LEGALEDGE TEST SERIES MOCK AILET #01

LEGALEDGE TEST SERIES
Part of the Most Awesome and Consistently Successful Study Material and Test Series Module, spanning across
both Physical and Online Programs in the entire Country. While most of the world fumbled and faltered, 2020 has
been another inspiring Success story both for us and those who chose to trust us. As a result LE was able to engineer
Clean-Sweep-Landslide figures of a handsome 35 Selections under 100 ranks, and a whopping 180 selections under
500 ranks in CLAT 2020. With AILET being no different, a total of 30 LEtians found their way into NLUD in 2020.
Read on!
MOCK ALL INDIA LAW ENTRANCE TEST 2021
MOCK AILET #01
Candidate Name : _________________

Duration : 90 Minutes
Batch : _________________
Max. Marks : 150
Contact No. : _________________
Centre Name : __________
Date of Exam : _________________
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
1. No clarification on the question paper can be sought. Answer the questions as they are.
2. There are 150 multiple choice objective type questions.
3. Each question carries ONE mark. Total marks are 150.
4. There is a negative marking of 0.25 marks for every incorrect answer.
5. Candidates have to indicate the correct answer by darkening one of the four responses provided, with a
BALL PEN (BLUE OR BLACK) in the OMR Answer Sheet.
Example: For the question, "Where is the TajMahal located?", the correct answer is (b).
The candidate has to darken the corresponding circle as indicated below :
(a) Kolkata (b) Agra (c) Bhopal (d) Delhi
Right Method Wrong Methods
6. Answering the questions by any method other than the method indicated above shall be considered
incorrect and no marks will be awarded for the same.
7. More than one response to a question shall be counted as wrong.
8. The candidate shall not write anything on the OMR Answer Sheet other than the details required and in
the spaces provided for.
9. After the Test is over, the candidate has to return the OMR Answer Sheet to the invigilator. The candidate
should take the Test Paper along with them.
10. The use of any unfair means by any candidate shall result in the cancellation of his/her candidature.
11. Impersonation is an offence and the candidate, apart from disqualification, may have to face criminal
prosecution.
12. Electronic gadgets like mobile phones, pagers or calculators are strictly not permitted inside the Test
Centre/Hall.
13. The candidates shall not leave the hall before the Test is over.
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SECTION-A : ENGLISH LANGUAGE
Directions (Q.1-Q.3): In each of the following questions, the word at the top of the table is used in four
different ways, A to D. Choose the option in which the usage of the word is INCORRECT or
INAPPROPRIATE.
1. SHORT
(a) There is no short cut to success.
(b) The decision to alter the death penalty to life-term was nothing short of madness.
(c) The P.M. cut short his trip when he was informed about the emergency.
(d) The players took short catnaps before practice sessions.
2. CREDIT
(a) He purhcased the car on credit.
(b) Roger Federer has the maximum number of Grand slams in his credit.
(c) You can credit the amount to his account.
(d) She should be given credit for the way she handled the situation.
3. ANCHOR
(a) The anchor is a well-known personality in advertising circles.
(b) At nights we dropped the anchor and slept in the boat.
(c) In 1799, the British laid anchor to the fort of Seringapatnam.
(d) Her father was her anchor during those care-laden days.
4. In the question below, a sentence is given with a blank. From the options below, choose the correct idiom
that can fit in the blank to make the sentence grammatically and meaningfully correct.
They want to change the entire direction of the project, completely ____________ all the hard work we've
done so far.
(a) painting the town red (b) putting the finger on
(c) getting a fix on (d) flying in the face of
5. In the question below, a sentence is given with a blank. From the options below, choose the correct idiom
that can fit in the blank to make the sentence grammatically and meaningfully correct.
I know he is not up to the mark right now but let's ____________ as he's new to this environment and
needs time to adjust.
(a) cut him some slack
(b) make it snappy
(c) play both ends against the middle
(d) plumb the depths
Directions (Q.6-Q.8): In the following questions a sentence is given in four different forms. Only one of
them is correct grammatically. Choose the correct sentence as your answer.
6. (a) Tonight I am going to check that Swetha will do her homework correctly.
(b) Tonight I am going to check if Swetha does her home work correctly
(c) Tonight I am going to check that Swetha would do her home work correctly.
(d) Tonight I will be checking that Swetha will be do her home work correctly.
7. (a) Sheetal’s parents have been married in 25 years.

(b) Sheetal’s parents are married in 25 years.
(c) Sheetal’s parents have been married for 25 years.
(d) Sheetal’s parents have been married since 25 years.
Head Office: 127, Zone II, MP Nagar, Bhopal |+91-7676564400| https://www.toprankers.com Page 2 of 32
8. (a) Since Sonia was doubting Varun’s leadership abilities, she decided to keep a close watch on the
team’s overall performance.
(b) Since Sonia had been doubting Varun’s leadership abilities, she decided to keep a close watch on the
(c) Since Sonia will be doubting Varun’s leadership abilities, she decided to keep a close watch on the
(d) Since Sonia doubted Varun’s leadership abilities, she decided to keep a close watch on the team’s
overall performance.
9. In the following question, out of the four alternatives, choose the one that can be substituted for the given
group of words.
Using excessive flattery
(a) Unctuous (b) Maelstrom (c) Caucus (d) Prerogative
10. Out of the four alternatives, choose the one which can be substituted for the given words/sentences and
mark it.
A feeling of fear or anxiety about something that may happen
(a) Trepidation (b) Ablution (c) Misogyny (d) Epiphany
11. In the following questions, out of the four alternatives, choose the one that can be substituted for the
given group of words.
A noisy or attacking speech
(a) Harangue (b) Cower (c) Hangar (d) Abasement
12. In the below question, sentence/passage is split into four parts and named P, Q, R & S. These four parts
are not given in their proper order. Read the sentence/passage and find out which of the four
combinations is correct.
P. Evil it was - like the triumph of deep-rooted hatred.
Q. It was not a smile, unless an evil spirit smiles, foreseeing the destruction of its victim.
R. What appalled her was the scary expression of the mouth and eyes.
S. For the first time in the interview she now saw his face.
(a) SRQP (b) SRPQ (c) PQRS (d) QRPS
13. In the below question, sentence/passage is split into four parts and named P, Q, R & S. These four parts
are not given in their proper order. Read the sentence/passage and find out which of the four
combinations is correct.
P. But that night, going to sleep, he did consider it.
Q. Not as a prospect, but with speculation.
R. To retire while he was still young enough to begin something else?
S. What would it be like to retire?
(a) QRSP (b) PQRS (c) PQSR (d) PRSQ
14. In each of the questions below, four sentences are given, which when properly arranged, make up a
paragraph. Rearrange the given sentences, and choose the option that provides the correct final order.
P. His hair was long and tangled, and descended over his eyes.
Q. Joseph was almost fifty, and he looked it.
R. It was all black, no grey; so were his long, mixed-up whiskers.
S. There wasn't no colour in his face, where his face showed amid all the hair; it was white.
(a) QSRP (b) QPRS (c) QRPS (d) QSPR
Directions (Q.15-Q.19): Fill the blank with an appropriate and suitable word.
Alexander the Great (356 – 323 BCE), king of Macedonia (336–323 BCE), who overthrew the Persian
empire, carried Macedonian arms to India, and laid the _______(15)_____ for the Hellenistic world
of _____(16)_____ kingdoms. He later became the hero of a full-scale legend bearing only the sketchiest
resemblance _______(17)_____ his historical career. From his _____(18)_____, Alexander had set his
mind on the Persian ______(19)______ .
15. Fill in the blank (15)

