FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY

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FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY

Maverick D. Figurres, Nathaniel Ian E. Guifaya, Jon Jovi B. Joson. Ramir M.

Martinez Jr., Gio Sergei G. Navarra

Floral occurence in the northwestern side of Mount Camiguin de Babuyanes,

Cagayan, Philippines

Thesis Adviser:
Benilda O. Laza, M.Agr.Sc.

Co-Thesis Adviser
Rudolph Valentino A. Docot, M.Sc.

Biological Sciences Department, Institute of Arts and Sciences

Far Eastern University

May 2019

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Institute of Arts and Sciences

Department of Biological Sciences

This is to certify that the thesis prepared by:

Maverick D. Figurres, Nathaniel Ian E. Guifaya, Jon Jovi B. Joson. Ramir M.
Martinez Jr., Gio Sergei G. Navarra.

Entitled:

Floral occurence in the northwestern side of Mount Camiguin de Babuyanes,

Cagayan, Philippines

and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Bachelor of Science in

Biology complies with the regulation of Far Eastern University and meets the accepted
standards with respect to originality and quality.

Signed by the following panelists:

___________________________ ___________________________
Ruby Delos Reyes Olipany, M.Sc. Cynthia B. Mintu, M.Sc.

______________________________
Mary Victory E. Gutierrez, M.Sc.

Approved by:

___________________________
Benilda O. Laza, M.Agr.Sc.
Program Head
Department of Biological Sciences

____________________________
Jose Edwardo R. Mamaat, RMT, M.D.
Dean
Institute of Arts and Sciences

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April 2019

Institute of Arts and Sciences

Department of Biological Sciences

CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY

We hereby declare that this thesis is a product of our own work and that, to the
best of our knowledge and belief. It contains no material previously published or written
by another person nor material to which to a substantial extent has been accepted for
award or any other degree or diploma from a university or other institute of higher
learning, except where due acknowledgement is made in the text.

We also declare that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of our
work, even though we may have received assistance from other on style, presentation and
language expression.

________________________ ________________________
Nathaniel Ian E. Guifaya Ramir M. Martinez Jr.

________________________ _________________________
Jon Jovi B. Joson Maverick D. Figuerres

__________________________
Gio Sergei G. Navarra

__________________________
Benilda O. Laza, M.Agr.Sc.
Thesis Adviser

_________________________________
Rudolph Valentino A. Docot, M.Sc.
Co-Thesis Adviser

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We would like to express our deepest gratitude and appreciation to the following,
for without them, our thesis would not have been possible
Rudolph Valentino Abrenica Docot M.Sc., for all his help and guidance that he
has given us the entire year until we have finished our thesis. We have no words how
much we are grateful to him for being our adviser, for the opportunity to work with him
in the FEUH. Thank you for broadening our knowledge and expanding our horizons to
face the real world. We will forever be thankful.
John Michael Agcaoili for accompanying us in our field work and taking care of
us while we were on the mountain.
To Danilo N. Tandang of the Philippine National Herbarium (PNH), our utmost
thanks for helping us in identifying our specimens.
To Karla Gutierrez, thank you for helping us in our thesis specially in our data
table.
To the Parents, Thank you for supporting us and giving all our needs to finsish
our thesis. We love you very much.
And to Almighty Father, for being our life support through all these tough times.
Our thesis is dedicated to you and your glory. We thank you for always being there with
us, guiding us and giving us the strength to move forward. Our faith in you in
unwavering.

Nathaniel Guifaya
Maverick Figuerres
Jon Jovi Joson
Ramir Martinez Jr.
Gio Sergei Navarra

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ABSTRACT

Camiguin Island of the north (not to be confused with Camiguin province of

Mindanao) is one of the many islands of the Philippines which is difficult to access
because of the unpredictable weather, making it also difficult for researchers to study its
biodiversity. At present, biodiversity studies in the island only focused on its fauna. This
study aims to assess the flora of the island’s highest point, Mount Camiguin de
Babuyanes, through vegetational structure analysis. A total of seven 10 × 10 m plots were
established in every 100 m of the mountain (e.g., 50 m, 150 m, 250 m …). Nested plot
method was used to assess each plots (10 × 10 m for >10 m trees; 2.5 × 2.5 m for <10 m
trees vines, shrubs, and tall herbs; and 0.5 × 0.5 m for small and ground herbs). A total of
70 species belonging within 44 plant families were identified in all the seven plots. In
addition, the purposive sampling of this study recorded a total of 28 species belonging to
16 families. The calculated Shannon-Diversity index values of each plot revealed that
plot five was the most diverse plot (H = 1.713). In fact, the evenness value of plot five
was also the lowest among seven plots (0.6161). Furthermore, the mallow family
Malvaceae obtained the highest importance value and thus, it is most dominant family
within the seven plots. In the species level, Donax canniformis obtained the highest
importance value, and this species was also the most abundant species throughout the
seven plots. Interestingly, one new species record for the Philippines namely
Vanoverberghia sasakiana, is reported here as well as the extension of Nepenthes
distribution in the Philippines as far as north in Camiguin Island.

Keywords: Donax canniformis; evenness; importance value; Malvaceae; Nepenthes

alata; nested plot method; Shannon-Diversity index; Vanoverberghia sasakiana

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Approval Page ii

Certificate of Originality iii

Acknowledgements iv

Abstract v

Table of Contents vi

List of Appendices ix

List of Tables x

List of Figures xi

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study 1

1.2 Statement of the Problem 3

1.3 Objectives of the Study 3

1.4 Significance of the Study 4

1.5 Scope and Limitations 4

CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Philippine Flora 5

2.1.1 Different Floral Assessment Studies in the Philippines 5-6

2.2 Vegatational analyses 5-6

2.2.1 Different Terrestrial Sampling Techniques 6

2.2.1.1 Quadrat Method 6

2.2.1.2 Transect line method 6-7

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2.2.1.3 Point quadrat method 7

2.2.1.4 Nested Plotting 7

2.3 Species Diversity Indices 7

2.3.1 Shannon Weinner 8

2.4 Elevational Diversity Gradient 8

2.5 Camiguin Island of the North 9

2.6 Species Richness 9

2.7 Species Diversity along Elevational Gradient 10

2.8 Mountain Species Diversity 11

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY

3.1 Study Site 13

3.2 Study Design and Data Collection 13

3.3 Plant Collection 14

3.4 Herbarium sheet preparation 15

3.5 Morphological Examination 15

3.6 Vegetation Structure Analysis 16

3.7 Species Diversity and Species Evenness 16

CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Species Composition 18

4.2 Species Abundance 19

4.3 Species diversity and Species evenness 19

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4.4 Vegatation Structure analysis 28

4.5 New Species Records

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 32

REFERENCES 33

CURICULUM VITAE 49

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List of Appendices

Appendix I. List of all plots 38

Appendix II. List of all Specimens with FEUH accession number 42

Appendix III List of Purposive Specimens. 45

Appendix IV. DENR Permit 46

Appendix V. Curriculum Vitae 49

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List of Tables

Table 01. Overstory Vegetational Analysis 23-27

Table 02. Shannon Weiner Diversity Index 28

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List of Figures

Figure 01. Map of Camiguin Island, Calayan, Cagayan, Philippines 13

Figure 02 Study design of the nested plots. 14

Figure 03. Formulas used by Lumbres et al. (2012) 16

Figure 04 . Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and evenness formula 17

Figure 05. Plant Habit Chart 18

Figure 06. Selected Plant Species 20

Figure 07. Selected Plant Species 21

Figure 08. Selected Plant Species 22

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

The Philippines is an archipelagic country composed of thousands of islands that

are surrounded by bodies of water. Despite having a limited land area, the country

showcases diverse habitats that houses unique flora and fauna species (Amoroso, 2012),

holding two-thirds of earth’s biological diversity (Mittermeier et al., 2005). Even though

Philippines is considered as one of the 17 mega diversity countries, the country also ranks

as one of the most threatened ecological regions today (Fernando et al., 2007; FPE,

2018).

