Front Page-Appendices Capstone Manuscript Papaya and Sili

Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-B MIMAROPA
Division of Oriental Mindoro
Doroteo S. Mendoza Sr. Memorial National High School
Pagkakaisa, Naujan
PESTICIDAL EFFECTS OF Carica papaya LEAF EXTRACT AND Capsicum
frutescens FRUIT EXTRACT IN RED IMPORTED FIRE ANT (Solenopsis
invicta buren) AS AN ALTERNATIVE PESTICIDE
A Capstone Project
Presented to the
Senior High School Faculty
Doroteo S. Mendoza Sr. MNHS
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
by
May M. Perez
Karl Harvy D. Seño
Jake P. Añonuevo
Researchers
Joyce Lanuza-Banco
Capstone Project Adviser
May 2022
ii
APPROVAL SHEET
The capstone project attached hereto titled “PESTICIDAL EFFECTS OF

Carica papaya LEAF EXTRACT AND Capsicum frutescens FRUIT EXTRACT IN
RED IMPORTED FIRE ANT (Solenopsis invicta buren) AS AN ALTERNATIVE
PESTICIDE” prepared and submitted by May M. Perez, Karl Harvy D. Seño, and
Jake P. Anoñuevo is hereby approved by the committee an oral examination with a
grade of ____
JOYCE LANUZA- BANCO, Ph. D

Adviser
APPROVED and ACCEPTED in partial fulfillment

of the Requirements for Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
BEDILLA B. NAVELGAS
Principal II
DOROTEO S. MENDOZA SR. MEMORIAL NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Office Address: Pagkakaisa, Naujan, Oriental Mindoro
Email Address: doroteo_mnhs1991
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The researchers would like to extend their heartfelt gratitude to the people who
one way or another helped them in conducting the study.
Bedilla B. Navelgas, Principal II of Doroteo S. Mendoza Sr. Memorial National
High School for giving permission to conduct the study;
Joyce B. Lanuza, Ph. D, Capstone Project Teacher and adviser for guiding the
researchers in doing the project and serves as editor to improve the organization of the
study;
To our fellow researchers who gave their cooperation, best, and poured
everything to explore relevant problems and the content of the study as well as to all the
professors for their unending support and knowledge;
Their family, friends, and classmates for their support, love and encouragement
and above all to Almighty God for giving strength and good health while conducting the
study.

iv
DEDICATION
This piece of work
Is lovingly and humbly dedicated to
Mr. Tirso Añonuevo & Mrs. Sonia Añonuevo;
Mr. Felipe M. Perez & Mrs. Caridad M. Perez;
Mr. Allan M. Seño & Mrs. Lorena D. Seño;
for their untiring support and love,
and above all to Almighty God.
M. M. P
K. H. D.S
J. P. A

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Abstract
This study aimed to determine the pesticidal effects of Carica papaya leaf extract
and Capsicum frutescens fruit extract in red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta buren)
as alternative pesticide.
Carica papaya leaf extract and Capsicum frutescens fruit extract were used in
the study. It was introduced in four treatments: T1- 25%, T2-50%, T3-75% and T4-
100% in three replications. To determine its pesticidal effect, the mortality rate and time
it takes to kill were observed, measured, recorded, and tabulated. Average was used to
determine the pesticidal effects of different concentrations of C. papaya leaf extract, C.
frutescens fruit extract, and combined C. papaya and C. frutescens extract in ants as an
alternative pesticide in terms of mortality rate and time it takes to kill. Meanwhile,
ANOVA was used to determine the significant difference in the pesticidal effects among
the experimental groups in ants as an alternative pesticide in terms of mortality rate and
time it takes to kill.
Results revealed that there is no significant difference in the pesticidal effects of
different concentrations of C. papaya leaf extract, and there is a significant difference in
different concentrations of C. frutescens fruit extract and combined C. papaya leaf
extract and C. frutescens fruit extract both in terms of mortality rate. There is no
significant difference in the pesticidal effects among the experimental groups in terms of
time it takes to kill.

vi
In conclusion, Carica papaya leaf extract and Capsicum frutescens fruit extract
can be an alternative pesticide which is cost-effective and eco-friendly.

vii
Table of Contents
Page
Title page i
Approval sheet ii
Acknowledgment iii
Dedication iv
Abstract v
Table of contents vii
Chapter I
Introduction 1
Objectives 6
Statement of the Problem 7
Hypothesis 8
Scope and Delimitation of the Study 8
Significance of the Study 9
Chapter II Methodology
Flowchart 10
Discussion of Methodology 10
Chapter III Results and Discussion 18
Chapter IV Conclusion and Recommendations
Conclusion 30
Recommendation 31
References 32
Appendices 35
Documentation 39