(a) foundations (b) suffrage (c) fistfight (d) vanquish

(a) bellicosity (b) territorial (c) combat (d) tussle

(a) to (b) for (c) with (d) no word is required

(a) stubble (b) abridgement (c) repudiation (d) accession

(a) extradition (b) extraction (c) expedition (d) accretion
20. Find the word which best expresses the meaning of the given word.
Chagrin
(a) Delight (b) Vexation (c) Deceit (d) Caution
21. Find the word which best expresses the meaning of the given word.
Defunct
(a) Extinct (b) Demand (c) Supply (d) Anticipate
22. Find the word which is opposite in meaning to the given word.
Fatuous
(a) Crafty (b) Sensible (c) Frugal (d) Inane
23. Find the word which is opposite in meaning to the given word.
Opprobrious
(a) Inspiring (b) Respectful (c) Miscible (d) Imitable
Directions (Q.24-Q.32): Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow.
While nothing beats the sweet taste of a soft and fudgy pastry or the delectable jiggle of caramel custard
on a winter evening - eating too much sugar is not that great an idea for the body. Too much sugar can
result in obesity, type-2 diabetes, and heart disease. In fact, a study conducted at the Louisiana State
University in the US found that consumption of high-fructose corn syrup in beverages may play a role in
the epidemic of obesity. Similarly, a study published in the journal Circulation found that weight gain over
a period of time is related in part to increased intake of added sugars - which in turn results in the
deterioration of cardiovascular health.
But this doesn't mean that you refrain from eating fruits and vegetables that have natural sugars because
they have little effect on blood sugar and are actually healthy. It is added sugar that one should be wary
of. And believe it or not, but your favourite packaged foods have the unhealthiest sugars of them all. The
Harvard Medical School backs this claim.
Now that we've got the science out of the way and you know just how unhealthy added sugar is for you,
let's look at ways you can cut back on your consumption. A Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public
Health study conducted in the US found that reduction of consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages was
associated with weight loss. Thus, moving from sugar-laden drinks to water infused with mint and
cucumber, herbal teas, or unsweetened tea or coffee is the right way to go. Cakes, pies, doughnuts, and
co - which are sweet enough to make your teeth hurt - should be phased out from your diet. You can still
satiate your sweet tooth with healthy alternatives like fresh fruit, yogurt, baked fruits and cream, and dark
chocolates. Moreover, ketchup often contains a lot of added sugars to preserve the condiment. So, if you're
looking to reduce overall sugar consumption - put that ketchup bottle down. To add taste to your snacks,
use sauces, fresh or dried herbs, seasoning mix, yellow mustard, vinegar, or pesto.
24. Which of the following is/are true according to the given passage?
i. Eating too much sugar is good for body.
ii. Consumption of high-fructose corn syrup in beverages may play a role in the epidemic of obesity.
iii. Cakes, pies and doughnuts - which are sweet enough to make your teeth hurt - must be included in
one's diet.
(a) Only iii) (b) Both i) and iii) (c) Only ii) (d) Only i)
25. According to the passage, which of the following are the diseases that can be caused by high intake of
sugar?
(a) Obesity (b) Type-2 diabetes (c) Heart diseases (d) All a), b) and c)
26. What was the conclusion of the study conducted at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health?
(a) Reduction of consumption of natural sugars was associated with weight gain.
(b) Reduction of consumption of animal-based products was associated with weight loss.
(c) Reduction of consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages was associated with weight loss.
(d) Reduction of consumption of plant-based products was associated with weight gain.
27. Why does ketchup contain a lot of added sugar?

(a) To preserve the condiment.
(b) To enhance flavours of the ketchup.
(c) To balance the spices in the ketchup.
(d) To over-power the taste of preservatives added in the ketchup.
28. According to the author, sugar-laden drinks can be replaced by which of the following beverages?
(a) Aerated drinks and bottled water.
(b) Packed fruit juices and sparkling water.
(c) Water infused with mint and cucumber, herbal teas, or unsweetened tea or coffee.
(d) Sweetened lemonades and tea and coffee.
29. Why shouldn't one refrain from consuming fruits and vegetables?
(a) They are a rich source of vitamins, minerals and fibre which is necessary for a healthy diet.
(b) They have natural sugars and have little effect on blood sugar and are actually healthy.
(c) They are a rich source of minerals like potassium and magnesium.
(d) They help in regulating blood pressure.
30. Which of the following words/phrases in (1), (2), and (3) given below the sentence should replace the
blank to make the sentence both contextually and grammatically correct? Choose the appropriate option
as per the correct usage.
The modern era has ______________ ardent advocates of peace, both in the spiritual and secular
domains.
1. Witnessed
2. Support
3. Seen
(a) Only 1 & 2 (b) All 1, 2 & 3 (c) Only 1 & 3 (d) Only 2 & 3
The site near the town of Faydah has been ___________ closed to researchers for a half century due to
modern conflict.
1. Largely
2. Broadly
3. Extensive
(a) Only 2 (b) Only 1 & 3 (c) Only 1 & 2 (d) All 1, 2 & 3
As a commercial company, it _________ monitor, debug and secure serverless workloads on AWS
Lambda.
1. Assists
2. Helps
3. Assist
(a) Only 2 (b) Only 1 & 3 (c) All 1, 2 & 3 (d) Only 1 & 2
Directions (Q.33–Q.35): Observe the following sentences where some changes are made in the
sentence but keeping the sense of the sentence same. In the following questions, the sentences have
some element of similarity. You have to find out the similarity and choose the option which is odd one
out.
33. (a) The injured man had died by the time they got him to the hospital.
By the time they got to the hospital, the injured man was dead.
(b) She said “I started acting at the age of five.”
She stated that she had started acting at the age of five.
(c) We spent hours discussing music and movies.
Hours were spent discussion music and movies.
(d) If she found out, we would be in trouble.
We would be in trouble if she found out.
34. (a) If you do not leave at once, I shall call the police.
I shall call the police if you do not leave at once.
(b) He lost his phone shortly after he bought it.
He loses his phone shortly after he buys it.
(c) I haven’t seen you for a long time.
It has been a long time since I saw you.
(d) The apples were not of good quality.
The quality of the apples was not good.
35. (a) The cat is hiding under the bed.
The cat hid under the bed.
(b) Everybody hates him.
He is hated by everybody.
(c) I have received the parcel.
The parcel has been received by me.
(d) They will announce the results in the afternoon.
The results will be announced in the afternoon.
SECTION-B : GENERAL KNOWLEDGE/CURRENT AFFAIRS
36. Indian & Russian navies recently concluded 12th edition of Exercise Indra Navy in which of the following
water body?
(a) Caspian Sea (b) Baltic Sea (c) Indian Ocean (d) Bering Sea
37. Biotech-PRIDE Guidelines were recently released by which of the following?

(a) Department of Biotechnology (b) Confederation of Indian Industry
(c) Ministry of Science and Technology (d) Both A & C
38. The ISRO-NASA Joint Mission NISAR satellite aims to measure changes in the earth’s surface globally
using advanced images with which of the following?
(a) Synthetic-aperture radar (b) Gravitational Waves
(c) Infrared Astronomy (d) Geothermal Imaging
39. The 6th meeting of BRICS Counter Terrorism Working Group was held virtually July 28-29 under the
chairmanship of which of the following countries?
(a) India (b) Russia (c) China (d) Germany
40. “Krishikarna” project is launched by which of the following state governments?

