Professional Documents
Culture Documents
3. Many countries in the world are faced with the 4. Oscar Niemeyer was a Brazilian architect and the
appalling connected problems of increasing greatest South American exponent of modern
population and a shortage of food. It has been architecture. He was fortunate to work in a country
estimated that by the year 2010 the world’s relatively unhampered by traditional forms and
population will have risen to about ten thousand wealthy enough to finance large projects. Shortly
million. It, therefore, seems that more countries could after graduating, he joined the team of designers of
find themselves in this situation in the future. There the new Ministry of Education and Health building in
are a number of possible solutions to the problem, Rio de Janerio. Le Corbusier went over to Brazil for a
but none of them is easy. Firstly, the governments in time in 1936 to work on the same project, and
such countries could discourage people from having Niemeyer was very much influenced by the
large families. Secondly, the people ought to bring established master. Over the next few years, his own
new agricultural machinery, modernise their farming idiom developed rapidly: the debt to Corbusier
methods and develop more land so as to produce remained but was modified increasingly by
enough food to satisfy the needs of the people. And Niemeyer’s own fertile and lyrical imagination.
finally, countries with a food shortage should try to Curved forms, curves cut by verticals or horizontals,
import some of the food they need from other and the expressive power of low, long and uniform
countries by exporting their oil, wood, iron or facades became the hallmarks of his style. He has
whatever they have. All of these possible solutions been associated with four great schemes in Brazil.
(and there are of course many more) simplify the The first of them was a group of buildings near the
problem. However, they show that, if people mean to airport in Belo Horizonte in the early 1940s, and
solve the problems of increasing population and food there he displayed that wide variety of structures
shortages, there are means of doing so. As included that were already to be his speciality. His greatest
in the passage, mentioning the problems of the opportunity came with the decision to found a new
increasing world population and a shortage of capital in Brazilia, and between 1950 and 1960
food as well as several solutions, the writer Niemeyer was engaged in the design of the public
tries to warn us _____. buildings. One of these included the President's
Palace with its elegant curving concrete forms
A) because he’s too desperate for the future supporting the overhang of the roof and the daring
B) although he doesn't care about any of the design for the cathedral. According to the
passage, Niemeyer was lucky in where he
problems he mentioned beforehand worked because _____.
C) against thinking that it will be easy to solve the
problems of increasing world population and a A) Brazil had little traditional architecture
shortage of food in the world B) there were few architects around to compete with
D) since he himself lives in a poor and populated him
country C) he was able to receive the best training
E) against the governments who do not want to take D) Brazil had a long architectural tradition
measures in order to solve the problem of poverty in E) he worked in Rio de Janeiro
underdeveloped countries
5. Oscar Niemeyer was a Brazilian architect and the 6. Oscar Niemeyer was a Brazilian architect and the
greatest South American exponent of modern greatest South American exponent of modern
architecture. He was fortunate to work in a country architecture. He was fortunate to work in a country
relatively unhampered by traditional forms and relatively unhampered by traditional forms and
wealthy enough to finance large projects. Shortly wealthy enough to finance large projects. Shortly
after graduating, he joined the team of designers of after graduating, he joined the team of designers of
the new Ministry of Education and Health building in the new Ministry of Education and Health building in
Rio de Janerio. Le Corbusier went over to Brazil for a Rio de Janerio. Le Corbusier went over to Brazil for a
time in 1936 to work on the same project, and time in 1936 to work on the same project, and
Niemeyer was very much influenced by the Niemeyer was very much influenced by the
established master. Over the next few years, his own established master. Over the next few years, his own
idiom developed rapidly: the debt to Corbusier idiom developed rapidly: the debt to Corbusier
remained but was modified increasingly by remained but was modified increasingly by
Niemeyer’s own fertile and lyrical imagination. Niemeyer’s own fertile and lyrical imagination.
Curved forms, curves cut by verticals or horizontals, Curved forms, curves cut by verticals or horizontals,
and the expressive power of low, long and uniform and the expressive power of low, long and uniform
facades became the hallmarks of his style. He has facades became the hallmarks of his style. He has
been associated with four great schemes in Brazil. been associated with four great schemes in Brazil.