1
I. Introduction
Pesticides are any substance or mixture substances that is used to kill organisms
such as pests that threaten our health, well-being, livestock or cause damage to crops.
According to Nicolopoulou-Stamati (2016), pesticides are agrochemicals that are used
to protect plants and humans from numerous diseases in agricultural fields, public
health programs, and urban green spaces. Fruitgrowers.com states that the point of
pesticide is to protect plants from pests that have the power to destroy entire crops.
Pesticides are significant. They assist farmers in producing more food with less
land by preserving crops from pests, diseases, and weeds while also increasing
productivity per hectare. Pesticides allow farmers to produce safe, high-quality food at a
low cost. They also assist farmers in producing a variety of healthy, year-round meals
that are essential for human health. Fruits and vegetables, which are rich in nutrients,
are more plentiful and inexpensive. Because of decreasing food and animal feed costs,
grains, milk, and proteins, which are essential for childhood growth, are more readily
available.
(https://pesticidefacts.org/topics/necessity-of-pesticides/)
According to EPA (2021), mosquitoes, ticks, rats, and mice are among the pests
and disease carriers that is suppressed using pesticide. These pests can cause
damage to human, plants, animals and structures. Plant pests and pathogens disrupt

2
plant growth and inflict damage to both cultivated and wild plants. Plants are unable to
reach their genetic potential as a result of the interference and harm (Guest, D.I., 2017).
Ants are common insects with some unusual skills. There are around 10,000
identified ant species worldwide. They are very common in tropical woods, where they
may account for up to half of all insects.
(https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/invertebrates/facts/ants)
According to Pest World. Org (2022), some species, such as odorous ants and
pavement ants, are just an annoyance to homeowners, while others can pose health
hazards or cause structural damage. One such species is the red imported fire ant. Fire
ants acquire their name from their extremely severe sting or bite. The red imported fire
ant (RIFA) is an invasive species from Brazil that is reported to be more aggressive than
other ant species. They are red-yellow in hue with an extruded stinger that is always
ready to use. Some ant species require a specific food supply to thrive, but RIFAs will
consume nearly anything, plant or animal, that they can locate.
Red imported fire ants cause a variety of issues in their non-native surroundings.
Imported fire ants may wreak havoc on crops by consuming the fruits and buds of plants
such as citrus, soybeans, corn, and okra. They can also displacing natural vegetation
and causing irreversible harm to young trees. Imported fire ant aggressiveness is
another major problem. When something disrupts a nest, red imported fire ants attack
the perceived threat immediately and violently. The ants may attack as a vast "army,"

3
and each ant has the ability to sting numerous times. Their venom causes pus-filled
blisters or sores that itch, burn, and sting. Large nests can interfere with farming
equipment and endanger agricultural workers, livestock, and local wildlife (especially
animals that are young or newborn). In the ordinary community, red imported fire ant
nests offer the greatest risk to children and dogs, who frequently do not know to avoid
the nests in parks and backyards (SAGE Pest Control, 2022)
Since the country is gifted with numerous agricultural products like papaya and
chili, production of alternative pesticide is possible. Hence papaya and chili are
dominant and essential to our life and human body. Many papaya leaves are wasted
during harvest period to regenerate papaya plants and commonly used in medicinal
health purposes. Also, chili is commonly found in house that is used in culinary
purposes. Considering that the chemical pesticides have a harmful effect to the
environment and in human, this scenario led the researchers to utilize papaya and chili
in the production of alternative pesticide in red imported ants.
Hariono et al. 2021, defined Carica papaya as tropical and subtropical tree
whose entire body is used. Juliantara 2010, argued that papaya leaf extract is one of
the natural insecticides that can be utilized. The chemical element "Papain" is found in
papaya leaves and is very effective in suppressing caterpillars and sucking pests.
According to Conceicao (nd), alkaloids, papain, and cyanogenic glycosides are
pesticidal chemicals found in papaya leaf extract. This was also mentioned in the study

4
of Julaily et al. 2013 as cited by Sunarti 2019, papaya gum contains a set of cysteine
protease enzymes like papain and kimopapain. Plant-eating insects are poisoned by
alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, and nonprotein amino acids found in papaya sap.
Chemical substances found in the papaya plant can destroy the bug.
Chili is used widely in cooking and is a common spice in Asian cuisine. Most
chilies have a spicy taste which come from capsaicinoids. As stated by Vera-Guzmán,
A. M. 2017, chili fruit contains up to 15 capsaicinoid chemicals or more, that can be
found in each variety of chili but the most common is capsaicin. Capsaicin is where the
heat of chilies come from. As stated in answers.practucalaction.org, the capsaicin in
chilies acts as antifeedant, poison and repellant to number of pests. In addition,
according to Romano (nd), as cited by Paradillo 2017, chili is a highly tasting pepper
plant fruit that can be used as a pesticide. Fruit extract has been demonstrated to be
more effective than leaf extract in terms of killing. Both extracts contained tannins,
alkaloids, steroids, and glycosides, according to preliminary phytochemical investigation
(Prashnith, K. T. R. et al. 2010).
Researchers believed that this study will be beneficial to everyone, especially
those in agriculture sector, people who have collections of plants and suffered from
pest. They might consider to use papaya leaf extract and chili fruit extract as alternative
pesticide because of its properties. Furthermore, this study will benefits community,
pesticides manufacturer and the future researchers that can utilize the pesticidal
benefits of Carica papaya leaf extract and Capsicum frutescens fruit extract.