In 2013 the number of plant species in the Philippines ranges for about 16,000

and about 45% to 60% percent of these plants are endemic to the Philippines. The

Department of Environment and Natural Resources-Biodiversity Management Bureau

Estimated that it is even higher for flowering plants that are mainly found in the forests,

leading to an estimation of 70% to 80% are endemic species (FPE, 2018).

Padel et. al. (2015) mentioned that biodiversity is an association of living

organisms that may or may not have the same habitat. Every organism has a great value

in terms of their structure and function in certain habitats. Diversity of plants are

essential to our ecosystem because people and some animals are dependent on plants for

their diet (Heywood 1992). Christy et al (2010) discussed that Elevational gradients, in

abiotic conditions exhibits complex variation over short distances and elevational the

species richness if an area varies between the groups that are present. In order to conserve

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the ‘biodiversity of the Philippines, protected areas are being established (Replan &

Malaki, 2017).

Camiguin Island of the North (not Camiguin of Mindanao), is a volcanic island

containing the forested stratovolcano Mount Camiguin de Babuyanes Island (712 m;

last eruption 1857) which occupies the southern tip of the island. The island also houses

two other inactive volcanoes namely Mount Malabsing and Mount Pamoctan

(COMVOL, 1981; Defant et al., 1989, 1990). The island lies within the Babuyan

Channel and the Pacific Ocean, making it difficult to access because of the unpredictable

weather (e.g., gateway for tropical typhoons in the country), making it also difficult for

researchers to study its flora and fauna biodiversity.

1.2 Statement of the problem

Diversity assessment studies is well established in the country, but only focused

on fauna (e.g., Heany, 2001) and few on flora. There are several localities in which

biodiversity studies are wanting because some are very difficult to access. One of these is

Camiguin Island of the North in which only few biodiversity studies have been made

(e.g., Broad & Oliveros, ).

1.3 Objectives of the study

The main objective of this study is to conduct floral diversity assessment and in

the northwestern side of Mount Camiguin de Babuyanes, Calayan, Cagayan. Specifically,

the study aims to:

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1. Assess the flora of the northwestern side of Mount Camiguin de Babuyanes

through vegetation structure analysis using the nested plot method (10 × 10 m);

2. Collect the plant species found within each plot and perform morphological

examination for identification; and

3. Determine the species evenness and species diversity of each plot using Shannon-

Weiner Diversity Index;

1.4. Significance of the Study

This study will help promote the conduction of diversity studies focused on flora

in the Philippines. Moreover, since this will be the first floral diversity assessment in the

northwestern side of Mount Camiguin de Babuyanes as well as in the island of Camiguin.

The result of this study will serve as the baseline for future biodiversity studies such as

conservation and systematics.

1.5 Scope and Limitation of the Study

This study will only include spermatophytes (vascular plants). The northwestern

part of the mountain was survyeyed because this is the only accessible side of the

mountain. The vegatational analysis of this study was mainly based on Lumbres et al.

(2012) equations.

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Philippine Flora

The Philippines is the home of 3557 endemic species and 26 endemic genera. Of

these, 3200 species are angiosperms, 6 gymnosperms and 351 are pteridophytes (ferns

and fern allies) (Amoroso et al., 2006, 2009; Madulid, 1991).

2.1.1 Different Floral Assessment Studies in the Philippines

One of the key Biodiversity areas (KBA) in the Philippines is Lake Mainit. But

due to human activities, it is at risk of forest degradation. The study will identify and

assess the endemic and endangered flora of Lake Mainit and its watershed ( Demetillo,

Seronay, Lador, 2015).

Lumbres et al (2012) assessed the floral composition of the alno communal mixed

forest in the Philippines by using quadrat method for the assessment of trees, shrubs,

saplings, and seedlings. According to their study there is a total of 78 species belonging

to 43 families were identified in the communal forest. A total of 31 species belonging to

20 families were found in assessing grasses, herbs, ferns and other low-lying vegetation.

2.2 Vegatation analyses

Field studies of vegetation began in the early nineteenth century with the work of

Alexander von Humbolt (1805) in plant geography. This was a study of the spatial

distribution of taxa and their evolutionary relationships and became the classic of the

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natural sciences concerning dispersal. Over time, various areas of specialization within

vegetation study have developed and the approaches behind it are very widespread. All

vegetation data gathering must be selective since it would be impractical to undertake

total recording or description of vegetation. Two important consideration results are the

type of data to collect and spatial location of the sampling points. Before any method of

vegetation sampling is used in the field, a huge number of considerations must be

examined (Randall, 1978).

2.2.1 Different Terrestrial Sampling Techniques

2.2.1.1 Quadrat Method

A quadrat is a frame that is laid down to mark out a specific area of the

community to be sampled. Within the quadrat frame, the occurrence of plants is

recorded using an appropriate measure of abundance. Quadrats may be square,

rectangular or circular and they may be of any appropriate size. The quadrat method can

be used in virtually any vegetation type to quantify the plant community. However,

some vegetation types are best sampled using other techniques (e.g., a point‐frame for

grasslands, or point‐quarter method for forests) (Baxter, 2014).

2.2.1.2 Transect line method

A transect line is any line, marked at regular intervals, that is easy to use in the

field. Transect lines can be purchased commercially, made from measuring tape or rope

marked off at regular intervals. Line transect sampling offers an efficient way to monitor

many species. However, the method does not work well in some circumstances, for

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example on small survey plots, when the plant species has a strongly aggregated

distribution, or when plants that are on the line are not easily detected (Buckland,

Borchers, Johnston, Henrys, Marques, 2007).

2.2.1.3 Point quadrat method

This method is a refinement of previous sampling methodology (modified

quadrat) used by DAR biologists to obtain information on goby populations (Baker &

Foster, 1992). In 1989, DAR began using the point quadrat methodology developed by

DAR field biologists and technicians.

2.2.1.4 Nested Plotting

In nested experiments like split-plot designs, where the data are gathered at two or

more different spatial scales, there is a different error variance for each different plot size.

In most nested analyses, most (or all) of the factors are random effects. A combination of

large and small multi-scale and single-scale plots greatly improves our understanding of

native and exotic plant diversity patterns.