(a) Tamil Nadu (b) Uttar Pradesh (c) Kerala (d) Madhya Pradesh
41. National Gallery of ______ to return 14 Art Works to India including Chola idols.
(a) United Kingdom (b) Pakistan (c) Russia (d) Australia
42. Which of the following company has collaborated with the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE)
and the Ministry of Education to announce the launch of the ‘AI For All’ initiative?
(a) Intel (b) Google (c) Microsoft (d) TCS
43. Who was the captain of the Indian Hockey Team at the Tokyo Olympics 2021?
(a) Birendra Lakra (b) Manpreet Singh
(c) Rupinder Pal Singh (d) Surendra Kumar
44. Who among the following is the first Indian Woman to win two Olympic medals?
(a) Mary Kom (b) Karnam Malleswari
(c) Saina Nehwal (d) PV Sindhu
45. 2nd August marked the 145th birth anniversary of which of the following Indian freedom fighters who was
also the architect behind the design of Indian national flag?
(a) Pingali Venkayya (b) Bankim Chandra Chatterjee
(c) Tanguturi Prakasam (d) Bhikaiji Cama
46. India’s lightest metro train set for Pune Metro has been sent from which of the following countries?
(a) Japan (b) Germany (c) France (d) Italy
47. Which of the following COVID-19 vaccine has been administered by UAE for the children aged 3-17 years?
(a) Astra Zeneca (b) Sinopharm
(c) Johnson & Johnson (d) Pfizer
48. Which of the following day is observed as Muslim Women Rights Day in India?
(a) 30th July (b) 1st August (c) 5th August (d) 31st July
49. European Union recently fined which of the following companies for processing personal data in violation
of EU’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)?
(a) Amazon (b) Facebook (c) Google (d) Ebay
50. Which of the following has developed e-RUPI, an e-voucher-based payment solution, recently launched by
the Prime Minister?
(a) Reserve Bank of India (b) National Payments Corporation of India
(c) Indian Bank’s Association (d) Banks Board Bureau
51. The Government of India has signed a $250 million project for long-term dam safety program with which
of the following?
(a) International Monetary Fund (b) World Bank
(c) Asian Development Bank (d) European Union
52. International Tiger Day is observed on which of the following days?

(a) 27th July (b) B. 28th July (c) C. 29th July (d) D. 30th July
53. Consider the following about One China Policy:

I. It is the diplomatic acknowledgement of China’s position that there is only one
Chinese government. Under the policy, China sees Taiwan as a breakaway province
to be reunified with the mainland.
II. Taiwan (Republic of China) calls itself a democratic, self-ruled country, however, according to the “One
China” policy, Beijing considers Taiwan a province of Mainland China.
Which of the above is/are true?
(a) Only I (b) Only II (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
54. Consider the following about Dholavira:

I. It was discovered by archaeologist Jagat Pati Joshi.
II. UNESCO has announced the Harappan city of Dholavira in Gujarat as India’s 39th world heritage site
55. Consider the following about ‘Inequality Report 2021: India’s Unequal Healthcare Story’:
I. The findings are primarily based on secondary analysis from rounds 3 and 4 of the National Family
Health Survey and various rounds of the National Sample Survey.
II. Overall improvement in Infant mortality rate (IMR) is not equal across social groups. Dalits, Adivasis
and OBCs have higher IMR as compared to the general category.
Which of the above is/are correct?
56. National Cyber security Coordination Centre was set up in India to scan internet traffic and communication
Metadata in which of the following years?
(a) 2010 (b) 2012 (c) 2015 (d) 2017
57. Consider the following about Gaganyaan Mission:

I. Gaganyaan system module called Orbital Module will carry three Indian astronauts, including a woman.
II. Spaceflight will move around the Earth for 5 to 7 days at low-earth-orbit at an altitude of 300-400 km
from Earth.
Which of the above is/are Correct?
58. Which of the following organisations is not one of the publishers of “State of Food Security and Nutrition in
the World 2021 report”?
(a) Food and Agriculture Organization (b) World Food Programme
(c) International Fund for Agricultural (d) Greenpeace
59. Consider the following about Kongu Nadu:

I. It is neither a place with a PIN code nor a name given formally to any region.
II. The name derives from an OBC community with a significant presence in these districts.
(a) Only I (b) Only II
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
60. Which of the following releases the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) India
Index (SDG Index 2.0)?
(a) Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
(b) NITI Aayog
(c) Greenpeace India
(d) National Development Council
61. Consider the following about Jewish State Law:

I. It defines Israel as the “nation-state” of the Arab People.
II. It also upgraded Arabic to an official state language.
Which of the above statements is/are true?
(c) Neither I nor II (d) Both I and II
62. Which of the following were the original members of the SCO?
(a) China, Russia, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Kazakhstan.
(b) China, Russia, Kazakhstan, India and Tajikistan.
(c) China, Russia, Afghanistan, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.
(d) China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Afghanistan and Tajikistan.
63. Which of the following statement is not correct regarding Tokyo Olympics?
(a) In 2020, for the first time, the Olympics were postponed following the Covid-19 outbreak.
(b) Canada became the first major country to pull out of the Tokyo Olympics over coronavirus fears.
(c) Tokyo is the first city to host the Paralympic Games for the second time.
(d) None of the above
64. Which of the following country is co-hosting a Global Education Summit along with United Kingdom in the
city of London?
(a) Kenya (b) Libya (c) Nigeria (d) Niger
65. Which of the following Ministries notified jurisdiction of Krishna River Management Board (KRMB) &
Godavari River Management Boards (GRMB)?
(a) Ministry of Home Affairs
(b) Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
(c) Ministry of Jal Shakti
(d) Ministry of Urban Development and Housing
66. Consider the following about India-Pakistan Relationship:
I. The Line of Control (LoC) emerged from the 1971 ceasefire line negotiated by the United Nations (UN)
after the Kashmir War.
II. LoC is demarcated up to the Siachen Glacier (Point NJ9842)- the world’s highest battlefield.
67. India defeated which of the following countries to win the bronze medal in hockey in the Tokyo 2020
Olympics
(a) Germany (b) Argentina (c) Australia (d) Belgium
68. Consider the following with regards to National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) data on Suicide:
I. According to report Suicide cases due to unemployment have increased by 24 per cent.
II. Karnataka registered the greatest number (553) of suicides due to unemployment in 2019.
69. UN General Assembly (UNGA) has approved a resolution on August 2, 2021 to establish a Permanent
Forum for which of the following?
(a) People of Asian Descent (b) People of African Descent
(c) People of African-American Descent (d) People of Mixed Ethnicity.
70. Consider the following:

I. After the recent Coup by the Myanmar Military, the period of Emergency has been extended to five
years.
II. Myanmar military is also known as Tatmadaw.
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
SECTION – C: LEGAL REASONING
71. Legal Principles:

1. Coercion is defined as an act of using force or threat by a person over another person in order to enter
into a contract.
2. An agreement entered into between the two parties under the coercion is voidable at the option of the
party.
3. To prove coercion in a court of law, it is essential to show that some form of threat is used over a
person.
4. If coercion is proved into the court of law, the person who has been threatened can refuse to abide by
the contract.
Factual Situation: Raghav and Amrita are good friends and they work in a NGO named Lokneeti. Raghav’s
father Mr. Vinay Singh is Managing Director of Lokneeti and he also owns a software company named
Doodle Ltd. On the other hand, Amrita is the only girl child of Mr. Shrikant Das who works as Data Analyst
in Doodle Ltd. On a fine day, Raghav and Amrita were on a field trip with regards to their NGO related
work. On their way to return home, Raghav dropped Amrita at her place and after dropping her Raghav
instructed his driver to drop him at his father’s office. While Raghav was on his way to his father’s office,
he got abducted by Amrita’s brother Tanay. Raghav was taken to an unknown place and later on Amrita’s
father Mr. Shrikant made a phone call to Mr. Vinay Singh and told him that if he does not make Amrita as
the owner of his NGO Lokneeti and Tanay as the Managing Director of his company then Raghav will be
killed. Mr. Vinay Singh reluctantly agrees to comply with the demand made by Mr. Shreekant and
immediately gave his consent to make Amrita the owner of Lokneeti and Tanay as the Managing Director
of Doodle Ltd. However as soon as Raghav got released, Mr. Vinay cancelled the contract which declares
Amrita and Tanay as the new owners of his property.
Whether Mr. Vinay Singh can refuse to enforce the contract declaring Amrita and Tanay as the new owner
of his property?
(a) Yes, Mr. Vinay can refuse as he was coerced by Mr. Shrikant to enter into the contract.
(b) Yes, Mr. Vinay can refuse to enter into the contract as there was no valid consideration to the contract.
(c) No, Mr. Vinay cannot refuse to enter into the contract as Amrita was innocent and has not coerced Mr.
Vinay.
(d) Both (a) and (b)
Legal Principles (Q.72-Q.73):

1. Sedition under Section 124A of IPC is defined as an act done by a person or a group of people- a
gesture or sign, spoken or written words, etc.
2. To prosecute someone for sedition, the first thing that must be proved is that the person has actually
participated in the act before checking if it was seditious or not.
3. Without concrete gestures or words that can be traced back to the accused, a case for sedition cannot
even exist against him.
4. A person must have an active intention to create hatred, contempt, or disaffection towards the
government in the minds of people in order to sedition against the accused person.
5. If the speech advocated for a rebellion or action to overthrow the Government through dishonest or
illegal means, with the use of violence or even the threat of violence, should that speech be included in
sedition.
Factual Situation: Raju Monda is final year political science student at JLU. He believes in left ideology.
In order to protest against the new Citizenship Act the students of JLU on 8th of December 2020 decided to
hold a protest in University campus. In that protest Raju Monda delivered a fierce speech, due to which he
got arrested along with few other students by the police. Because of his arrest the communal tension had
been aroused in the locality which attracted the attention of national media and soon it became a national
issue. After setting out the matter, the Magistrate released Raju Monda and other students on bail and
further passed an order under Section 144 prohibiting any public gathering. Altogether that order contained
three directions and the arrested students were alleged to have disobeyed the third which was in these
terms: “That no public meeting shall be held in any area in the JLU campus or nearby area so long as this
order is in force except on special permission from police which must be applied for at least 24 hours before
the said meetings are held”.
72. On 9 December 2020, the officer-in-charge of the police station was informed that Raju Monda along with
other had come to JLU main gates and were holding a meeting in front of the University campus. A police
team went to the spot and found Monda was addressing the crowd and mobilizing them against the
Government and to overthrow the incumbent PM from his office. The Police officer saw him making
statements of causing threat of violence if CAA is not taken back. The Police Officer ordered the crowd to
disperse as in his opinion they were violating the order made by the Magistrate. Further, the officer arrested
Raju Monda under Section 124A of IPC for committing Sedition.
On the basis of the given factual situation and principles decide whether Raju Monda can be held liable for
his involvement in seditious activities at the main gate of JLU:
(a) No, Raju Monda cannot be held liable for his act under the law of sedition because he was merely
exercising his fundamental right of speech and expression.
(b) Yes, because Raju Monda’s conduct was an of incitement to violence and leading to the tendency and
intention to create public disorder.
(c) No, because there was no active intention to create hatred, contempt, or disaffection towards the
Government in the minds of people.
(d) Yes, because Raju Monda disobeyed the Magistrate’s order hence he can be prosecuted for committing
Sedition.
73. Suppose, after his release on bail, Raju Monda individually decides to sit back at the main gate of JLU in
order to register his strong protest against Citizenship Act. For this purpose, he duly informs the police
administration as well and seeks their prior permission to conduct a peaceful protest wherein he starts
criticizing government via his speech but without any imminent use of violence. He further states to
overthrow the government in the upcoming general elections by voting against the existing government.
But the Police Officer still arrested Raju Monda under Section 124A of IPC for committing Sedition.
Decide whether Raju Monda can still be held liable for his involvement in seditious activities at the main
gate of JLU:
(a) No, Raju Monda cannot be held liable for his act because he did not exceed the legal limits of criticism
of the Government and, therefore, could not be considered as sedition;
(b) Yes, because Raju Monda’s words have expressed hatred towards the Government that incite
disaffection and violence against the Government;
(c) No, because there was no active intention to create hatred, contempt, or disaffection towards the
government in the minds of people;
(d) Both (a) and (c).

1. A Contract is an agreement between two or more parties creating mutual obligations enforceable by
law.
2. Consideration is an essential component of a valid contract. Consideration is the price for the contract.
A contract without consideration is void and thus not enforceable by law.
3. Parties to a contract should be capable of entering into contract and the consideration for the contract
has to be lawful.
4. Every person entering into the contract should attain the age of majority, a minor cannot be made a
party to the contract.
5. A case cannot be initiated against person in court of law if he has not attained the age of majority. Law
recognizes a person as a minor whose age is below eighteen years.
Factual Situation: Gautam Kapoor is a renowned film director. He is well known for directing many
blockbuster horror movies. In order to start upon his next big project, he started making frequent visits into
the hilly areas to find a suitable place where he can start his shooting for the next upcoming movie. While
on his way to Mussoorie, he came across a little girl which perfectly matches all the criterias that Gautam
was looking for since long back for the lead role of his upcoming movie. He enquired about the address of
that girl and other detail from the local residents and came to know about the fact that the little girl’s name
is Sushi and she is just 15-year-old. She is an orphan child and used to reside in an orphanage situated at
outskirt of the city. Gautam Kapoor offered a big amount to Sushi for the lead role in his upcoming film.
Sushi happily agreed to play as lead role in Gautam Kapoor’s film. Further, Gautam made Sushi to sign
the film contract and initially offered two crore rupees to her. Gautam Kapoor soon started the shooting of
the film in that hill station. Just after the commencement of film shooting some paranormal activities started
happening with crew members of the film, because of these abnormal and haunting activities many crew
members left the place. Gautam Kapoor beared huge losses and ultimately decided to revoke the contract
which he made with Sushi and asked her to refund his money.
On the basis of the given Principles and Facts decide which of the given statement is true:
(a) Gautam Kapoor can recover his amount from Sushi as they entered into a valid contract with proper
consideration.
(b) Gautam Kapoor cannot recover his amount from Sushi as there was no valid consideration to the
contract between both the parties.
(c) Gautam Kapoor cannot recover his amount from Sushi as she was a minor and cannot be a party to
the contract and hence the contract was void ab initio.
(d) None of the above.
75. Legal Principle: Defamation is the publication of a statement which reflects on a person’s reputation and
tends to lower him in the estimation of right-thinking members of society generally or tends to make them
shun or avoid him.
Factual Situation: Mr. Dhiru was a very successful businessman in the city of Delhi. He had a number of
businesses which were very profitable. Mr. Veeru was his business partner. The two had an argument over
an upcoming deal and Mr. Veeru resigned. While leaving Mr. Dhiru's office Mr. Veeru yelled abuses and
spoke ill of Mr. Dhiru's business sense. The entire floor heard Mr. Veeru's rantings. After Mr. Veeru left,
work continued normally. Though things were running smoothly, a week later Mr. Dhiru was still perturbed
about the scene created by Mr. Veeru and seeks help from his lawyer to sue Mr. Veeru for defamation.
(a) Mr. Veeru had made statements that reflected poorly of Mr. Dhiru and thus, defamation would be a
valid ground for a suit.
(b) Mr. Veeru had made statements that reflected poorly of Mr. Dhiru in front of his entire staff and thus,
defamation would be a valid ground for a suit.
(c) Mr. Veeru's statements were spoken in a fit of rage and had no impact on the reputation of Mr. Dhiru,
thus defamation would not be a valid ground for a suit.
(d) Mr. Dhiru was apprehended that all of his business failures would now be seen in light of Veeru’s
remarks and therefore Mr. Veeru should be liable for defamation.
76. Legal Principle: It is a good defence in an action for defamation that the comment is made in the interest
of the public.
Factual Situation: Dr. Mehboob was a well known oncologist across the country. He was known to be up
to date with the latest research and treatments. In July 2010 he published an article in a widely circulated
medical science journal. The article mainly addressed the issue of Ayurvedic treatment of cancer supported
by various data stating Dr. Mehboob's concern that Ayurvedic treatment of cancer is not only fruitless but
may at times be harmful. The All India Ayurveda Doctors Association brought an action of defamation
against Dr. Mehboob because they found a majority of their patients stopping the treatments subsequent
to publication of the article.
(a) The action will stand because the statements made by Dr. Mehboob have caused a tremendous
setback to the reputation of the doctors providing Ayurvedic treatments
(b) The action will stand because published statements are defamatory in nature.
(c) The action will not stand because Dr. Mehboob made a statement which was his honest opinion and
made in interest of the public.
(d) The action will not stand because the defence of truth can be used as Dr. Mehboob used scientific data
to disprove the effectiveness of the Ayurvedic treatments.
1. No person shall be convicted of any offence except for violation of law in force at the time of the
commission of the act charged as an offence, nor be subjected to a penalty greater than that which
might have been inflicted under the law in force at the time of the commission of the offence.
2. Double jeopardy is a procedural defense which means that no person shall be prosecuted and punished
for the same offence more than once.
Factual Situation: DM is a leading bollywood actress, and makes frequent visits abroad for shooting
purposes. On December 3rd, she is caught at the Mumbai airport while coming back from Bangkok with
undeclared jewellery worth Rs. 15 lakhs. However, after prolonged questioning, she is let off as there was
no law in force under which the officials could have proceeded against her. However, on December 15th,
the government passes The Customs Act (hereinafter TCA) which makes travelling with undeclared
jewellery over Rs. 10 lakhs a punishable crime, retrospectively from December 1st and releases a press
release that all the cases of duty evasion reported between December 1st and December 15th will also be
covered under TCA. The custom officials file a case against DM for duty evasion in a competent court.
77. Will the custom officials succeed in their case?