5
The study aimed to determine the pesticidal effects of Carica papaya leaf extract

6
Objectives
This study aimed to determine the pesticidal effects of Carica papaya leaf extract
Specific Objectives
1. To determine the pesticidal effect of different concentration of Carica papaya leaf
extract in ants as alternative pesticide in terms of:
a. mortality rate
b. time it takes to kill
2. To determine the pesticidal effect of different concentration of Capsicum
frutescens extract in ants as alternative pesticide in terms of:
a. mortality rate
3. To determine the pesticidal effects of combined Carica papaya leaf extract and
Capsicum frutescens extract in ants as alternative pesticide in terms of:
a. mortality rate
4. To determine the significant difference in the pesticidal effects among the
experimental group as alternative pesticide in terms of:
a. mortality rate

7
Statement of the Problem
This Capstone Project will focus on determining the pesticidal effects of Carica
papaya leaf extract and Capsicum frutescens extract in as alternative pesticide.
Researchers will answer the following specific questions.
1. What is the pesticidal effects of different concentration of Carica papaya leaf
extract in terms of:
a. mortality rate
2. What is the pesticidal effects of different concentration of Capsicum frutescens
fruit extract in terms of:
a. mortality rate
3. What is the pesticidal effects of the combined Carica papaya leaf and Capsicum
frutescens fruit extract in ants as alternative pesticide in terms of:
a. mortality rate
4. Is there a significant difference in the pesticidal effects among the experimental
group as alternative pesticide in terms of:
a. mortality rate

8
Hypothesis
1. There is no significant difference in the pesticidal effects among the experimental
group in terms of:
a. mortality rate
Scope and Delimitation of the Study
The study aimed determine pesticidal effects of Carica papaya leaf extract and
Capsicum frutescens fruit extract in red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta buren) as
alternative pesticide.
The researchers used the extracts of leaves of Carica papaya and fruits of
Capsicum frutescens in red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta buren).
The effects will be determined in terms of mortality rate and time it takes to kill
the red imported fire ants (Solenopsis invicta buren).
The study was conducted from March 2022 – May 2022 at Doroteo S. Mendoza
Sr. Memorial National High School Pagkakaisa, Naujan Oriental Mindoro.
Significance of the Study
Farmers could be able to use the study as guide in making their own pesticide
which be used to treat ants that destroy crop and plants.
Plant collector and people who suffered from this kind could use the product as
alternative pesticide which is cost effective and eco-friendly.
Community could use the study in order to reduce the number of red imported
fire ants and prevent the crops and plants from being destroyed and also helps to

9
minimize pollution in the environment since it employs resources straight from nature,
as opposed to commercialized goods that use synthetic components.
Pesticide producers may benefit from the study since it will provide insights and a
foundation for using the contents of Carica papaya leaves and Capsicum frutescens to
create a new type of treatment for red imported fire ants.
Future researchers could use the findings of the study to conduct similar studies
on Carica papaya leaf extract and Capsicum frutescens fruit extract as alternative
pesticides
II. Methodology
Flowchart
Collection and Selection of Materials
Extraction of Carica papaya leaves and Capsicum frutescens fruits

(Chopping-Blending)
Preparation of Treatment

Determining the Pesticidal Effects of Carica papaya leaf extract, Capsicum
frutescens fruit extract and combined Carica papaya leaf extract and Capsicum
frutescens fruit extract in ants as alternative pesticide
10
A. Collection and Selection of Materials
Six hundred fifty (650) grams of C. frutescens fruit will be purchased at Victoria,
Oriental Mindoro and one thousand (1000) grams C. papaya leaves will be collected at
San Gabriel, Victoria.
B. Extraction of Carica papaya leaves and Capsicum frutescens fruits
(Chopping-Blending)
One thousand (1000) g of Carica papaya leaves will be chopped and 500 ml of
water will be put in a large blending container and processed until smooth. Six hundred
(650) grams of Capsicum frutescens fruits will be chopped and 250 ml of water will be
added. Same procedure will be done on Capsicum frutescens.
C. Preparation of Treatment
Blended C. papaya leaves, C. frutescens fruit and combined C. papaya leaves
and C. frutescens fruits will be poured using cheesecloth in a spray bottle. Different
amount of concentration of plant extract will be used in the study. It will be introduced in
4 treatments: T1- 25%, T2-50%, T3-75% and T4-100% in three replications.
About 20 ml, with 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% concentration of C. papaya leaf
extract, C. frutescens fruit extract and combined C. papaya extract C. frutescens extract
will be sprayed in 5 ants each replication and the pesticidal effects of the plant
specimens in terms of mortality rate and time it takes to kill will be observed for a
maximum of 3 minutes in every treatment.