2.3 Species Diversity Indices

Diversity indices provide more information about community composition than

simply species richness (i.e., the number of species present); they also take the relative

abundances of different species into account. Diversity indices provide important

information about rarity and commonness of species in a community. The ability to

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quantify diversity in this way is an important tool to understand community structure.

(http://www.tiem.utk.edu/~gross/bioed/bealsmodules/shannonDI.html.)

2.3.1 Shannon Weinner

The shannon index is well known throughout ecology literacy which indicates the

genuinenity to diversity index (Tandon et al., 2007; Pandey and Kulkarni, 2006; Price,

1975), the shannon index has an identification which determined and conclude several

titles Shannon’s diversity index, the Shannon -Wiener index, the Shannon- Weaver index

and the Shannon entropy (Poole, 1974; Niklaus et al., 2001, Hixon and Brostoff, 1983;

Sax, 2002). The proposition was delimited and credited to Claude E. Shannon which

made out her name for the index measuring technique to quantify such entrophy from

determining entities through informations. The quoted thought derives the limitation of

the letter variation, the equality occurs further in proportions of the interest abundance

which denotes the difficulty of the prediction into the following.

2.4 Camiguin Island of the North

Camiguin island is a paradise that separated into the bigger Island of Luzon.

Beautiful bodies of water, forests and mountains can be found in Camiguin Island which

is the diverse wonders of nature. At the southern tip of the island is a forested active

stratovolcano called Camiguin de Babuyanes. Standing at 712 meters above sea level and

it is known to have last erupted in 1857. Several fumaroles or opening of the planet's

crust are on the base of the volcano which emitting sulfur dioxide. In the western coast of

Camiguin, there are many unexposed beaches in the area. The longest coastline is located

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at the barangay of Naguillian. It has a boiling spring and also a perfect spot for whale

watching estimated of 2 miles with its powdery white sand. The sources of income in

Camiguin are fishing and farming. The crops produce is shifted to Aparri. The simple life

in Camiguin is very decent and respectable. Camiguin is a perfect definition of simplicity

and resourcefulness in this kind of industry.

2.5 Species Richness

Species richness patterns (SRPs) is widely believed that it is shaped by both

ecological and evolutionary processes. The main drivers of variation in SRP are Mean

annual temperature (MAT), mid-domain effect (MDE), and summed age of colonization

(SAC) (Kai Zhao, 2017). *Studies on elevational gradients have played prominent roles

in advancing our knowledge of the causes of species richness variation (Graham et. al.,

2014 Grytnes &McCain, 2007; Sanders & Rahbek, 2012). Species richness patterns

(SRPs) along elevational gradient generally present three forms: decreasing biodiversity

with increasing elevation, high diversity at low elevation plateaus, and unimodal richness

pattern peaking at mid elevations (McCain, 2009, 2010; Rahbek, 2005). A complex of

factors determines the community composition and structure, and the related species

diversity, of mountain vegetation (Kessler 2001; Schmidt et al 2006) One important

factor is elevational (McVicar & Korner 2012), which has a strong influence on the

structure of thr vegetation in most mountains in thd world (Brown 2001; Hawkins and

Diniz 2004; Rahbek 2005; Zhang, Ru et L 2006). All interpretations can be classified into

ecological (climatic hypotheses and spatial hypotheses) and evolutionary (evolutionary

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hypotheses and historical hypotheses) factors (Kozak & Wiens, 2010; Li et. al., 2009;

McCain 2007 a,b; Wiens, Parra-Oloea, Garcia-Paris & Wake, 2007).

2.6 Mountain Species Diversity

Mountain system are highly replicated, with different combinations of

geographical, environmental and historical factors. Mountains can differ in many

parameters such as geological history, area, maximum elevation, steepness, geographical

isolation, age, or patterns pf rainfall. Only few factors such as air pressure and air

temperature are strictly linked to elevation as such and change in universally uniform

ways (Kohmer, 2007). Most mountains are spatially constricted to different geographical

regions, implying that they have uniform regional species pool (Karger et al., 2015),

which allows to address questions regarding the role of historical factors in determining

the composition of communities (Rahbek et al., 2007; Karger et al., 2016a; Lessard et al.,

2016). Vegetation patterns are determined by environmental factors that exhibit

heterogeneity over space and time, such as climate, topography, and soil, as well as

human disturbance (Alexander and Millington 2000). Species richness, heterogeneity and

evenness were significantly correlated with elevation and disturbance. Elevation is a key

variable affecting species diversity in mountains, as established in numerous studies (eg

Rahbekv2005; Fetene et al 2006; Zhang, Ru, et al 2006; Muhumuza and Byarugaba

2009).

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CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Study Site

This study was conducted in Mount Camiguin de Babuyanes, Camiguin Island,

Calayan, Cagayan (Fig. 1). The northwestern side of the mountain was chosen as the

collection site since it was the only accessible area of the mountain.

Figure 1. Map of Camiguin island. Image from Google Earth.

3.2 Study Design and Data Collection

The vegetation structure and species diversity of plants within the mountain were

determined using the nested plot method (Fig. 2). A total of seven 10 × 10 m plots (every

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Figure 2. Study design of the nested plots to be used in this study.

100 masl: Mount Camiguin de Babuyanes is 712 masl) were made. These plots were

placed at the middle of each interval (center of the plot will be at 50 masl) (Fig. 2). All

trees with 10 cm diameter was recorded in each of the 10 × 10 m plot. Then, a 2.5 × 2.5

m plot was created inside it, and all trees with less than 10 cm diameter, vines, shrubs,

and tall herbs (> 1 m) were recorded. Lastly, a 0.5 × 0.5 m plot was created inside the 2.5

× 2.5 m plot, and all small herbs (< 1m) ground herbs, and grasses were recorded. The

specific locations of each plot was determined using a global positioning system (GPS)

device (GPS V; Garmin).

3.3 Plant Collection

At 2−3 branches of each species was obtained for preparation of herbarium, spirit,

and silica-dried leaf materials. Ephemeral characteristics, such as odor, colors etc. were

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also observed and noted. Each sample collected was folded with newspapers and was

placed in a polyethylene bag. Denatured alcohol was poured into the bag to prevent

abscissic acid activity, therefore preserving the plants for processing. The second or third

youngest leaf of each species was cut into pieces and were placed in zip-lock bags with

silica gel for molecular study (Chase & Hills, 1991). Reproductive parts such as flowers

and fruits were preserved in 70% ethanol for spirit specimens.

3.4 Herbarium Sheet Preparation

The collected specimens preserved in denatured alcohol were pressed using a

simple plant press apparatus. Each specimen was transferred in new newspapers and was

left inside the oven for a week to dry. The dried specimens were then sprayed with

denatured alcohol to avoid fungal growth and followed by air drying. The dried

specimens were mounted on a 29 × 43 cm Bristol boards together with their

corresponding field notes. All specimens including silica dried leaf material and spirit

specimen were deposited at Far Eastern University Herbarium (FEUH) (See Appendix III

for the complete details of each specimen used in this study).

