:
Blood Glucose Level on
2mL of leaf extract
White Mice (Mus

2mL of stem extract musculus)

Commercialized medicine

Water (Negative control)

Figure 1. Research Paradigm of the Study

Research Objectives

This study aimed to ascertain the effect of C.nutans on lowering the sugar level of Mus

musculus. Additionally, this study wants to contribute to achieving a cheaper and more

sustainable solution to the problem of diabetes.

Specifically, this study aimed to attain the following research objectives:

1. To determine the blood glucose level of Mus musculus before

exposure to

     a) Treatment A (2ml of Clinacanthus nutans  leaves extract)

     b) Treatment B (2ml of Clinacanthus nutans stem extract)

     c) Treatment C (metformin)

  d) Treatment D (negative control).

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2. To determine the blood glucose level of Mus musculus after

exposure to

     a) Treatment A (2ml of Clinacanthus nutans  leaves extract)

     b) Treatment B (2ml of Clinacanthus nutans stem extract)

     c) Treatment C (metformin)

  d) Treatment D (negative control).

3. To determine if there is a significant difference in the initial blood

glucose level of Mus musculus among different treatment groups.

4. To determine if there is a significant difference between the initial

and final blood glucose level of Mus musculus among different

treatment groups.

5. To determine if there is a significant difference in the final blood

glucose level of Mus musculus among different treatment groups.

    

 Hypotheses

           Based on the aforementioned research objectives, the following hypotheses were

tested.

1. There is no significant decrease in the level of the blood glucose level of Mus

musculus among different treatments.

2. There are no significant differences in the amount of decrease in initial and final

blood glucose levels of Mus musculus of different treatments.

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3. There is a significant difference in the final blood glucose level of Mus

musculus among different treatment groups

Methodology

This section comprises of the discussion of the choice of the research design

employed, materials and methods employed, and statistical techniques employed in

analyzing and enterpreting data.

Research Design

This study aimed to determine the effect of Clinacanthus nutans on the blood

glucose level of Mus musculus. The Mus musculus were fed with water and added with a

high amount of sugar. The Clinacanthus nutans extract was fed to the Mus

musculus equally, after a series of feeding the white mice with Clinacanthus

nutans extract, the blood glucose level was determined at the initial-final of the

experiment.

             Thus, an experimental research design was used in the study. The prime method

of inquiry in science was an experiment. The key features were controlled over variables

careful measurements and establishing cause and effect relationships. It was a collection

of research designs that use manipulation and controlled testing to understand causal

processes. Generally, one or more variables were manipulated to determine the effects on

a dependent variable.

The CRD or Completely Randomize design was used in this study, it is well

suited for the small number of treatments and the homogeneous experimental material.
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The CRD is used as the treatments are assigned completely and randomly so that the

experimental unit gets the same chance of receiving any one treatment.

The researchers aim to determine the effect of Clinacanthus nutans extracts in

different treatments. Treatment A is composed of 2mL Clinacanthus nutans leaves

extract. Treatment B is composed of 2mL Clinacanthus nutans stem extract. Treatment C

which is metformin in 2mL and Treatment D is negative control.

Materials and Methods

The research procedures tell about the process, steps, and method of conducting

the study. This shows the correct way of performing and handling the materials and

process of this research.

 The study aimed to determine the efficacy of Clinacanthus nutans on the blood glucose

level of Mus musculus.

Material Collection and Preparation. Clinacanthus nutans leaves and stems

were collected in Lumbo, Pototan. Clinacanthus nutans were separated into parts, the

leaves, and stem, and weighted for 1/8 kg for stem and ¼ kg for leaves. Sugar is

dissolved in water and given to the Mus musculus.

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Figure 2. Material Collection and Preparation

Boiling and Extraction. The 1/8kg of stem and ¼ kg of leaves were boiled in

200 ml of water with medium heat. The leaves were boiled for 5 mins and the stem was

boiled for 8 mins.

Figure 3. Boiling and Extraction of

Clinacanthus nutans Leaves and Stem.
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Preparing the Mus musculus. 60 Mus musculus were used and it was separated into 4

cages, 15 Mus musculus for treatment A, 15 for Treatment B, 15 for treatment C, and 15

for treatment D. Every Mus musculus are marked by colors for the researchers to identify

the given result

Figure 4. Preparing the Mus musculus

Getting the Blood Glucose Level. The blood glucose level of Mus musculus

were get from the tail of Mus musculus after that the blood sample of the Mus musculus
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directly inserted to the strips of glucometer to know the glucose level. 15 strips were used

to every treatment for initial result of blood glucose level of Mus musculus. The result is

listed to a notebook for a copy and documentation.