11
D. Determining the Pesticidal Effects of Carica papaya leaf extract, Capsicum
frutescens fruit extract and combined Carica papaya leaf extract and Capsicum
frutescens fruit extract in ants as Alternative Pesticide
1.1. Collection of Data
The mortality rate and time it takes to kill of the experimental will be noted. It will
be observed, measured, recorded, and tabulated for at least 1 hour.
1.2. Data Analysis
Average was used to determine the pesticidal effects of different concentration
between C. papaya leaves extract, C. frutescens fruit extract, and combined C. papaya
and C. frutescens extract in ants as alternative pesticide in terms of mortality rate and
time it takes to kill. Meanwhile, ANOVA was used to determine the significant difference
in the pesticidal effects among the experimental groups in ants as an alternative
pesticide in terms of mortality rate and time it takes to kill.

12
III. Results and Discussion
1. What is the pesticidal effects of different concentration of Carica papaya leaf
extract in terms of:
a. mortality rate
Table 1
Pesticidal Effects of Different Concentration of Carica papaya Leaf Extract in
terms of Mortality Rate
Treatment Replications Average
Different Concentration of
1 2 3
Carica papaya Leaf Extract
T1- 25% 1 2 4 2.33

13
T2- 50% 5 5 5 5
T3- 75% 5 5 5 5
T4- 100% 5 5 5 5
Table 1 showed the pesticidal effects of different concentration of Carica papaya
leaf extract in terms of mortality rate. 25% concentration of C. papaya leaf extract are
found to kill 1 ant in R1, 2 ants in R2 and 4 ants in R3 and has an average of 2.33. All
the 3 replications of 50% concentration of C. papaya are found to kill 5 ants. Just like
the 50% concentration, the 75% concentration and 100% concentration of C. papaya
leaf extract killed all 5 ants in all of its replications.
As stated by Hariono et al. 2021, the contents of papaya leaf extract can be
effective against pests. This was backed up by Julaily et al. 2013 as cited by Sunarti
2019. who stated that pests may die from papaya leaves because of it contains
alkaloids and papain which is poisonous to insects.
On the four tested concentrations, only one wasn’t able to kill all the ants within
the 3 minutes time limit. It showed that Carica papaya leaf extract is an effective
pesticide in terms of the mortality rate of the ants.
Table 2
Pesticidal Effects of Different Concentration of Carica papaya Leaf Extract in
terms of Time it takes to Kill (seconds)

14
1 2 3
Carica papaya Leaf Extract
T1- 25% 180 180 180 180
T2- 50% 82 105 94 93.67
T3- 75% 67 48 45 53.33
T4- 100% 13 14 5 10.67
Table 2 showed the pesticidal effects of different concentration of Carica papaya
leaf extract in terms of time it takes to kill the ants in seconds. The 25% concentration of
C. papaya leaf extract are found to kill the ants in an average of 180 seconds. The 50%
concentration of C. papaya extract are found to kill the ants 93.67 seconds. The 75%
concentration are found to kill the ants in 53.33 seconds. While the 100% concentration
killed the ants in an average of 10.67 seconds.
This could be due to C. papaya leaves contains some pesticide properties like
alkaloids, papain, and cyanogenic glycosides. According to Conceicao (nd), alkaloids,
papain, and cyanogenic glycosides are pesticidal chemicals found in papaya leaf
extract.
The results showed that Carica papaya leaf extract is an effective pesticide in
terms of its time to kill the ants. It is also found out that the C. papaya leaf extract can
kill ants in as fast as 5 seconds.

15
2. What is the pesticidal effects of different concentration of Capsicum frutescens
fruit extract in terms of:
a. mortality rate
Table 3
Pesticidal Effects of Different Concentration of Capsicum frutescens Fruit Extract
in Terms of Mortality Rate
Capsicum frutescens Fruit 1 2 3
Extract
T1- 25% 5 5 5 5
T2- 50% 5 5 5 5
T3- 75% 5 5 5 5
T4- 100% 5 5 5 5
Table 3 show the pesticidal effects of different concentration of Capsicum
frutescens fruit extract in terms of mortality rate. All the concentrations of the C.
frutescens fruit extract are found to kill 5 ants in all of its replications.