3.5 Morphological Examination

Morphological examination of the collected specimens was done for initial

identification. Verification of our initial identification on each specimen were done by the

botanists from the Philippine National Herbarium (PNH).

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3.6 Vegetation Structure Analyses

In determining the vegetation structure of Mount Camiguin de Babuyanes, the

density (D), relative density (RD), frequency (F), relative frequency (RF), relative height

(RH), and importance value (IV) of each species found were determined using the

formulas of Lumbres et al. (2012) (Fig. 3). All gathered data were compiled in an MS

Excel together with the location and plots where the species are seen.

Figure 3. Formulas used by Lumbres et al. (2012) for vegetational structure analyses.

3.6 Species Diversity and Species Evenness

The species diversity was calculated using Shannon−Weiner Diversity Index (Ito

et al. 2006; Kodani 2006; Nagai and Yoshida Nagai 2006; Wen et al. 2010) calculated

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Figure 4. Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and evenness formula

as shown in figure 4, where H’ is the diversity index, pi is the proportions of the

individual species i, and ln is natural logarithm.

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CHAPTER IV

RESULTS & DISCUSSION

4.1 Species composition

A total of 70 taxa, 24 of which were identified up to species level, were recorded

within the seven plots established in this study (see Appedix I for the details of each

plots). These 70 taxa belongs within 44 vascular plant families, in which Araceae as the

most represented with five species, followed by Moraceae and Rubiaceae both with four

species. (Fig. 1). Among the 70 taxa collected, 18 species are endemic, 25 are native, and

two are introduced (Table 1). Furthermore, most of the taxa collected are shrubs (36%),

followed by trees (26%), small trees (17%), herbs (13%), and vines (8%) (Figure 2).

Plant Habit Chart

16%
26% Tree
Shrubs
10%
Small Trees
Herbs
14%
Vines
34%

Figure 4. Habit of the collected 70 taxa in the seven plots.

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This study also made an purposive sampling within Mount Camiguin de

Babuyanes and a total of 28 taxa belonging to 16 families, seven of which were not

identified up to species level, were collected (Appendix III). Nine of these species are

endemic to the Philippines, 16 are native, and one is introduced. Overall, this study

collected a total of 256 specimens which represent 98 taxa.

4.2 Species Abundance

In all of the seven plots, Donax canniformis (G.Forst.) K.Schum (Table. 1) is the

most abundant species with 17 individuals, which is 7.48% of total individual collected

(Table 4.1). It was followed by Melastoma sp. (2) with 14 individuals, Areca sp. with 10

individuals, and Selaginella deliculata (Desv.) Alston with nine individuals recorded.

Donax canniformis from the family Marantaceae is a widespread species

throughout South East Asia up to the Pacific islands (Pelser et al. 2011 onwards). The

species is very common in low and medium elevation secondary forests especially along

streams (Pelser et al., 2011 onwards). It’s known that the Babuyan group of islands is a

typhoon-battered zone together with Batanes Islands especially in the months of August

to February (Mayo, 2016). Therefore, the amount of rainfall in Camigiun Island is high,

favoring the habitat of D. canniformis.

4.3 Species diversity and Species evenness

The calculated Shannon-Diversity index values varies with the number of species

present, individual count, and evenness of each plot (Table 2.) The lowest Shannon-

Diversity index value was obtained in plot five (H = 1.713), while the highest was obtained

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L
Figure 5. Selected plant species. A. Schefflera sp. B. Vernonia lancifolia. C. Rhodomyrtus
tomentosa D. Syzygium fenicis. E. Uvaria sp. F. Wendlandia philippinensis. G. Ixora sp. H.
Uvaria sp. I. Ophiorrhiza kurowei. J. Oreocnide trinervis. K. Osmoxylon aff. luzonensis. L.
Magnolia sp. − Photographs by R.V.A. Docot and J. Joson.

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L
Figure 6. Selected plant species. A. Ixora philippinensis. B. Micromelum minutum. C. Donax
canniformis D. Melastoma sp. E. Lepisanthes fruticose. F. Aglaia rimosa. G. Homalomena
philippinensis. H. Ixora macrophylla. I. Calanthe furcata. J. Odenlandia sp. K. Psychotria sp. L.
Areca sp. − Photographs by R.V.A. Docot and J. Joson.

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A C

Figure 7. Selected plant species. A. Alpinia glabrescens. B. Ficus septica. C. Nepenthes alata. D.
Ophiorrhiza mungos. E. Ficus ampelas. F. Sterculia ceramica. G. Rhodomyrtus tomentosa. H.
Tabernaemontana pandacqui. I. Oreocnide trinervis. J. Leucosyke sp. K. Breynia sp. L.
Psychortria sp. − Photographs by R.V.A. Docot and J. Joson.

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 Relative Relative Relative Importane Status/
Family Scientific Name Tally
Density Frequency Height Value Endemism

Donax canniformis (G.Forst.)

17 7.49 4.74 0.76 12.99 Native
Marantaceae Herb K.Schum

Melastoma sp. (2) 14 6.17 1.16 0.26 7.59 -

Melastomataceae Shrub

Arecaceae Tree Areca sp. 10 4.41 1.16 1.39 6.96 -

Selaginellaceae Herb Selaginella delicatula (Desv.) Alston 9 3.96 2.41 0.03 6.40 Native

Lamiaceae Small tree Leukosayke sp. 8 3.52 1.16 0.88 5.57 -

Chisocheton pentandrus (Blanco)
8 3.52 1.16 5.46 10.15 Native
Meliaceae Tree Merr.

Pandanaceae Small tree Pandanus odorifer (Forssk.) Kuntze 8 3.52 2.41 0.61 6.54 Native

Pometia pinnata J.R.Forst. & G.Forst 8 3.52 2.41 1.43 7.37 Endemic
FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY

Sapindaceae Small tree

Rubiaceae Small tree Wendlandia philippinensis Cowan 7 3.08 2.41 0.56 6.06 Endemic

Lamiaceae Small tree Callicarpa micrantha S.Vidal 6 2.64 1.16 0.41 4.22 Native

Malvaceae Shrub Grewia sp. 6 2.64 2.41 1.44 6.50 -

Melastomataceae Shrub Melastoma sp. (1) 6 2.64 1.16 0.77 4.58 -

Schizaeaceae Lygodium circinnatum (Burm. f.) Sw. 5 2.20 1.16 0.75 4.11 Native

5 2.20 1.16 0.19 3.56 -

20
Urticaceae Shrub Elatostema sp.
 Osmoxylon aff. luzoniense (Merr.)
Araliaceae Shrub 4 1.76 2.41 1.45 5.62 Endemic
Philipson

Arecaceae Tree Pinanga insignis Becc. 4 1.76 3.58 2.55 7.89 Native

Moraceae Shrub Ficus sp. 4 1.76 1.16 0.50 3.43 -

Sapotaceae Tree Palaquium sp. 4 1.76 1.16 0.79 3.71 -

Urticaceae Shrub Oreocnide trinervis (Wedd.) Miq 4 1.76 2.41 0.81 4.98 Endemic

Poikilospermum suaveolens
Urticaceae Vine 4 1.76 1.16 0.46 3.39 Native
(Blume) Merr.