(a) Yes, since the only purpose of giving TCA a retrospective effect was to make sure that the evasions
carried on between December 1st and 15th were also included in the same;
(b) Yes, as the government has also given an official press release towards the same;
(c) No, as DM has already been questioned by the custom officials and proceeding against her would
amount double jeopardy;
(d) No, as TCA was not in force when the offence was committed.
78. The case has subsequently been filed against DM. She asserts that since she has already been questioned
by the custom officials, a subsequent case cannot be filed against her and claims that her right against
double jeopardy has been violated. Decide.
(a) The right against double jeopardy cannot be invoked in this case as she was not prosecuted earlier;
(b) The right against double jeopardy cannot be invoked in this case as she was not proceeded against
under any particular law when she was questioned earlier;
(c) The right against double jeopardy cannot be invoked as she was merely questioned and not convicted
of any offence;
(d) The right against double jeopardy can be invoked as the officials have filed a case against her even
after questioning her at the airport earlier.

1. A statement is defamatory in nature if it is injurious to a person’s reputation and if the statement has
been published;
2. Truth, fair comments and opinions based on facts are defences to defamation.
Factual Situation: Osama had been employed by Omama to work for his Nuclear Department. However,
Osama had introduced himself to Omama as Clinton, and he continued to represent himself to Omama as
Clinton for the entire duration of his employment. However, later Omama realized, for other reasons, that
Osama was unprofessional and dishonest and fired him from his job. In order to ensure that other
employers don’t entrust such sensitive information with Osama, he put up an ad titled ‘Clinton:
Unprofessional and Dishonest’. Clinton, who was an acquaintance of Osama, was angered and filed a suit
for defamation. Decide.
(a) Omama shall be held liable for defamation as he published a statement which was injurious to Clinton’s
reputation.
(b) Osama shall be held liable as he had led Omama into thinking that he was Clinton and moreover, it
was his fault in the first place that made Omama put up the ad.
(c) Omama cannot be held liable as he had actually been referring to Osama and not the real Clinton.
Further, his act was done in good faith as she intended to protect the sensitive information of other
employers.
(d) Omama cannot be held liable as he had published the advertisement based on the fact that Osama
had represented himself as Clinton.