16
As stated by Vera-Guzmán, A. M. 2017, chili fruit contains up to 15 capsaicinoid
chemicals or more, that can be found in each variety of chili but the most common is
capsaicin. It also serves as anti-feedant and repellant to number of pests. It also
contains tannis, alkaloid, steroids and glycosides which are all effective to be used as
pesticide.
Based on the results of the experiment, it is found out that Capsicum frutescens
fruit extract is an effective pesticide in terms of the mortality rate of the ants.
Table 4
Pesticidal Effects of Different Concentration of Capsicum frutescens Fruit Extract
in terms of Time it takes to Kill
Capsicum frutescens Fruit 1 2 3
Extract
T1- 25% 155 104 111 123.33
T2- 50% 139 85 100 108
T3- 75% 105 96 94 98.33
T4- 100% 86 50 95 77

17
Table 4 showed the pesticidal effects of different concentration of Capsicum
frutescens fruit extract in terms of time it takes to kill the ants in seconds. The 25%
concentration of C. frutescens fruit extract are found to kill the ants in an average of
123.33 seconds. The 50% concentration of C. frutescens fruit extract are found to kill
the ants 108 seconds. The 75% concentration are found to kill the ants in 98.33
seconds. While the 100% concentration killed the ants in an average of 77 seconds.
In addition, according to Romano (nd), as cited by Paradillo 2017, chili is a highly
tasting pepper plant fruit that can be used as a pesticide.
The results showed that C. frutescens fruit extract is an effective pesticide in
terms of the time it takes to kill all the ants. Furthermore, it is found out that C.
frutescens fruit extract can kill the ants in as fast as 50 seconds.
3. What is the pesticidal effects of the combined Carica papaya leaf and Capsicum
frutescens fruit extract in red imported fire ants as alternative pesticide in terms of:
a. mortality rate
Table 5
Pesticidal Effects of the Combined Carica papaya Leaf and Capsicum frutescens
Fruit Extract in Red Imported Fire Ants as Alternative Pesticide in terms of
Mortality Rate

18
Combined Carica papaya
Leaf and Capsicum

1 2 3
frutescens Fruit Extract
T1- 25% 5 5 5 5
T2- 50% 5 5 5 5
T3- 75% 5 5 5 5
T4- 100% 5 5 5 5
Table 5 shows the pesticidal effects of the combined Carica papaya Leaf and
Capsicum frutescens fruit extract in red imported fire ants as alternative pesticide in
terms of mortality rate. All the concentrations of the combined C. papaya leaf extract
and C. frutescens fruit extract are found to kill 5 ants in all of its replications.
Results implied that C. papaya leaf and C. frutescens fruit extract as a
comparable quality in the commercial available pesticide. Juliantara 2010, argued that
papaya leaf extract is one of the natural insecticides that can be utilized. The chemical
element "Papain" is found in papaya leaves and is very effective in suppressing
caterpillars and sucking pests. Fruit extract has been demonstrated to be more effective
than leaf extract in terms of killing. Both extracts contained tannins, alkaloids, steroids,
and glycosides, according to preliminary phytochemical investigation (Kekuda T. R et al.
2010).

19
It was found out that the combined Carica papaya leaf extract and Capsicum
frutescens fruit extract is an effective pesticide in terms of the mortality rate of the ants.
Table 6
Pesticidal Effects of the Combined Carica papaya Leaf and Capsicum frutescens
Fruit Extract in Red Imported Fire Ants as Alternative Pesticide in terms of
Time it takes to kill
Combined Carica papaya
Leaf and Capsicum

1 2 3
frutescens Fruit Extract
T1-25% 92 109 105 102
T2-50% 71 53 63 62.33
T3-100% 38 37 29 34.67
T- 100% 7 8 6 7
Table 6 shows the Pesticidal Effects of the Combined Carica papaya Leaf and
Capsicum frutescens Fruit Extract in Red Imported Fire Ants as Alternative Pesticide in
terms of Time it takes to kill the ants in seconds. The 25% concentration of combined C.
papaya leaf extract and C. frutescens fruit extract found to kill the ants in an average of
102 seconds. The 50% concentration of combined C. papaya leaf extract and C.