Herb fern 4 1.76 1.16 0.46 3.39 -

Clusiaceae Tree Garcinia sp. 3 1.32 1.16 4.62 7.11 -

Melanolepis multiglandulosa (Reinw.

Euphorbiaceae Shrub 3 1.32 1.16 0.61 3.10 Native
ex Blume) Rchb. & Zoll.

Lauraceae Shrub Lindera apoensis Elmer 3 1.32 1.16 0.52 3.00 Native
FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY

Leguminosae Tree Pterocarpus inducus Willd. 3 1.32 1.16 8.46 10.94 Endemic

Moraceae Tree Artocarpus blancoi (Merr.) Elmer 3 1.32 2.41 3.11 6.84 Endemic
Gymnacranthera farquhariana (Wall.
Myristicaceae Tree ex Hook.f. & Thomson) Warb. var. 3 1.32 1.16 2.65 5.14 Endemic
paniculata
Myristicaceae Tree Myristica cf. nivea Merr. 3 1.32 1.16 2.86 5.34 Endemic

21
 Rutaceae Small tree Melicope tryphylla (Lam.) Merr. 3 1.32 1.16 1.07 3.56 Endemic

Sapindaceae Tree Guioa sp. 3 1.32 1.16 2.25 4.74 -

Aquifoliaceae Shrub Ilex sp. 2 0.88 1.16 0.69 2.73 -

Homalomena philippinensis Engl. ex

Araceae Herb 2 0.88 1.16 0.26 2.30 Endemic
Engl. & K.Krause

Arecaceae Shrub Calamus sp. 2 0.88 1.16 0.15 2.20 -

Cannabaceae Tree Celtis luzonica Warb. 2 0.88 1.16 4.63 6.67 Endemic

Microcos philippinensis (Perkins)

Malvaceae Tree 2 0.88 2.41 4.81 8.10 Native
Burret

Malvaceae Tree Sterculia cf. ceramica R.Br. 2 0.88 1.16 5.92 7.96 Native

Meliaceae Tree Aglaia sp. 2 0.88 1.16 2.60 4.64 -

Meliaceae Tree Dysoxylum oppositifolium F.Muell. 2 0.88 2.41 4.08 7.37 Native
FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY

Moraceae Shrub Ficus ampelas Burm.f 2 0.88 1.16 0.43 2.48 Native

Moraceae Shrub Ficus septica Burm f. 2 0.88 1.16 0.36 2.41 Native

Pentaphylacaceae Shrub Ternstroemia cf. philippinensis Merr. 2 0.88 1.16 0.26 2.30 Endemic

Woodsiaceae Herb Diplazium sp. 2 0.88 1.16 0.36 2.41 -

22
 Zingiberaceae Herb Alpinia flabellata Ridl. 2 0.88 1.16 0.65 2.69 Endemic

Acanthaceae Herb Strobilanthes pluriformis C.B.Clarke 1 0.44 1.16 0.23 1.83 Native

Apocynaceae Shrub Tabernaemontana pandacaqui Poir 1 0.44 1.16 1.09 2.69 Native

Araceae Herb Aglaonema sp. 1 0.44 1.16 0.11 1.71 -

Araceae Vine Pothos cylindricus C.Presl 1 0.44 1.16 0.16 1.76 Native

Araceae Vine Pothos sp. 1 0.44 1.16 0.15 1.76 -

Araceae Vine Rhaphidophora sp. 1 0.44 1.16 1.39 2.99 Endemic

Araliaceae Shrub Schefflera sp. 1 0.44 1.16 0.44 2.04 -

Small Dracaena cf. multiflora Warb. ex

Asparagaceae 1 0.44 1.16 0.87 2.47 Native
tree Sarasin Reisen

Calophyllaceae Shrub Calophyllum sp. 1 0.44 1.16 1.28 2.88 -

FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY

Clusiaceae Tree Garcinia cf. vidalii Merr. 1 0.44 1.16 5.29 6.90 Endemic

Compositae Shrub Vernonia lancifolia Merr. 1 0.44 1.16 0.35 1.95 Endemic

Davalliaceae Herb Nephrolepis sp. 1 0.44 1.16 0.27 1.88 -

Small
Euphorbiaceae Mallotus cumingii Müll.Arg. 1 0.44 1.16 1.66 3.27 Native
tree

23
 Lamiaceae Tree Premna odorata Blanco 1 0.44 1.16 2.96 4.57 Endemic

Nepenthaceae Shrub Nepenthes alata Blanco 1 0.44 1.16 0.30 1.90 Endemic

Nyctaginaceae Small tree Pisonia umbellifera (J.R.Forst. & G.Forst) Seem 1 0.44 1.16 2.05 3.65 Introduce

Orchidaceae Shrub Calanthe furcata 1 0.44 1.16 0.26 1.86 Native

Polypodiaceae Herb Pyrrosia lanceolata (L.) Farw. 1 0.44 1.16 0.06 1.67 Native

Rubiaceae Shrub Ixora macrophylla Drake 1 0.44 1.16 0.41 2.01 Endemic

Rubiaceae Shrub Ixora sp. 1 0.44 1.16 0.38 1.98 Endemic

Rutaceae Tree Micromelum compressum (Blanco) Merr. 1 0.44 1.16 2.60 4.20 Endemic

Sapotaceae Small tree Planchonella sp. 1 0.44 1.16 1.07 2.68 -

FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY

Solanaceae Shrub Lycianthes sp. 1 0.44 1.16 0.54 2.14 -

Stemonuraceae Small tree Gomphandra luzoniensis Merr. 1 0.44 1.16 1.09 2.69 Native

Vitaceae Shrub Leea aculeata Blume ex Spreng 1 0.44 1.16 0.56 2.17 Cultivated

Zingiberaceae Herb Vanoverberghia sasakiana Funak. & H.Ohashi 1 0.44 1.16 0.40 2.01 Native

100 100 100 300

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 FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY

Table 2. Evenness and Shannon-Weiner Index values.

Plots Number of species Evenness Shannon-Diversiy index (H)

Plot 1 13 0.6449 1.789
Plot 2 13 0.8705 2.284
Plot 3 14 0.7441 2.413
Plot 4 13 0.8628 2.491
Plot 5 9 0.6161 1.713
Plot 6 13 0.7208 2.158
Plot 7 11 0.8058 2.087

in plot 4 (H = 2.568). It is known that low Shannon-Diversity index value indicate more

diversity while high values indicate less diversity (National Institute of Standards and

Technology, 2016). Therefore, plot five is the most diverse plot since the species within

the are not evenly distributed in the seven plots established. In fact, plot 5 gained the

lowest evenness value among the seven plots (0.6161). Of the nine species recorded in

plot five, only two species namely Pandanus odorifer (Forssk.) Kuntze and Pinanga

insignes Becc. occurs in the other plots, and the remaining seven species were only

recorded in plot five.