Figure 5. Getting the Initial Blood Sugar Level

Giving the Treatments. The treatment A 2ml Clinacanthus nutans leaves extract

was given to every single one of Mus musculus using a syringe pipe(orally intake).

Treatment B 2ml stem extract was also given using the same method as treatment A.

Treatment C is 500g of metformin, dissolved in 50 ml water was also given to 15 Mus

musculus as the same method as treatment A and B. Treatment D is water and given to 15
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Mus musculus. After giving the treatments the researchers waited 6 hours long to test the

final result of blood glucose level to know the effects of all treatments.

Figure 6. Giving the Treatment

Getting the Final Result. After 6 hours of waiting 15 strips of

glucometer were used for every treatment for getting the final result. The blood to

be tested was get from the tails of Mus musculus using lancets. The result was

listed in the same notebook used in getting the initial result with labels to identify.
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Figure 7. Getting the Final Result of Bood Glucose level of Mus musculus

Data Analysis

The data analysis showed different ways how to collect and analyze data. It is the

process of systematically applying statistical and/or logical techniques to describe and

illustrate, condense and recap, and evaluate data. 

For Descriptive Analysis, Mean and Standard Deviation were used.

  Mean. Mean is a quantity that has a value intermediate between those of the

extreme members of some set (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2022). Mean was used to

determine the average of the four treatments (2mL leaves extract, 2mL stem extract,

positive control, negative control). 

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Standard Deviation. Standard Deviation means, a measure of the variability of

any set of numerical values about their arithmetic mean (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2018).

Standard Deviation is a measure indicating how values are spread across a set of data

being studied (Barrot, 2017).

 For Inferential Analysis, t-test, One-Way ANOVA, and Tukey's test were

employed. 

t-test for independent samples. r-test means a statistical test involving

confidence limits for the random variable t of a t distribution and used especially in

testing hypotheses about means of normal distributions when the standard deviations are

unknown (.1-test was used to determine if there was a significant decrease in the blood

glucose level of Mus musculus before and after treatment. 

One-Way ANOVA. The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) determines

whether the groups created by the levels of the independent variable are statistically

different by calculating whether the means of the treatment levels are different from the

overall mean of the dependent variable. (Bevance, 20202).

LSD. The Least Significant Difference (LSD) is the value at a particular level of

statistical probability ( P≤0.01- means) when exceeded by the difference between two

varietal means for a particular characteristic, then the two varieties are said to be distinct

for that characteristic at that or lesser levels of probability.

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Results and Discussion

Descriptive Data Results

Table 1 showed the blood glucose level of Mus musculus before treatments. The

results revealed that treatment A (2ml of Clinacanthus nutans   leaves extract) had an and

Treatment B (2ml of Clinacanthus nutans   stem extract) had an and, Treatment

C(metformin) had an and Treatment D(negative control) had an and 

           The data showed that treatment D has the lowest result while Treatment B (2ml

of Clinacanthus nutans stem Extract) had the highest. This denoted that treatment D

(negative control) had the lowest initial blood glucose level and treatment B (2ml

of Clinacanthus nutans stem Extract) had the highest.

 Table 1

Blood Glucose level of Mus musculus before treatment.

TREATMENT N M SD
Treatment A (2ml Clinacanthus 15 130 23.12
nutans leaves)
Treatment B (2ml Clinacanthus 15 132.93 24.53
nutans stem)
Treatment C (Metformin) 15 129 14.57
Treatment D (negative control) 15 123.87 18.25

Table 2 showed the blood glucose level of Mus musculus after treatments. The

results revealed that treatment A (2ml of Clinacanthus nutans leaves extract) had a

M =82.40 mg/dl ∧SD =13.20, Treatment B (2ml of Clinacanthus nutans stem extract)

had a M =147.67 mg /dl ∧SD =14.65, Treatment C (metformin) had a M =69.20 mg/d l

and SD=4.99, Treatment D (negative control) had a M =72.60 mg/dl and S D=7.55
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The data showed that treatment C (metformin) has the lowest result while

Treatment B (2ml of Clinacanthus nutans stem Extract) had the highest. This denoted

that treatment C (metformin) had the lowest final blood glucose level and treatment B

(2ml of Clinacanthus nutans stem Extract) had the highest.

Table 2

Blood Glucose level of Mus musculus after treatment.