The first of them was a group of buildings near the The first of them was a group of buildings near the
airport in Belo Horizonte in the early 1940s, and airport in Belo Horizonte in the early 1940s, and
there he displayed that wide variety of structures there he displayed that wide variety of structures
that were already to be his speciality. His greatest that were already to be his speciality. His greatest
opportunity came with the decision to found a new opportunity came with the decision to found a new
capital in Brazilia, and between 1950 and 1960 capital in Brazilia, and between 1950 and 1960
Niemeyer was engaged in the design of the public Niemeyer was engaged in the design of the public
buildings. One of these included the President's buildings. One of these included the President's
Palace with its elegant curving concrete forms Palace with its elegant curving concrete forms
supporting the overhang of the roof and the daring supporting the overhang of the roof and the daring
design for the cathedral. As is mentioned in the design for the cathedral. As concluded in the
passage, Le Corbusier was _____. passage, Niemeyer _____.
A) the architect who designed Brasilia A) was not appreciated in his native country
B) the best-known Brazilian architect B) was mainly involved in public housing projects
C) the founder of South American modem C) worked for the Brazilian government extensively
architecture D) has greatly influenced world architecture
D) affected by Niemeyer very much E) was quite conventional in terms of style
E) the architect who initially influenced Niemeyer
7. FUBU started in 1992 when Daymond John decided to 9. FUBU started in 1992 when Daymond John decided to
try and make some money by designing and selling try and make some money by designing and selling
the kind of hats he wanted to wear himself but could the kind of hats he wanted to wear himself but could
never find. Daymond turned half of his home in never find. Daymond turned half of his home in
Queens, New York into a factory and the other half Queens, New York into a factory and the other half
into a living space for the 'Team!' The “Team into a living space for the 'Team!' The “Team
consisted of a group of neighbourhood friends, all of consisted of a group of neighbourhood friends, all of
whom are an integral part of the company. By 1995 whom are an integral part of the company. By 1995
FUBU was making shirts, rugby shirts, sweatshirts, FUBU was making shirts, rugby shirts, sweatshirts,
denim, underwear, outerwear, boots and shoes with denim, underwear, outerwear, boots and shoes with
raw materials from around the world. Today FUBU raw materials from around the world. Today FUBU
make women's and children's clothes as well. The make women's and children's clothes as well. The
collection is also sold internationally in France, Japan, collection is also sold internationally in France, Japan,
Germany and Australia. Top musical artists such as Germany and Australia. Top musical artists such as
Mariah Carey and Snoop Doggy Dog have given FUBU Mariah Carey and Snoop Doggy Dog have given FUBU
their stamp of approval. The passage is mainly their stamp of approval. One may conclude from
concerned with ______. the passage that _____.
10. Hilaria Supa wears ancestral clothing and a round hat 11. Hilaria Supa wears ancestral clothing and a round hat
typical of peasant women from her village near typical of peasant women from her village near
Cusco, the former Inca capital in Peru. She also Cusco, the former Inca capital in Peru. She also
speaks Quechua, the language of the Inca Empire, speaks Quechua, the language of the Inca Empire,
which is still used widely in Peruvian Andes. She which is still used widely in Peruvian Andes. She
claims that she has no real need for Spanish because claims that she has no real need for Spanish because
her neighbours all speak Quechua. But that doesn’t her neighbours all speak Quechua. But that doesn’t
go for other members of Peru’s Congress, to which go for other members of Peru’s Congress, to which
Ms Supa has just been elected. Along with a Ms Supa has just been elected. Along with a
colleague, Ms Supa, who speaks fluent Spanish, has colleague, Ms Supa, who speaks fluent Spanish, has
insisted on speaking to the legislature in her first insisted on speaking to the legislature in her first
language. This, she says, will increase respect for language. This, she says, will increase respect for
Andean Indian culture and help the language to Andean Indian culture and help the language to
survive. It has forced Congress to hire translators. survive. It has forced Congress to hire translators.
Although Quechua . has long been in slow-decline, Although Quechua . has long been in slow-decline,
chiefly because the children of migrants to the cities chiefly because the children of migrants to the cities
rarely speak it, it is now getting a lot more attention, rarely speak it, it is now getting a lot more attention,
as a result of Ms Supa’s struggles. It is implied in as a result of Ms Supa’s struggles. We can
the passage that Hilaria Supa _____. understand from the passage that in some
parts of Peru _____.