Lumbres et al. (2012) in their floral diversity assessment study concluded that the

Alno communal forest in Benguet is still diverse with Shannon-Diversity index values

ranging from 2.8113 to 3.2715. Therefore, the Shannon-Diversity index values obtained

within the seven plots indicate that Mount Camiguin de Babuyanes is indeed diverse.

4.4 Vegatation Structure analysis

The family that obtained the highest importance value (IV) was Malvaceae

(22.56), followed by Meliaceae, Arecaceae, Moraceae, and Lamiaceae with 22.16, 17.04,

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 FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY

15.15 and 14.35 respectively. A taxon with the highest importance value indicates that it

is the most dominant taxon in a given sampling area (Kimmerer, 2019). In this study, the

mallow family Malvaceae is the most dominant family within the seven plots and

represented with three species including the widespread Sterculia cermica R.Br., Grewia

sp. and Microcos philippinensis (Perkins) Burret. Malavceae includes species which have

economic impotance such as Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench (okra) and Gossypium

spp. (cotton). In addition, the family are also impotant component of forest vegetation

since it provide food for animals such birds and small mammals (Williams, 2018)

On the species level, Donax canniformis obtained the highest importance value

with 12.99% followed by Pterocarpus indicus Willd., Chisocheton pentandrus (Blanco)

Merr., M. philippinensis, and S.cermica with 10.94, 10.15, 8.10, and 7.96 respectively.

As explained above, D. canniformis is also the most abundant species. Furthermore, P.

indicus obtained the second highest importance value. This species has the nursing

capacity in the forest since they can grow up to 60 m. In addition, P. indicus is a

widespread species in the tropics, especially in South East Asia (Orwa et al 2009).

4.5 New species records

Examination of the collection Guifaya et al. s.n. (FEUH barcode no. 003119)

revealed that these are in fact Vanoverberghia sasakiana Funak. & H.Ohashi, the type

locality which is Lanyu Island, a small volcanic island is located c. 70 km SE of Taiwan

proper and c. 400 km N of Luzon Island. The significantly shorter leafy shoot and ligule,

mid-green peduncle and fruit, and translucent white floral bract separate it clearly from

Vanoverberghia sepulchrei Merr. of mainland Luzon. Furthermore, we recognise a

26
 FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY

fruiting collection also from Camiguin Island (G. Edaño 79204), previously identified as

Languas glabrescens (Ridl.) Merr. (= Alpinia glabrescens Ridl.), is also here recognised

as V. sasakiana by its pendulous infructescence and subglobose fruits (vs erect and

globose in A. glabrescens). Therefore, we report it as a new species record in the

Philippines.

In the Philippines, the northernmost distribution of the genus Nepenthes or pitcher

plants is in Ilocos Norte. In addition, there are no records of Nepenthes spp. in Batanes

Islands as well as in Babuyan group of islands. In this study, Nepenthes alata Blanco

(Fig.3 C) was recorded in plot seven and thus, extending its distribution at the north as

far as in Camiguin Island, Cagayan.

27
 FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The study used nested plot method to assess the flora of the northwestern part of

Mount Camiguin de Babuyanes. A total of 70 taxa, 46 of which were identified up to

species level, These 70 taxa belongs within 44 vascular plant families. Among all the

seven plots that were established, Plot five had the lowest Shannon-Weiner Diversity

index with a value of 1.713. Low Shannon Weiner Index value corresponds to High

Species Diversity of an area. We can conclude that Mt. Camiguin de Babuyanes is a well

diverse area. Donax canniformis (G.Forst.) K.Schum had the highest Importance value

among all species with a value of 12.99. In family level, Malvaceae had the highest

importance value among all represented families with a value of 22.56. furthermore, new

records of Vanoverberghia sasakiana Funak. & H.Ohashi and Nepenthes alata Blanco

being present in the Island of Camiguin was recorded.

Studies regarding the vegational analysis of Mt. Camiguin de Babuyanes very

little. More Studies focusing on its species diversity and species richness is highly

recommended in order to make data available for future studies regarding the mountains

diversity.

28
 FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY

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APPENDIX I
LIST OF PLOTS

Plot 1

Family Scientific name Tally

Rutaceae Melicope triphylla (Lam.) Merr. 3
Euphorbiaceae Melanolepis multiglandulosa 3
Moraceae Ficus septica Burm f. 2
Malvaceae Sterculia ceramica 2
Moraceae Atrocarpus treculianus Elmer 1
Cannabaceae Celtis luzonica Warb. 2
Stemonuraceae Gomphandra luzoniensis Merr. 1
Leguminosae Pterocarpus inducus Willd. 1
Apocynaceae Tabernaemontana pandacaqui Poir 1
Marantaceae Donax canniformis 12
Zingiberaceae Alpinia flabellata Ridl. 2
Malvaceae Grewia sp. 3
Arecaceae Calamus sp. 1
34

Plot 2

Common name Scientific name Tally

Moraceae Ficus ampelas Burm.f 2
Rutaceae Micromelum compressum (Blanco) Merr. 1
Clusiaceae Garcinia vidalii 1
Myristicaceae Myristica nivea 3
Euphorbiaceae Mallotus cumingii 1
Malvaceae Grewia sp. 3
Arecaceae Calamus sp. 1
Sapindaceae Guioa sp. 3
Rubiaceae Psychotria sp. 2
Arecaceae Pinangga insignes Becc. 2
Moraceae Artrocarpus treculianus Elmer 2
Schizaeaceae Lygodium circinatum 5
Araceae Pothos cylindricus 1
27

34
 FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY

Plot 3

Family Scientific name Tally

Meliaceae Chisocheton pentandrus (Blanco) Merr 8
Leguminosae Pterocarpus indicus 2
Meliaceae Dysoxylum oppositifolium 1
Lauraceae Lindera apoensis Elmer 3
Malvaceae Microcos philippinensis (Perkins) Burret 1
Urticaceae Oreocnide trinervis (Wedd.) Miq 1
Araliaceae Osmoxylon luzonensis 3
Marantaceae Donax canniformis 2
Sapotaceae Palaquium sp. 4
Sapindaceae Pometia pinnata 2
Rubiaceae Ixora macrophylla 1
Araceae Aglaonema philippinensis 1
Selaginellaceae Selaginella delicatula (Desv.) Alston 7
Acanthaceae Strobilanthes pluriformis C.B.Clarke 1
37

Plot 4

Family Scientific name Tally

Meliaceae Dysoxylum oppositifolium 1
Sapindaceae Pometia pinnata J.R.Forst. & G.Forst 6
Clusiaceae Garcinia binucao (Blanco) Choisy 3
Malvaceae Microcos philippinensis (Perkins) Burret 1
Nyctaginaceae Pisonia umbellifera (J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.) Seem 1
Marantaceae Donax canniformis 2
Calophyllaceae Calophyllum blancoi Planch. & Triana 1
Sapotaceae Planchonella sp. 1
Araceae Rhaphidophora sp. 1
Rubiaceae Ixora sp. nov. 1
Araliaceae Osmoxylon luzonensis 1
Selaginellaceae Selaginella delicatula (Desv.) Alston 2
Araceae Pothos sp. 1
22