1. Theft is “robbery” if in order to committing of the theft, or in committing the theft, or in carrying away or
attempting to carry away property obtained by the theft, the offender, for that end, voluntarily causes or
attempts to cause to any person death or hurt or wrongful restraint, or fear of instant death or of instant
hurt, or of instant wrongful restraint.
2. Whoever, intending to take dishonestly any moveable property out of the possession of any person
without that person’s consent, moves that property in order to such taking, is said to commit theft.
80. Factual Situation: Sarthak is the owner of a Rolex watch. He gives the watch to a repair shop of Abdul.
The watch is repaired but Abdul asks for Rs. 2500 as repairing charges. Sarthak, when he is unable to pay
the charges, snatches it from Abdul. Abdul takes out a knife and threats Sarthak to give it back. Whether
Abdul is committing robbery on Sarthak?
(a) No, because Abdul has taken an action just to recover money from Sarthak.
(b) No, because there is no dishonest intention
(c) Yes, because Sarthak took his own watch from Abdul and Abdul intends to commit robbery on him by
putting him under fear of instant death.
(d) Yes, because Sarthak took his watch with implied permission and Abdul later denied of any such
permission and forcefully tries to gain back possession of the watch.
81. Factual Situation: Whether Sarthak has committed theft in the above case?
(a) Yes, as Sarthak dishonestly took the watch outside the possession of the shopkeeper.
(b) Yes, as a person can commit theft of his own property.
(c) No, as the watch belonged to Sarthak only, and him being the owner of the watch, he cannot commit
theft of his own watch.
(d) No, as Sarthak had implied permission of the shopkeeper before taking the watch.
82. Legal Principle: Whoever makes any false documents or false electronic record or part of a document or
electronic record, with intent to cause damage or injury, to the public or to any person, or to support any
claim or title, or to cause any person to part with property, or to enter into any express or implied contract,
or with intent to commit fraud or that fraud may be committed, commits forgery.
Factual Situation: Ramesh sells and conveys an estate to Aman on 1 January, 2014. Three months later,
Aman leases out the estate to Parvez for a period of nine months. Meanwhile, Ramesh meets Anil, who is
ready to purchase the same estate at double the price. Considering the offer given by Anil, Ramesh on 31
December, 2015 draws upon a lease document of three years dated two years prior to the date of sale to
Aman and asks Aman that the said sale between them is null and void as he was unaware of the said
lease. Ramesh agrees to refund Aman the entire sale amount. Aman aggrieved by this brought filed a
complaint against Ramesh. Ramesh is charged for committing forgery. Decide whether he is guilty or not.
(a) No, because Ramesh sold of the property after eliminating all the titles from the said estate.
(b) Yes, because Ramesh deliberately made a lease deed to defraud Aman by making him believe that
that the sale transaction between them is void.
(c) No, because Ramesh did a mistake of fact by unknowingly selling of the property to Aman and therefore
can frustrate the sale document.
(d) Yes, because Ramesh made a lease deed on a date subsequent to sale deed with a retrospective
effect. Such a lease deed is barred by law.
83. Legal Principle: Except in the causes hereinafter excepted , culpable homicide is murder , if the act by
which the death is caused is done with the intention of causing death if it is done with the intention of
causing such bodily injury as the offender knows’ to be likely to cause the death, of the person to whom
the harm is caused if it done with the intention of causing bodily injury to any person and the bodily injury
intended to be inflicted is sufficient in the ordinary course of nature to cause death, if the person committing
the act knows that it is so imminently dangerous that it must in all probability, cause death or such bodily
injury as is likely to cause death and commits such as act without any excuse for incurring the risk of
causing death, or such injury as aforesaid.
Factual Situation: Ajay declared a false news to Rajeswari that her husband Raghav met with an accident
is dead knowing that Rajeswari recently suffered a cardiac arrest. Hearing this, Rajeswari instantly got a
heart stroke and she died. When Raghav learned the about the entire incident, he complained against Ajay
to murder his wife. Decide whether Ajay murdered Rajeswari or not?
(a) Yes, Ajay is liable because he knew that Rajeswari will strongly react to such a news and deliberately
told her with the intention to cause her death.
(b) Yes, Ajay is liable because such a news will in ordinary circumstances lead to sudden shock and grief.
Ajay intended to kill Rajeswari with sudden shock.
(c) No, Ajay is not liable because he was unable to believe the consequences of his act.
(d) No, because Ajay must have pronounced such a statement casually and never intended to kill
Rajeswari. Thus, he is not liable for murder.
84. Legal Principle: Nothing is an offence merely by reason of its being done with the knowledge that it is
likely to cause harm, if it be done without any criminal intention to cause harm and in good faith for the
purpose preventing or avoiding other harm to person or property.
Factual Situation: Three persons Mr. Jones, Mr. Collingwood and Mr. Root along with Mr. Tsange, a boy,
between 17- 18 years of age, are the crew of a registered English vessel, were cast away in a storm on
the high seas. They had no supply of water and food. On the 18th day they thought that it would be better
to kill the boy who was in a critical condition, so that their lives could be saved. Jones and Collingwood
agreed to the act, but Root dissented from it. Jones, with the consent of Collingwood, went to the boy, who
was extremely weakened by famine put a knife into his throat and killed him. The three men fed upon the
body and blood of the boy for four days; after which the boat was picked up by a passing vessel, and they
were rescued alive. On arriving at the port, Root confessed regarding the death of Tsange, the boy to
police. Police arrested Jones and Collingwood for murder. Decide whether they will be liable or not?
(a) No, Jones and Collingwood cannot be held liable because if the men had not fed upon the body of the
boy they would probably not have survived. So this act was done out of necessity and to save the life
of three persons.
(b) No, they cannot be held liable because the boy, being in a much critical condition, was likely to have
died before them.
(c) Yes, they are guilty of killing Tsange. To preserve one’s life is generally speaking a duty, but it maybe
the plainest and the highest duty to sacrifice it.
(d) Yes, they are liable because even if they had no other recourse for survival on the ship they intentionally
killed Tsange and not by a mutual decision.
85. Legal Principle: An agreement to oust the jurisdiction of courts is void ab initio.
Jurisdiction refers to the ability and authority to entertain cases. Any agreement, unenforceable in a court
of law, is void.
Factual Situation: Monda Automobiles entered into an agreement of sale with Zero Tyres under which
Monda Automobiles decided to sell its shareholding in Monda Automobiles to Zero Tyres. As per the
agreement, if there arose any dispute pertaining to the valuation of the shareholding, it would be
compulsorily referred to an arbitration tribunal and neither party would approach the Court for any matter
in connection with the award of the Tribunal until a period of 3 months had elapsed between the date of
award and approaching the Court. Which of the following is correct?
(a) The agreement entered into is void ab initio since it prohibits the Court from interfering;
(b) The agreement is void since it is against the principle of judicial primacy;
(c) The agreement is valid since the parties entered into it with their free consent;
(d) The agreement is not void since it does not eject the jurisdiction of the Courts.
86. Legal Principle: An agreement to commit an act, which is punishable under law, is a void agreement.
An agreement that cannot be enforced in a court of law is void. Also, to ascertain the validity of an
agreement, one must take into account the law, as it stands on the date of entering into the contract, not
retrospectively.
Factual Situation: Akhilesh signs an agreement with Nikhilesh, on 2nd February 2013, to sell shark fins
and meat to him, in return for turtle eggs. However, in March 2013, the Minister of Environment and Forests
issued a notification stating that any sort of agreement entered into on or after 1st January 2013, involving
forest or animal produce, shall be deemed to be void, unless permission for the same has been taken from
the Department of Forests and Fisheries. Akhilesh fulfils his promise of providing shark fins and meat;
however Nikhilesh doesn’t provide turtle eggs, and claims that the contract is void. Which of the following
is true?
(a) The agreement is not void since the notification issued by the Ministry was after the signing of the
contract between Akhilesh and Nikhilesh and there was no pre-condition on it;
(b) The agreement is void owing to the notification issued by the Ministry;
(c) The agreement is voidable at the option of Akhilesh, since he is likely to suffer a loss;
(d) The contract is void since it is against basic animal rights.
87. Legal Principle: Article 2(4) of the UN charter prohibits the use of force by Nations. The only exception to
this is the right of self-defense.
Explanation 1: The right of self-defense can be used by one Nation against another in the event the other
Nation contravenes Article 2(4) of the UN charter.
Explanation 2: For an act to be attributed to a Nation, the Nations must either expressly or impliedly claim
responsibility for the same.
Factual Situation: UDA is a Nation in the American subcontinent. Toofanistan is a country in Asia. A
terrorist group by the name of BalQeda attacked New Pork, the capital city of UDA and claimed credit for
the same. There was large-scale loss of life and property due to these attacks in UDA. BalQeda has its
headquarters and operates out of Babul which is the capital city of Toofanistan. The members of BalQeda
are trained by the military of Toofanistan and they receive monetary and logistic support from the
Government of Toofanistan. UDA wishes to exercise its right to self defense and attack Toofanistan.
Decide.
(a) Yes, UDA has a right of self defense as the acts of terrorism were attributable to Toofanistan.
(b) Yes, UDA has a right of self defence as Toofanistan had carried out the acts of terrorism.
(c) No, UDA does not have a right of self defense as Toofanistan neither expressly nor impliedly claimed
responsibility for the acts.
(d) UDA has a right of self defence against BalQeda and not against Toofanistan.
88. Legal Principle: A contract is concluded between the parties if there is an offer, an acceptance and a flow
of consideration.
Explanation: The doctrine of promissory estoppel states that if a person makes a promise and another
acts on the same, the promisor cannot go back on the promise.
Factual Situation: Ankur is a dealer of imported cars. Ankur’s business involves taking orders from
customers and then asking the company to supply cars to him. One day, Shekhar, a customer came to
Ankur’s showroom and wished to purchase a blue Audi A8 car. Ankur informed him that he only had a
black car of the model available and he could arrange for a blue car if he is given some time. Disappointed
by this, Shekhar commented “If there was a blue model I would have surely brought it”. Ankur procured a
blue car of the same model a few days later and wishes to invoke the doctrine of promissory estoppels to
force Shekhar to buy the car. Decide.
(a) Ankur will succeed as he has acted on the basis of the promise made by Shekhar.
(b) Ankur will not succeed as there was no promise made by Shekhar.
(c) Ankur will succeed as there was a binding oral agreement between the parties.
(d) Both (a) and (c).