A) knows only a little Spanish
B) is about to lose her position in the congress since A) there is no need to recognize and overcome its
she speaks Quechua ethnic inequalities
C) is a volunteer supporter of a traditional language B) people who speak Quechua are looked down on by
called Quechua which is now on the brink of other people who speak Spanish
extinction C) Ms Supa has a lot of fans that are ready to act as
D) has to learn Spanish to survive in Peruvian Andes she wants them to do
E) is thought to be a racist because of her insistence D) it is enough to know just Quechua to
on speaking to the members of the Congress in communicate with the people around rather than
Quechua Spanish
E) there are people who have asserted that the
results of the recent election don’t show the reality
12. Hilaria Supa wears ancestral clothing and a round hat 13. Do you sudoku? Even if you don’t have any chance to
typical of peasant women from her village near do it, you absolutely know somebody who does. Once
Cusco, the former Inca capital in Peru. She also little-known outside Japan, this addictive brainteaser
speaks Quechua, the language of the Inca Empire, has become a staple of newspaper puzzle pages the
which is still used widely in Peruvian Andes. She world over. Sudoku’s dazzling success owes much to
claims that she has no real need for Spanish because its simplicity requiring neither mathematical ability
her neighbours all speak Quechua. But that doesn’t nor general knowledge and with just a sentence or
go for other members of Peru’s Congress, to which two of the instructions - the puzzle is absurdly easy
Ms Supa has just been elected. Along with a to learn yet hard to master. “All you need is the
colleague, Ms Supa, who speaks fluent Spanish, has ability to recognise the difference between nine
insisted on speaking to the legislature in her first different symbols that don’t even have to be
language. This, she says, will increase respect for numeric,” explains Michael Mepham, a veteran
Andean Indian culture and help the language to puzzler and sudoku compiler. Some clever marketing
survive. It has forced Congress to hire translators. has helped. Western newspapers were quick to
Although Quechua . has long been in slow-decline, identify sudoku as a circulation, booster and worked
chiefly because the children of migrants to the cities hard at promoting the puzzle. “Without this, ” says Mr
rarely speak it, it is now getting a lot more attention, Mepham, “it would not have taken off." We may
as a result of Ms Supa’s struggles. It is clear in the infer from the passage that thanks to Sudoku,
passage that the main reason why Quechua, _____.
the language of the Inca Empire, has long been
in slow decline is that _____. A) the circulation amounts of Western newspapers
increased
A) it is forbidden to speak Quechua in the parliament
B) the aid of the witty marketing was seen
of Peru
C) people learnt how to overcome the difficulties of a
B) the cost of hiring a translator is very high in Cusco
puzzle
D) people began to work harder to improve the
C) the new generation among local people growing
puzzles available on the market
up in the cities hardly ever speak Quechua
E) puzzles became available online
D) Quechua isn't taught in the schools in Peru
E) the usage of Quechua is now limited to the
highland areas where it is predominant by law
20. Oscar Wilde was born in Dublin in 1854, to parents 21. Oscar Wilde was born in Dublin in 1854, to parents
who were both prominent citizens. In her youth, who were both prominent citizens. In her youth,
Wilde’s mother had achieved a transatlantic Wilde’s mother had achieved a transatlantic
reputation as the author of inspiring nationalistic reputation as the author of inspiring nationalistic
poetry, published under the name of “Speranza". poetry, published under the name of “Speranza".