TREATMENT N M SD
Treatment A (2ml Clinacanthus nutans 15 82.40 13.20
leaves)
Treatment B (2ml Clinacanthus nutans 15 147.67 14.65
stem)
Treatment C (Metformin) 15 69.20 4.99
Treatment D (negative control) 15 72.60 7.55

Inferential Data Analysis

The succeeding problem that the study sought to answer was "is there a

significant difference in the initial-final blood glucose level of Mus musculus among four

different treatments"

Table 3 presents the result for the significant difference in the initial blood

glucose level of Mus musculus among four treatments F ( 3 , 56 )=.509 , p<. 001

The results shows that there is no significant difference in the initial blood

glucose level among the four treatments as a result of p=.678 .

Table 3
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Difference in the initial blood glucose level of Mus musculus among different treatment

groups.

Sum of Df Mean F Sig.

Squares Square
Between 642.18 3 214.06 .509 .678
Groups
Within Groups 23548.67 56 420.51
Total 24190.85 59
M T df p
Initial blood 130 7.61 14 .000
glucose level
Final blood 82.40
glucose level
Table 5 shows the significant difference in the initial and final blood glucose level

of Mus musculus those in treatment group.

The table indicates that there is no significat difference in the initial and final

blood glucose level of Mus musculus those in treatment C group, t ( 14 )=−3.36 , p<.001.

Table 5

The significant difference of initial and final blood glucose level of Mus musculus

in Treatment B

M T df p
Initial Blood 129.00 -3.36 14 .005
Glucose level
Final blood
147.67
glucose level

Table 6 shows the significant difference in the initial and final blood glucose

levels of Mus musculus in those in the treatment C group. 

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The table indicates that there is no significant difference in the initial and final

blood glucose level of Mus musculus those in the treatment C group,

t ( 14 )=15.64 , p<.001.

Table 6

The significant difference of initial and final blood glucose level of Mus musculus in

Treatment C

M T df p
Initial Blood 129.00 15.64 14 .000
Glucose level 69.20
Final blood
glucose level

Table 7 shows the significant difference in the initial and final blood glucose

levels of Mus musculus in those in the treatment D group. 

The table indicates that there is no significant difference in the initial and final

blood glucose level of Mus musculus those in the treatment D group,

t (14)=10.52 , p <.001.

Table 7

The significant difference of initial and final blood glucose level of Mus musculus in

Treatment D

M T df p
Initial Blood 123.87 10.52 14 .000
Glucose level 72.60
Final blood
glucose level
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Table 8 shows the significant differences in the final blood glucose level of Mus i

musculus in four treatments F (3 ,56)=173.47, p<.001

The data shows that there is a significant difference in the final blood glucose

level in four treatments as a result of p=.001 .

Table 8

Difference in the final blood glucose level of Mus musculus among different treatment

groups.

Sum of
squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Between 61251.000 3 20417.00 173.47 .000
Groups
Within Groups 6590.933 56 117.70
Total 67841.933 59
Generally, the study was conducted to determine the effect of Clinacanthus

nutans extracts on the blood glucose level of Mus musculus.                                               

   The aim was to find out further if there are differences in the effect

of Clinacanthus nutans   (leaves and stem Extract) on the blood glucose level of Mus
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musculus.                                                                                                    

  An experimental method of research was used in the study. The data gathered

were tabulated, analyzed, and interpreted using the mean, t-test, and One-way Analysis of

Variance.

 Summary of Problems, Methods, and Findings

This study entitled "Anti-diabetic Activity of Clinacanthus nutans extracts in Mus

musculus" aimed to determine the anti-diabetic activity of Clinacanthus nutans in

diabetic Mus musculus. Clinacanthus nutans extraction was conducted at Brgy. Abat,

Mina, Iloilo, due to some safety protocols cause by the pandemic the impartation of

treatment on experimental animals was conducted at Acuesta's residence- Brgy. Abat,

Mina, Iloilo.From February 20-April 9 2022.

             This study was composed of 60 mice divided into four different treatments and

treated for almost 6 hrs of duration. 

             Data were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, one-way ANOVA, and t-

test.

             The result of the study revealed that there is a significant difference in the final

blood glucose level in four treatments with a result of 

The findings of the study included the following:

1. The blood glucose level of Mus musculus increased after feeding food with a high

amount of sugar.
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2. The blood glucose level of Mus musculus decreased after giving the same amount of

different treatments on treatment A(2mL of Clinacanthus nutans leaves extract),

Treatment C(metformin), and Treatment D(water).

3. There was no significant decrease in the initial blood glucose level of Mus

musculus among different treatment groups.