20
frutescens fruit extract is found to kill the ants in an average of 62.33 seconds. The 75%
concentration are found to kill the ants in an average of 34.67 seconds. While the 100%
concentration killed the ants in an average of 7 seconds.
The results indicated that C. papaya leaf C. frutescens fruit extract is equivalent
in quality to commercially marketed pesticides. Therefore it can be used as an
alternative pesticide. Fruit extract has been demonstrated to be more effective than leaf
extract in terms of killing. Both extracts contained tannins, alkaloids, steroids, and
glycosides, according to preliminary phytochemical investigation (Kekuda T. R et al.
2010). This was also mentioned in the study of Julaily et al. 2013 as cited by Sunarti
2019, papaya gum contains a set of cysteine protease enzymes like papain and
kimopapain. Plant-eating insects are poisoned by alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, and
nonprotein amino acids found in papaya sap.
It was found out that the combined Carica papaya leaf extract and Capsicum
frutescens fruit extract is an effective pesticide in terms of the time it takes to kill the
ants. It was also found out that the combined C. papaya leaf extract and the C.
frutescens fruit extract can kill the ants in as fast as 6 seconds.
4. Is there a significant difference in the pesticidal effects among the experimental
group as alternative pesticide in terms of:
a. mortality rate

21
Table 7
Summary of Difference in the Pesticidal Effects among the Experimental Group
as Alternative Pesticide in terms of Mortality Rate
Computed f Critical f
Variables df Interpretation
value value
Different Concentration
of Carica papaya Leaf 2 0.269231 4.256495 Not Significant
Extract
of Capsicum frutescens 2 65535 4.256495 Significant
Fruit Extract
Combined Carica
papaya Leaf and
Capsicum frutescens 2 65535 4.256495 Significant
Fruit Extract
Summary of difference in the pesticidal effects among the experimental group
(C. papaya leaf extract, C. frutescens fruit extract, and combined C. papaya leaf
extract and C. frutescens fruit extract as alternative pesticide in terms of mortality rate
can be observed in the table above.

22
It can be glanced, that the computed f value, is less than f critical with 2 degrees
of freedom at 5% level of significance in the concentration of C. papaya leaf extract in
terms of mortality rate, therefore the null hypothesis is accepted. On the other hand,
different concentration of C. frutescens fruit extract and the combined C. papaya leaf
extract and C. frutescens fruit extract have a computed f value greater than f critical with
2 degrees of freedom at 5 % level of significance in terms of mortality rate, therefore the
null hypothesis is rejected.
It implies that there is no significant difference in pesticidal effect of different
concentration of C. papaya leaf extract in terms of mortality rate and there is a
significant difference in different concentration of C. frutescens fruit extract and
combined C. papaya leaf extract and C. frutescens fruit extract both in terms of
mortality rate.
Table 8
Summary of Difference in the Pesticidal Effects among the Experimental Group
as Alternative Pesticide in terms of time it takes to kill
Computed f Critical f
Variables df Interpretation
value value
of Carica papaya Leaf 2 0.006945 4.256495 Not Significant
Extract
Different Concentration 2 Not Significant

23
of Capsicum frutescens
2.628523 4.256495
Fruit Extract
Combined Carica
papaya Leaf and
Capsicum frutescens 2 0.001039 4.256495 Not Significant
Fruit Extract
Summary of difference in the pesticidal effects among the experimental group
(C. papaya leaf extract, C. frutescens fruit extract, and combined C. papaya leaf
extract and C. frutescens fruit extract) as alternative pesticide in terms of time it takes to
kill can be observed in the table above.
It can be glanced, that the computed f value, is less than f critical with 2 degrees
of freedom at 5% level of significance in terms of time it takes to kill, therefore the null
hypothesis is accepted.
It implies that there is no significant difference in the pesticidal effects among the
experimental group (C. papaya leaf extract, C. frutescens fruit extract, and combined
C. papaya leaf extract and C. frutescens fruit extract) in terms of time it takes to kill.
This could be due to pesticidal properties present in C. papaya leaf extract and
C. frutescens fruit extract.

24
IV. Conclusion and Recommendation
Conclusion
Based on the findings of the study, the following statements are concluded:
1. The ants sprayed with the different concentration of Carica papaya leaf extract
shown high mortality rate. And almost all of the ants sprayed with the different
concentrations of Carica papaya leaf extract are killed within the observation time of e
minutes.
2. The ants sprayed with the different concentrations of Capsicum frutescens fruit
extract shown high mortality rate. Furthermore, all of the ants sprayed with the different
concentrations of Capsicum frutescens fruit extract are killed within the observation time
of 3 minutes.
3. The ants sprayed with the different concentrations of combined Carica papaya
leaf extract and Capsicum frutescens fruit extract shown high mortality rate.
Furthermore, all of the ants sprayed with the combined Carica papaya leaf extract and
Capsicum frutescens fruit extract are killed within the observation time of 3 minutes.
4. There is no significant difference in the pesticidal effects of C. papaya leaf
extract, C. frutescens fruit extract, and combined C. papaya leaf extract and C.
frutescens as alternative pesticides in terms of mortality rate. On the other hand, there
is no significant difference in different concentrations of C. papaya leaf extract in terms
of mortality rate, while different concentrations of C. frutescens fruit extract and

25
combined C. papaya leaf extract and C. frutescens fruit extract have a significant
difference in terms of mortality.
Recommendation
1. Based on the findings and conclusions of the study the following statements were
recommended:
2. Test the alternative pesticide to other pests.
3. Test the alternative pesticide in an actual setting.
4. Have the product tested for its chemical contents to have further knowledge and
determine its effectivity level.
5. Try other ways in obtaining the extract from the Carica papaya leaves and
Capsicum frutescens fruits.
6. Further study to improve the quality of the produced pesticide.