1. A person is responsible for any damage, which is a subsequent result of an action of the defendant,
not too remote and reasonably foreseeable, having a direct link or chain of causation.
2. Chain of causation is broken when a third party intervenes between the action of the defendant and the
damage to the plaintiff or the damage can be traced to some other negligent act.
Factual Situation: Jack Reacher was driving in his rusty Mustang on an isolated road in the forgotten town
of Texas, Bodeen. He had picked up the car from an old, unused parking lot. No one travels these roads
at this time of the night. The car started making unusual noises in the middle of the road just before
stopping. Reacher figured there was some problem in the engine. He considered the option of abandoning
the car but finding a ride at this time of the night would be a tedious task. He remembered the mechanic
shop he had passed by a few miles ago and decided to get help from there, leaving the car on the road.
Ronald was a lorry driver passing by on that fateful night. He was slightly high from the ash he had just
abused before taking off but had full confidence in his driving skills. After all he had been doing this job for
quite some time. What he did not realize in his blissful high was that he was driving way above speed limit
quite recklessly and therefore, it was no surprise when he collided with the car left by Reacher. Ronald’s
lorry overturned which led to further collision of two other cars. Whose liability is it?
(a) Reacher was negligent in leaving the car on the road, resulting in the collisions and therefore it is his
liability.
(b) Even though Ronald contributed to the accidents, the liability will be of Reacher since he started the
chain of causation.
(c) Reacher could not have foreseen the negligent act of Ronald. His negligent driving was the main cause
of the accidents and the damage can be traced back to his negligence, therefore he is liable for the
accidents.
(d) Ronald and Reacher both will be liable.

1. Strict liability: A person, who for his own purpose, brings or stores or keeps, onto his land an inherently
dangerous substance, which on escaping has the potential to do harm to a third person, must keep it
at his peril and is answerable for every direct consequence of the escape of such a substance.
2. The above principle is nullified when the substance in question is being used in discharge of public
duty.
Factual Situation: Daenerys is employed at Khal Drogo and Co. which is famous for production of
explosive shells. The factory is spread over an area of a thousand acres. The company enters into a
contract with the government of Tazakia, to produce explosive shells, which are to be used in the war
against the State’s enemies and for the protection of the citizens. Daenerys is promoted to the post of the
Manager of the testing division soon after joining the Company.
Tazakia is in urgent need of novel inventions as its enemies are gaining strength and the chances of a war
have been exponentially increased. The Government delegated this responsibility to the Company. The
scientists invented ‘The Dragon’, an explosive shell and the promised area of explosion was a good 50
acres. ‘The Dragon’ was then sent for testing to the testing department and Daenerys was personally
handed the responsibility of overlooking the operation. While testing though, it was discovered that ‘The
Dragon’ is unstable at room temperature and the test shows unexpected and unforeseeable results.
Daenerys is gravely injured during the testing. Daenerys files a suit in Court holding the Company strictly
liable for her injuries.
(a) The company will be strictly liable in the light of principle 1.
(b) The operation was undertaken for the protection of the public and therefore in the light of principle 2,
the liability of the company is nullified.
(c) Since the accident was unexpected and unforeseeable, the company should not be held liable for the
negligence.
(d) The company will not be strictly liable in the light of principle 1 as all the conditions are not met.
1. A person is not liable for an injury, which would have occurred regardless of his negligence.
2. A medical professional can be held liable for any damage, which a reasonable professional could have
avoided by following safety procedures proscribed by law.
Factual Situation: Robinson is an employee at the Doofenshmirtz Evil Inc. Corporation. One day at work,
he is hurt due to the negligence of the Company and therefore requires a tetanus shot. According to the
safety standards enforced by law, any medical personnel, administering a tetanus injection must administer
1mm of it first and wait for half an hour to prevent any possible side effects of the drug. Dr. Moneypenny
administered the testing amount but instead of waiting for half an hour, just after a wait of five minutes, he
administered the complete dose. Robinson has an allergic reaction to the drug after two days, which leads
to his death. Decide:
(a) Dr. Moneypenny could not have foreseen the allergic reaction and is therefore, absolved of liability.
(b) Dr. Moneypenny did not adhere to the safety procedure and can be held liable for Robinson’s death.
(c) It is due to the negligence of the company that Robinson was injured and therefore, the company will
be liable.
(d) The company could not have anticipated Robinson’s reaction to the drug and so they are not liable.
92. Legal Principle: A patient is entitled to be enlightened about any risks involved in the medical procedure
proposed, any alternative procedures and the consequences of undergoing the procedure, beforehand. A
doctor is legally required to list any reasonable or profound risks that the patient may face while undergoing
the procedure, especially in the case of invasive surgeries or medical procedures.
Factual Situation: Arundhati Roy is suffering from a stationary blood clot in the brain called a thrombosis,
which is in immediate need of treatment. She consults a neurologist who suggests surgery to remove the
clot, making her aware of the prominent and likely risks. Roy consents to the procedure and undergoes
surgery. During the surgery the aneurysm blast, blocking vital arteries to the lower body of the patient,
leading to her paralysis. The risk of this causality is usually considered to be about 2-3%. The neurologist,
considering this to be an unlikely event had not warned Roy about this, as it may have adversely affected
her decision. Roy decides to take the matter to Court. Decide:
(a) As the risk of the event was just 2-3%, it was reasonable on the part of the neurologist to presume the
unlikeliness of its happening and therefore it is ordinary for a doctor to leave out information about such
contingencies.
(b) As the information would have adversely affected Roy’s decision and she was in immediate need of
medical attention, it was reasonable on the part of the doctor to have avoided providing information
about an unlikely even which would have scared off the patient.
(c) The doctor will be held liable for not disclosing required information relevant to the procedure.
(d) It cannot be determinately said that Roy would have not continued with the procedure after having
gained knowledge of such an unlikely risk and therefore the doctor cannot be held liable.