Wilde's father, William, knighted by the British queen Wilde's father, William, knighted by the British queen
in 1864, was a medical specialist in complaints of the in 1864, was a medical specialist in complaints of the
eye, who, although a staunch Protestant, showed his eye, who, although a staunch Protestant, showed his
nationalism in collecting and preparing for print tales nationalism in collecting and preparing for print tales
of Irish folklore. Oscar Wilde attended public school at of Irish folklore. Oscar Wilde attended public school at
Portora Royal School and gained undergraduate Portora Royal School and gained undergraduate
degrees in the classic at Dublin’s Trinity College and degrees in the classic at Dublin’s Trinity College and
Oxford's Magdalen College. As a student, he showed Oxford's Magdalen College. As a student, he showed
promise not simply as a linguist, but as a witty promise not simply as a linguist, but as a witty
exponent of the ideas and philosophy of life which he exponent of the ideas and philosophy of life which he
found in the writings of the ancients. One day, at the found in the writings of the ancients. One day, at the
university, when challenged about his ambitions in university, when challenged about his ambitions in
life, Wilde replied prophetically: “I’ll be a poet, a life, Wilde replied prophetically: “I’ll be a poet, a
writer, a dramatist, somehow or other. I’ll be famous, writer, a dramatist, somehow or other. I’ll be famous,
and if not famous, I’ll be notorious.” When I read and if not famous, I’ll be notorious.” When I read
about Oscar Wilde's life in detail, you will notice that about Oscar Wilde's life in detail, you will notice that
he achieved all his ambitions about which he had he achieved all his ambitions about which he had
dreamed in his university years successfully. From dreamed in his university years successfully. One
the information given in the passage, we can may conclude from the passage that Oscar
infer that Oscar Wilde _____. Wilde _____.
A) used a new style of his own that made the spirit of A) could become famous only for his critics he wrote
ancient Grek and the Hellenic Age come together in during his academic career
his works B) gained a bad fame in the world of literature
B) always gave prophetic answers to the people who C) wasn't able to make his dreams about life come
asked him questions about his character true
C) seemed to be determined to be recognized and D) was never interested in philosophy and ancient
known by people throughout the world one day when writings
he was at the university E) wrote different works in almost all the genres of
D) had a family which was not very important for the literature
British Royal Family
E) was not a hardworking and successful student
when he was in the public school
22. Although most things in Darien are cheap, travel is 23. Although most things in Darien are cheap, travel is
not. One needs substantial amounts of time or not. One needs substantial amounts of time or
money, preferably both. For two reasons: it is not money, preferably both. For two reasons: it is not
easy to get around, and it is not safe. It is not easy easy to get around, and it is not safe. It is not easy
because, south of Yaviza, there are no roads. It is because, south of Yaviza, there are no roads. It is
unsafe because of the Colombian civil war. Neither unsafe because of the Colombian civil war. Neither
the Panamanian nor do the Colombian governments the Panamanian nor do the Colombian governments
have control over the border, so guerrillas, have control over the border, so guerrillas,
paramilitaries and bandits freely cross back and paramilitaries and bandits freely cross back and
forth. Despite their lack of control over the border forth. Despite their lack of control over the border
area, Panama’s police force is reasonably area, Panama’s police force is reasonably
professional and not particularly corrupt. professional and not particularly corrupt.
Unfortunately, for most visitors, this only makes Unfortunately, for most visitors, this only makes
travel more difficult, as the police periodically close travel more difficult, as the police periodically close
regions of Darien to foreigners. Knowing they have no regions of Darien to foreigners. Knowing they have no
control over certain regions, they’d rather foreign control over certain regions, they’d rather foreign
travellers did not go at all to avoid the chance of travellers did not go at all to avoid the chance of
kidnappings. It may be understood from the kidnappings. According to the passage _____.
passage that _____.
A) Colombian civil war led to a governmental charge
A) Darien can be insecure for foreigners because of in Panama
the political the unrest in the region B) guerillas, paramilitaries and bandits have taken
B) Colombia and Panama are at war because of a over the administrative power in the country
regional problem C) Yaviza is a safer place to visit than Darien
C) governments of both Panama and Colombia have D) the officers in the Panama Police Center have to
strict control over the border, so people can wander complete a hard training program before assigned at
around freely the borders
D) Darien is one of the cheapest places in the world E) Panama Police Force’s being Professional does not
in terms of accommodation and travel make travelling easier for most of the foreigners
E) it’s really difficult to travel in Darien since there
are few roads
Answer Key:
1: A 13: A
2: B 14: E
3: C 15: E
4: A 16: A
5: E 17: E
6: C 18: A
7: E 19: C
8: A 20: C
9: C 21: E
10: C 22: A
11: D 23: E
12: C 24: D