35
 FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY

Plot 5

Family Scientific name Tally

Vitaceae Leea aculeata Blume ex Spreng 1
Pandanaceae Pandanus oradositimus 1
Arecaceae Pinangga insignes Becc. 1
Melastomataceae Melastoma sp. 6
Orchidaceae Calanthe furcata 1
Arecaceae Areca sp. 10
Araceae Homalomena philippinensis Engl. ex Engl. & K 2
Solanaceae Lycianthes biflora (Lour.) Bitter 1
Zingiberaceae Vanoverberghia sasakiana 1
24

Plot 6

Family Scientific name Tally

Pandanaceae Pandanus oradositimus 7
Lamiaceae Leukosayke sp. 8
Rubiaceae Wendlandia philippinensis Cowan 4
Moraceae Ficus sp. 4
Urticaceae Poikilospermum suaveolens 4
Lamiaceae Premna ordata Blanco 1
Urticaceae Oreocnide trinervis (Wedd.) Miq. 3
fern 4
Arecaceae Pinangga insignes Becc. 1
Marantaceae Donax canniformis 1
Urticaceae Elatostema sp. 5
Woodsiaceae Diplazium sp. 2
Compositae Vernonia lancifolia Merr. 1
45

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Plot 7

Family Scientific name Tally

Rubiaceae Gynochtedes sp. 3
Melastomataceae Melastoma sp. 2 14
Aquifoliaceae Ilex sp. 2
Lamiaceae Calicarpa micranta S.Vidal 6
Rubiaceae Wendlandia philippinensis 2
Nepenthaceae Nepenthes alata 1
Araliaceae Schefflera sp. 1
Pentaphylacaceae Ternstroemia cf. philippinensis 2
Asparagaceae Dracaena cf. multiflora 1
Davalliaceae Nephrolepis sp. 1
Polypodiaceae Pyrrosia lanceolata 1
34

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 FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY

APPENDIX II
LIST OF ALL SPECIMENS WITH FEU HERBARIUM ACCESSION NUMBER

Family Scientific name FEU Accession

Number
Unidentified fern 003223
Acanthaceae Strobilanthes pluriformis C.B.Clarke 003103
Annonaceae Uvaria sp. 003131
Annonaceae Uvaria sp. 003219
Apocynaceae Tabernaemontana pandacaqui Poir
Aquifoliaceae Ilex sp. 003197
Araceae Pothos cylindricus 002991
Araceae Homalomena philippinensis Engl. ex 002999
Engl. & K
Araceae Rhaphidophora sp. 003110
Araceae Aglaonema philippinensis 003116
Araceae Pothos sp.
Araliaceae Osmoxylon luzonensis 003112
Araliaceae Schefflera sp. 003201
Arecaceae Calamus sp. 002985
Arecaceae Pinangga insignes Becc. (1) 002988
Arecaceae Pinangga insignes Becc. (2) 003118
Arecaceae Pinanga insignis Becc. (3) 003124
Arecaceae Areca sp. 003125
Arecaceae Pinanga insignis Becc. 003207
Arecaceae Caryota cumingii Lodd. ex Mart. 003225
Asparagaceae Dracaena cf. multiflora 003203
Aspleniaceae Asplenium nidus L. 003121
Bixaceae Bixa orellana L. 003130
Calophyllaceae Calophyllum blancoi Planch. & Triana 003108
Cannabaceae Celtis luzonica Warb. 002975
Clusiaceae Garcinia vidalii 002981
Clusiaceae Garcinia binucao (Blanco) Choisy 003105
Compositae Vernonia lancifolia Merr. 003194
Davalliaceae Nephrolepis sp. 003204
Ebenaceae Diospyros lanceifolia Roxb. 003128
Euphorbiaceae Melanolepis multiglandulosa 002972
Euphorbiaceae Mallotus cumingii 002983
Lamiaceae Leukosayke 003187

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 FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY

Lamiaceae Premna ordata Blanco 003190

Lamiaceae Calicarpa micranta S.Vidal 003198
Lauraceae Lindera apoensis Elmer 002993
Leguminosae Pterocarpus inducus Willd. 002977
Magnoliaceae Magnolia aff. angatensis Blanco 003218
Malvaceae Sterculia ceramica 002974
Malvaceae Grewia sp. 002984
Malvaceae Microcos philippinensis (Perkins) Burret 002994
Malvaceae Microcos philippinensis (Perkins) Burret 003106
Marantaceae Donax caniformis (G.Forst.) K.Schum. 003126
Melastomataceae Melastoma sp. 2 003196
Melastomataceae Medinilla parvibractea 003227
Meliaceae Chisocheton pentandrus (Blanco) Merr 002992
Meliaceae Dysoxylum oppositifolium
Moraceae Ficus septica Burm f. 002973
Moraceae Ficus ampelas Burm.f 002979
Moraceae Artrocarpus treculianus Elmer (1) 002989
Moraceae Artocarpus treculianus Elmer (2) 003122
Moraceae Ficus sp. 003188
Myristicaceae Myristica nivea 002982
Myristicaceae Endocomia macrocoma (Miq.) W.J.de 003225
Wilde
Myrtaceae Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk 003127
var. tomentosa
Myrtaceae Syzygium fenicis (C.B.Rob) Merr. SPIRIT SPECIMEN
Nepenthaceae Nepenthes alata 003200
Nepenthaceae Nepenthes alata 003200
Nyctaginaceae Pisonia umbellifera (J.R.Forst. & 003107
G.Forst.) Seem
Orchidaceae Calanthe furcata 003115
Orchidaceae Calanthe triplicata (Willemet) Ames 003217
Pentaphylacaceae Ternstroemia cf. philippinensis 003202
Pittosporaceae Pittosporum moluccanum 003220
Polypodiaceae Pyrrosia lanceolata 003205
Rubiaceae Psychotria sp. 002987
Rubiaceae Ixora macrophylla 002998
Rubiaceae Ixora sp. nov. 003111
Rubiaceae Wendlandia philippinensis Cowan 003186
Rubiaceae Gynochtedes sp. 003195

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 FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY

Rubiaceae Wendlandia philippinensis 003199

Rubiaceae Ixora philippinensis 003206
Rubiaceae Ixora macrophyllaBartl. ex DC. 003208
Rubiaceae Canthium sp. 003209
Rubiaceae Ophiorrhiza kuroiwae Makino 003210
Rubiaceae Oldenlandia sp. 003211
Rubiaceae Ophiorrhiza mungos L. 003212
Rubiaceae Ixora macrophylla Bartl. ex DC. 003215
Rubiaceae Mycetia javanica (Blume) Reinw. ex 003216
Korth
Rubiaceae Psychotria sp. 003223
Rubiaceae Pavetta sp. 003224
Rubiaceae Ixora sp. 003111
Rutaceae Melicope triphylla (Lam.) Merr. 002971
Rutaceae Micromelum compressum (Blanco) Merr. 002980
Rutaceae Melicope sp. 003221
Sapindaceae Guioa sp. 002986
Sapindaceae Pometia pinnata 002997
Sapindaceae Pometia pinnata J.R.Forst. & G.Forst 003104
Sapindaceae Pometia pinnata J.R.Forst. & G.Forst 003123
Sapindaceae Lepisanthes fruticosus/ Lepisanthes 003129
fruticosa (Roxb.) Leenh.
Sapotaceae Palaquium sp. 002996
Sapotaceae Planchonella sp. 003109
Schizaeaceae Lygodium circinatum 002990
Selaginellaceae Selaginella delicatula (Desv.) Alston 003113
Solanaceae Lycianthes biflora (Lour.) Bitter 003117
Stemonuraceae Gomphandra luzoniensis Merr. 002976
Urticaceae Oreocnide trinervis (Wedd.) Miq 002995
Urticaceae Pipturus arborescens 003120
Urticaceae Poikilospermum suaveolens 003189
Urticaceae Oreocnide trinervis (Wedd.) Miq. 003191
Urticaceae Elatostema sp. 003192
Vitaceae Leea aculeata Blume ex Spreng 003114
Woodsiaceae Diplazium sp. 003193
Zingiberaceae Alpinia flabellata Ridl. 002978
Zingiberaceae Vanoverberghia sasakiana 003119
Zingiberaceae Alpinia glabrescens Ridl. 003213
Zingiberaceae Etlingera alba (Blume) A.D.Poulsen 003214

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APPENDIX III
LIST OF PURPOSIVE SPECIMENS

FAMILY Species
Annonaceae Uvaria sp. (1)
Annonaceae Uvaria sp. (2)
Arecaceae Pinanga insignis Becc.
Arecaceae Areca sp.
Arecaceae Pinanga insignis Becc.
Arecaceae Caryota cumingii Lodd. ex Mart.
Aspleniaceae Asplenium nidus L.
Bixaceae Bixa orellana L.
Ebenaceae Diospyros lanceifolia Roxb.
Magnoliaceae Magnolia aff. angatensis Blanco
Marantaceae Donax caniformis (G.Forst.) K.Schum.
Melastomataceae Medinilla parvibractea
Melastomataceae Memecylon sp.
Moraceae Artocarpus treculianus Elmer.
Myristicaceae Endocomia macrocoma (Miq.) W.J.de Wilde
Myrtaceae Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk var. tomentosa
Myrtaceae Syzygium fenicis (C.B.Rob) Merr.
Nepenthaceae Nepenthes alata
Orchidaceae Calanthe triplicata (Willemet) Ames
Pittosporaceae Pittosporum moluccanum
Rubiaceae Ixora philippinensis
Rubiaceae Ixora macrophyllaBartl. ex DC.
Rubiaceae Canthium sp.
Rubiaceae Ophiorrhiza kuroiwae Makino
Rubiaceae Oldenlandia sp.
Rubiaceae Ophiorrhiza mungos L.
Rubiaceae Ixora macrophylla Bartl. ex DC.
Rubiaceae Mycetia javanica (Blume) Reinw. ex Korth
Rubiaceae Psychotria sp.
Rubiaceae Pavetta sp.
Sapindaceae Pometia pinnata J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.
Sapindaceae Lepisanthes fruticosus (Roxb.) Leenh.
Urticaceae Pipturus arborescens
Zingiberaceae Alpinia glabrescens Ridl.
Zingiberaceae Etlingera alba (Blume) A.D.Poulsen

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APPENDIX IV
PHOTOGRAPHS OF ALL SPECIMENS USED IN THIS STUDY

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APPENDIX V
GRATUITOUS PERMIT FROM DENR REGION II

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APPENDIX VI
CURRICULUM VITAE

Guifaya, Nathaniel Ian E.

763 rosman II building san sebastian st. Quiapo, manila 1001
| 09771138932 | nathanielguifaya29@gmail.com

Education

• Tertiary: Far Eastern University Bachelor of

Science Major in Biology (2013-Present)

• Secondary: Isabela National High School (2013)

• Elementary: Saint Ferdinand College (2009)

• Skills:
• Oriented in Microsoft Office Applications such as:
o Microsoft Office Word
o Microsoft Office PowerPoint
o Microsoft Office Excel

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JOSON, JON JOVI BREDES

Blk.7 Lot 9 Ph. 2-A Elisa Homes Molino IV, Bacoor City, Cavite
Far Eastern University-Manila
Bachelor of Science in Biology
Contact No: (0995) 028 3324
Email Address: josonjonjovi@gmail.com

Educational Attainment

Tertiary Education Far Eastern University Nicanor Reyes Sr. St., Sampaloc,
Manila (2016-Present)

Secondary Education University of Perpetual Help Molino Campus Molino

III, Bacoor City, Cavite
(2013)

Primary Education Maria Mae Academy Molino IV,

Bacoor City, Cavite
(2009)

Personal Information

Age: 20 yrs old

Birth date: August 25, 1997

Nationality: Filipino

Religion: Roman Catholic

Height: 5’10 ½

Weight: 55kgs

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Ramir M. Martinez Jr
242 Pres. Manuel L. Quezon St. Brgy. Buli, Muntinlupa City
Far Eastern University
BS Biology Student
Contact No: (0916) 435 8238
Email Address: ramirmartinez16@gmail.com

Educational Background:

Tertiary Education Far Eastern University

Nicanor Reyes Sr. St., Sampaloc, Manila,
Sampaloc
BS Biology
(S.Y. 2017-Present )

Secondary Education San Roque Catholic School

Purok 1 Mendiola St. Brgy. Alabang,
Muntinlupa City
(S.Y. 2009-2013)

Primary Education Buli Elementary School

Brgy. Buli, Muntinlupa City
(S.Y. 2003-2009)

Personal Information:

Date of Birth : August 16, 1996

Place of Birth : Muntinlupa City
Age : 22
Nationality : Filipino
Sex : Male
Height : 5”5
Weight : 70kgs
Civil Status : Single
Religion : Catholic

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FIGUERRES,MAVERICK D.
310-A Sampaloc Street, Cembo Makati City
Far Eastern University-Manila
Bachelor of Science in Biology
Contact No: 0999-917-5253
Email Address: figuerresmaverick@gmail.com

Educational Attainment

Tertiary Education Far Eastern University

Nicanor Reyes Sr. St., Sampaloc, Manila

Secondary Education Fort Bonifacio High School

J.P. Rizal Extn. West Rembo Makati City

Primary Education East Rembo Elementary School

J.P. Eizal Extn. 16th ave. East Rembo Makati City

Personal Information

Age: 22 yrs old Birth date: January 18, 1997

Nationality: Filipino Religion: Roman Catholic

Height: 5’4 Weight: 63kgs

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Navarra, Gio Sergei G.

1040 M. Dela Fuente Street, Sampaloc, Manila
Far Eastern University-Manila
Bachelor of Science in Biology
Contact No: 0933- 8520590
Email Address: thegsgn@gmail.com

Educational Attainment

Tertiary Education Far Eastern University

Secondary Education College of the Immaculate Concepcion

Primary Education College of the Immaculate Concepcion

Personal Information

Age: 21 yrs old Birth date: September 20, 1997

Nationality: Filipino Religion: Roman Catholic

Height: 5’1 Weight: 75kgs

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