26
References
Nicolopoulou-Stamati, P. (2016). Chemical Pesticides and Human Health: The Urgent

Need for a New Concept in Agriculture.
Retrieved from: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2016.00148/full
Fruit Growers. (2019). The Benefits of Pesticide Use in Agriculture.
Retrieved from: https://fruitgrowers.com/the-benefits-of-pesticide-use-in-

agriculture/
Pesticide Facts. (2020). The Importance & Benefits of Pesticides
Retrieved from: https://pesticidefacts.org/topics/necessity-of-pesticides/
United State Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2021). Why We Use Pestecides
Retrieved from: https://www.epa.gov/safepestcontrol/why-we-use-pesticides
Guest, D.I., (2017). Encyclopedia of Applied Plant Sciences (Second Edition)
Retrieved from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological

sciences/plant-pests
Pest World.org. (2022). Red Imported Fire Ants 101.
Retrieved from: https://www.pestworld.org/news-hub/pest-articles/red-imported-

fire-ants-101/
SAGE Pest Control. (2022). Red Imported Fire Ants: A North Carolina Homeowner’s
Guide.
Retrieved from: https://www.sagepestcontrol.com/blog/2022/march/red-imported-

fire-ants-a-north-carolina-homeowne/

27
Hariono, M. et. al. (2021). The Future of Carica papaya Leaf Extract as an Herbal
Medicine.
Retrieved from: https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/22/6922/pdf
Juliantara, I.K.P. (2010). Utilization of Papaya Leaf Extracts (Carica Papaya) as a

Natural Pesticide.
Retrievedfrom:https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.kompasiana.com/amp/ikpj/
utilization-of-papaya-leaf-extracts-carica-papaya-as-a-natural
pesticides54ff51efa33311f94b50fcdd
Conceicao, P. (2020). The Properties of Papaya Leaf Insecticide
Retrieved from: https://www.ehow.com/list_6790220_properties-papaya-leaf-

insecticide.html
Sunarti, A. (2019). The Effectiveness of Carica Papaya Leaf Extract (Carica papaya L.)
Against.
Retrieved from: https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http
://jurnal.radenfatah.ac.id/index.php/biota/article/download/2661/
Vera-Guzmán, A. M. (2017). Flavonoid and Capsaicinoid Contents and Consumption of

Mexican Chili Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Landraces
Retrieved from: https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/54776
Practicalaction.org. (2020). Natural Pesticides - Chilli pepper - Practical Answers
Retrieved from: https://answers.practicalaction.org/our-resources/item/natural-

pesticides-chilli-pepper/
Paradillo, A.L. (2017). The Effect Of Chili Pepper (Capsicum Annum) As Feasible
Pesticides For Crop Production

28
Retrieved from: https://sectionthejgroup3blog.wordpress.com/2017/03/10/
research-proposal-by-april-lyn-paradillo/
Prashnith, K. T. R. (2012). Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity of Anaphalis lawii
(Hook.f.) Gamble
Retrieved from: https://www.google.com/search?q=kekuda+t.+r.+et+al+2010

29
Appendices
Mortality Rate (C.papaya)
Anova: Single Factor
SUMMARY
Groups Count Sum Average Variance
Column 1 3 15 5 0
Column 2 3 15 5 0
Column 3 3 15 5 0
ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between Groups 0 2 0 65535 #DIV/0! 5.143253
Within Groups 0 6 0
Total 0 8
Mortality Rate (C. frutescens)
SUMMARY
Column 1 4 20 5 0
Column 2 4 20 5 0
Column 3 4 20 5 0
ANOVA
Within Groups 0 9 0
Total 0 11

30
Mortality Rate (Combined C. papaya and C. frutescens)

SUMMARY
Column 1 4 20 5 0
Column 2 4 20 5 0
Column 3 4 20 5 0
ANOVA
Within Groups 0 9 0
Total 0 11
Time it takes to kill (C.papaya)
SUMMARY
Column 1 4 342 85.5 4847
Column 2 4 347 86.75 5274.25
Column 3 4 324 81 5680.667
ANOVA
Source of
Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between
Groups 73.16667 2 36.58333 0.006945 0.993084 4.256495
Within
Groups 47405.75 9 5267.306
Total 47478.92 11