4. There was a significant difference in the initial and final blood glucose levels of Mus

musculus in those in the treatment A group.

5. There was no significant difference in the initial and final blood glucose levels of Mus

musculus in those in the treatment B group.

6. There is significant difference in the initial and final blood glucose level of Mus

musculus in the treatment C group.

7. There is no significant difference in the initial and final blood glucose level of Mus

musculus in those in the treatment D group.

8. There were significant differences in the final blood glucose level of Mus

musculus among the different treatment groups. 

Conclusion

           Based on the findings of the conducted experiment, the following conclusions

were drawn:

1. The blood glucose level increases, hence high amount of sugar intake can increase

the blood glucose level.

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2. Treatments A, C, and D were given are effective in lowering the blood glucose

level.

3. The blood glucose level increases before giving the treatments, hence there is no

significant decrease in the initial blood glucose level.

4. The blood glucose level in the treatment A group has a significant difference in

the initial and final whereas; treatment A given was effective in lowering blood

glucose levels.

5. The blood glucose level in the treatment B group has no significant difference in

the initial and final whereas; the treatment B given was not effective in lowering

blood glucose levels.

6. The blood glucose level in the treatment C group has a significant difference in

the initial and final whereas; the treatment C given was effective in lowering

blood glucose levels.

7. The blood glucose level in the treatment D group has a significant difference in

the initial and final whereas; the treatment D given was effective in lowering

blood glucose levels.

8. There was a significant difference in the final blood glucose level after giving

different treatments, thus the Treatments are effective in lowering the blood

glucose level of Mus musculus.

 Recommendations
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The researchers would like to commend that Clinacanthus nutans leaves extract

can be used as an alternative medicine for a diabetic person because it is way cheaper and

accessible.

Based on the conclusion the following recommendations were drawn;

1. For the people, the researchers recommend to manage eating high amount of sugar to

avoid diabetes.

2. For the chemist, are expected to create new medicine out of Clinacanthus nutans

leaves.

3. The medical practitioners might recommend Clinacanthus nutans leaves to their

patients.

4. For the community, the researchers may recommend making products out of

Clinacanthus nutans leaves.

5. For future researchers they were expected to try discovering other plants which have

similar properties as this study.

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i

References

Teshima, K. I., Kaneko, T., Ohtani, K., Kasai, R., Lhieochaiphant, S., Picheansoonthon,

C., Yamasaki, K. (2016). Sulphur containing glucosides from Clinacanthus

nutans. Phytochemistry. 48, 831-835.

Zulkipli, I. N., Rajabalaya, R., Idris, A., Sulaiman, N. A., & David, S. R. (2017).

Clinacanthus nutans : a review on ethnomedicinal uses, chemical constituents

and pharmacological properties. Pharmaceutical biology, 55(1), 1093-1113.

Sarega, N., Imam, M.U., Esa, N.M. et al. Effects of phenolic-rich extracts of

Clinacanthus nutans on high fat and high cholesterol diet-induced insulin

 MINA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
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resistance. BMC Complement Altern Med 16, 88 (2016). v

Abd Rahman NF, Muhsin A, & Che Azmi N. (2020). Evaluation of Clinacanthus nutans

leaves extract on Prothrombin Time and Activated Partial Prothrombin Time test.

International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 11(1), 241-246.

Ariful Alam, Sahena Ferdosh, Kashif Ghafoor, Abdul Hakim, Abdul Shukor Juraimi, Alfi

Khatib, Zaidul I. Sarker,Clinacanthus nutans : A review of the medicinal uses,

pharmacology and phytochemistry, Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical

Medicine,Volume 9, Issue 4,2016.

Cherian, S., Kumar, R. V., Augusti, K. T., & Kidwai, J. R. (1992). Antidiabetic effect of a

glycoside of pelargonidin isolated from the bark of Ficus bengalensis Linn. Indian

journal of biochemistry & biophysics, 29(4), 380–382.

Arcellana, A. E., & Jimeno, C. (2020). Challenges and Opportunities for Diabetes Care

in the Philippines in the Time of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of the ASEAN

Federation of Endocrine Societies, 35(1), 55-57.

 MINA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
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Appendices

A. Material Collection And Preparation.

B. Giving Sugar To Mus musculus.

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C. Measuring Initial Blood Glucose Level Of Mus musculu.s

D. Giving Treatments To Mus musculus.

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E.Getting Final Blood Glucose Level Of Mus musculus.

F. Lists Of Blood Glucose Level Of Mus musculus Every Treatment.

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