31
Time it takes to kill (C. frutescens)
SUMMARY
Column 1 4 485 121.25 986.9167
Column 2 4 335 83.75 566.9167
Column 3 4 400 100 60.66667
ANOVA
Source of
Between
Groups 2829.167 2 1414.583 2.628523 0.126171 4.256495
Within
Groups 4843.5 9 538.1667
Total 7672.667 11
Time it takes to kill (combined C. papaya and C. frutescens)
SUMMARY
Column 1 4 208 52 1394
Column 2 4 207 51.75 1803.583
Column 3 4 203 50.75 1856.25
ANOVA
Source of
Between 3.5 2 1.75 0.001039 0.998962 4.256495

32
Groups
Within
Groups 15161.5 9 1684.611
Total 15165 11
Documentation
Materials

33
Small Graduated
Petri Dish Cylinder
Petri Dish Small Graduated Cylinder
Collection andBeaker
Selection of Spray Bottle
Materials

34
Extraction of Carica papaya leaves and Capsicum frutescens fruits (Chopping-

Blending)
Preparation of Treatment

35
Determining the Pesticidal
Effects of Carica papaya
leaf extract, Capsicum
frutescens fruit extract and
combined Carica papaya
leaf extract and Capsicum
frutescens fruit extract in ants as Alternative
Pesticide

36
1.1. Collection of Data


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Republic of the Philippines

PESTICIDAL EFFECTS OF Carica papaya LEAF EXTRACT AND Capsicum

frutescens FRUIT EXTRACT IN RED IMPORTED FIRE ANT (Solenopsis

invicta buren) AS AN ALTERNATIVE PESTICIDE

Karl Harvy D. Seño

Capstone Project Adviser

The capstone project attached hereto titled “PESTICIDAL EFFECTS OF

JOYCE LANUZA- BANCO, Ph. D

APPROVED and ACCEPTED in partial fulfillment

DOROTEO S. MENDOZA SR. MEMORIAL NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

one way or another helped them in conducting the study.

Bedilla B. Navelgas, Principal II of Doroteo S. Mendoza Sr. Memorial National

High School for giving permission to conduct the study;

professors for their unending support and knowledge;

DOROTEO S. MENDOZA SR. MEMORIAL NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

This piece of work

Is lovingly and humbly dedicated to

Mr. Tirso Añonuevo & Mrs. Sonia Añonuevo;

Mr. Felipe M. Perez & Mrs. Caridad M. Perez;

Mr. Allan M. Seño & Mrs. Lorena D. Seño;

for their untiring support and love,

and above all to Almighty God.

DOROTEO S. MENDOZA SR. MEMORIAL NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

determine the pesticidal effects of different concentrations of C. papaya leaf extract, C.

time it takes to kill.

Results revealed that there is no significant difference in the pesticidal effects of

different concentrations of C. papaya leaf extract, and there is a significant difference in

different concentrations of C. frutescens fruit extract and combined C. papaya leaf

time it takes to kill.

DOROTEO S. MENDOZA SR. MEMORIAL NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

can be an alternative pesticide which is cost-effective and eco-friendly.

DOROTEO S. MENDOZA SR. MEMORIAL NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

DOROTEO S. MENDOZA SR. MEMORIAL NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

According to Nicolopoulou-Stamati (2016), pesticides are agrochemicals that are used

DOROTEO S. MENDOZA SR. MEMORIAL NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

may account for up to half of all insects.

consume nearly anything, plant or animal, that they can locate.

DOROTEO S. MENDOZA SR. MEMORIAL NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

the nests in parks and backyards (SAGE Pest Control, 2022)

in the production of alternative pesticide in red imported ants.

According to Conceicao (nd), alkaloids, papain, and cyanogenic glycosides are

DOROTEO S. MENDOZA SR. MEMORIAL NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

A. M. 2017, chili fruit contains up to 15 capsaicinoid chemicals or more, that can be

heat of chilies come from. As stated in answers.practucalaction.org, the capsaicin in

chilies acts as antifeedant, poison and repellant to number of pests. In addition,

alkaloids, steroids, and glycosides, according to preliminary phytochemical investigation

(Prashnith, K. T. R. et al. 2010).

Researchers believed that this study will be beneficial to everyone, especially

DOROTEO S. MENDOZA SR. MEMORIAL NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

DOROTEO S. MENDOZA SR. MEMORIAL NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

1. To determine the pesticidal effect of different concentration of Carica papaya leaf

extract in ants as alternative pesticide in terms of:

b. time it takes to kill

2. To determine the pesticidal effect of different concentration of Capsicum

frutescens extract in ants as alternative pesticide in terms of:

b. time it takes to kill

Capsicum frutescens extract in ants as alternative pesticide in terms of:

b. time it takes to kill

4. To determine the significant difference in the pesticidal effects among the

experimental group as alternative pesticide in terms of:

DOROTEO S. MENDOZA SR. MEMORIAL NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

b. time it takes to kill