1. A person who willingly takes or consents to the reasonable risks that might result from a particular
action, after having considered all possible actions and chooses to follow a particular path of action,
forfeits the right to action against any damageable consequences of that particular act.
2. A person involved in any wrongful activity cannot claim damages for an injury resulting as a
consequence of carrying out that wrongful activity.
Factual Situation: Sanatta is a pick pocket who is in a look out for his new victim in the crowded areas of
Chandni Chowk. His efforts pay off when he spots Raj, careless spoilt brat, with a loaded pocket. Rich
brats have no value for their money and are usually careless in handling their possessions, thereby making
easy and convenient targets. Sanatta is well aware of this and his experience points out the perfect victim
for him. He slyly carries out the task of picking stupid Raj’s pocket and is ecstatic to find that he has hit
gold, as expected.
Content for the day, he decides to head back and take his girlfriend out for a date with his latest income.
He gestures to an auto and directs it to the nearest metro station. But his bliss is destroyed when one of
the tyres of the auto blasts, leading to an accident in which he is gravely hurt. It was the negligence of the
auto driver for not having replaced the tyres on time. Sanatta wants to sue the driver. Decide:
(a) Sanatta took the risk of sitting in the auto willingly and therefore, forfeited the right to action.
(b) Sanatta was in pursuance of an illegal activity and therefore does not have a right to action.
(c) Bursting of a tyre is a risk, which Sanatta consented to as soon as he sat in the auto and therefore he
forfeited his right to action.
(a) a & c (b) a, b & c (c) Only c (d) Only d
94. Legal Principle: If performance is rendered by one party without request by another, that person will not
owe a duty to compensate the performing party, unless, the person by words or action accepts the
performance rendered by the other party.
Factual Situation: Tia purchased a horse named Pandeyji from Mr.DoLittle. On arrival of the horse, Tia
discovered that the horse was lame and ordered that the horse be returned to DoLittle. DoLittle refused to
accept the horse and the driver brought the horse to West’s farm, and told him about the controversy
regarding the horse’s ownership. The horse remained there in the farm for over three years. West sent bills
for the horse’s care to Tia who returned them with the notation that she did not own the horse.
Subsequently, West sued Tia. Is Tia liable to pay the cost of maintenance for the horse?
(a) An implied in fact contract to board the horse existed between the parties and hence Tia is liable.
(b) Tia is not liable as there was no evidence that the parties ever actually intended to contract and on
receiving the bill she immediately denied any ownership.
(c) Tia is liable to pay for the three years that have passed as West received notice from Tia that she would
not pay for the boarding of the horse only after three years.
(d) Tia is not liable as Mr. DoLittle is the owner.
95. Legal Principle: A person who is interested in the payment of money which another is bound by law to
pay, and who therefore pays it, is entitled to be reimbursed by the other.
Factual Situation: Padma holds land in Bangalore, on a lease granted by Ashok, the zamindar. After the
grant of lease, Padma discovers the said land has been given as security by Ashok to a moneylender for
a sum of Rs. 1,00,000. The loan payment being in arrear, the said land is advertised for sale by the
moneylender. The consequence of such a sale will be the annulment of Padma’s lease. Hence to prevent
the sale and the consequent annulment of her the lease, Padma pays the moneylender the sum due from
Ashok. Is Padma entitled to reimbursement by Ashok?
(a) Padma is entitled to reimbursement since she paid to protect her own interest in the land.
(b) Padma is entitled to reimbursement as she paid for Ashok who was bound by law to pay off his arrears.
(c) Padma is not entitled to reimbursement as Ashok had not asked her to pay and she did it out of her
own will.
(d) Both (a) and (b).

1. For a contract to exist there should be an offer from one party and acceptance from the other party.
2. The offer should be made with an intention of creating a legal relationship.
3. The contract can be an oral contract also.
Factual Situation: A promises to his two children that he will purchase for them a ‘Zen’ car and an ‘Indica’
car in case they stand first in the ensuing examinations. Both the children stood first in their respective
classes. A, however refused to purchase the cars as promised by him. Can the children sue A in the court
of law for breach of contract?
(a) Yes, as there was offer by A and acceptance by the children by doing the required act.
(b) No, as there was no intention to create a legal relationship between the father and his children.
(c) Yes, as this was a case of oral contract.
(d) Both (a) and (c)
1. For a valid contract to exist there needs to be an offer and acceptance of the said offer.
2. An offer can be made to the public at large which ripens into a contract with anybody who comes
forward and performs the condition.
3. The parties should intend to create a legal relationship.
Factual Situation: A reputed company gave an advertisement in a leading newspaper: “On the eve of
Diwali, we have pleasure in announcing a gift scheme. Anyone who purchases ‘Washing machine’ of the
company, from the specified showrooms in Delhi, shall be given a Microwave Oven as a free gift. The
scheme is operative for 15 days only.” When A, within 15 days, purchases a washing machine from the
specified showroom and claimed his gift, he was denied it. Decide whether A is entitled to the gift.
(a) A is not entitled to the gift as the advertisement was mere puffing to attract customers and did not
constitute as a valid offer.
(b) A is not entitled as there is no intention to create a legal relationship.
(c) A is entitled as there is a valid contract, since he purchased the Washing machine from the specified
showroom and performance of condition is sufficient acceptance.
98. Which of the following authorities has directed all States and Union Territories to ask police stations under
their jurisdiction to withdraw FIRs registered under Section 66 of Information Technology Act, 2000?
(a) Supreme Court
(b) Central Government
(c) Information and Broadcasting ministry
(d) Law ministry
99. Recently after DMK government’s addressal of Centre as ‘Union government’, the debate of bifurcation of
Tamil Nadu has emerged again. Which of the following is the name of the carved out region that would be
the result of such a bifurcation?
(a) Tongu Nadu
(b) Kongu Nadu
(c) Dongu Nadu
(d) Chongu Nadu
100. Which of the following states has passed a resolution seeking to create a Legislative Council in the state?
(a) Odisha
(b) West Bengal
(c) Chhattisgarh
(d) Assam
101. Justice Department has launched which of the following portals to promote ease of doing business and
improve ‘Contract Enforcement Regime’ across India?
(a) Start-up and Digital Contracts portal
(b) Business Contracts Enforcement portal
(c) Enforcing Contracts portal
(d) Contacts and Business portal
102. Which of the following Member of Parliament has been suspended from the Rajya Sabha after snatching
papers from newly appointed information technology minister Ashwani Vaishnaw?
(a) Mr. John Brittas
(b) Shri K.J Alphons
(c) Dr. Anil Agrawal
(d) Santanu Sen
103. Recently Delhi High Court has ruled that safe housing is applicable on which of the following/s?
(a) Inter-faith couples
(b) Inter-caste couples
(c) LGBTQIA+ community couples
(d) All of the above
104. Which of the followings has become the first state to provide 1% reservations for Transgender persons in
public employment?
(a) Odisha
(b) Uttar Pradesh
(c) Rajasthan
(d) Karnataka
105. Former Chief Justice of the High Courts of Karnataka and Kerala, Justice NK Sodhi has filed a case privacy
violation due to CCTV cameras installed in front of which of the following courts?
(a) Kerala High Court
(b) Supreme Court
(c) Punjab and Haryana High Court
(d) Delhi High Court
SECTION - D: LOGICAL REASONING
106. Starting from a point P, Sachin walked 20 metres towards South. He turned left and walked 30 metres. He
then turned left and walked 20 metres. He again turned left and walked 40 metres and reached a point Q.
How far and in which direction is the point Q from the point P?
(a) 30 metres, West (b) 10 metres, West (c) 30 metres, North (d) 10 meters, East
107. I am facing South. I turn right and walk 20 metre. Then I turn right again and walk 10 metre. Then I turn left
and walk 10 metre and then turning right walk 20 metre. Then I turn right again and walk 60 metre. In which
direction am I from the starting point ?
(a) North-East (b) East (c) North (d) North- West
108. Mira starts at point T, walks straight to point U which is 4 ft. away. She turns left, at 90 0 and walks to W
which is 4 ft. away, turns 900 right and goes 3 ft. to P. turns 900 right and walks 1ft. to Q, turns left at 900
and goes to V, which is 1 ft. away and once again turns 900 right and goes to O, 3 ft. away. What is the
distance between T and O?
(a) 4ft (b) 5ft (c) 7ft (d) 8ft
Directions (Q.109-Q.112): There is a certain relation between two given words on one side of : and one
word is given on another side of :: while another word is to be found from the given alternatives, having
the same relation with this word as the given pair has. Select the best alternative.
109. Equine : Horse : : Vulpine : ?

(a) Dog (b) Cat (c) Wolf (d) Eagle
110. Fire : Extinguish : : Thirst : ?

(a) Quench (b) Satiate (c) Mitigate (d) Drink
111. FLOWER : REWOLF : : FRUITS : ?

(a) STUIRF (b) STUIFR (c) STIURF (d) STRUIF
112. Pigeon : Peace : : ?

(a) Crown : Head (b) White Flag : Surrender
(c) Laurels : Victory (d) War : Liberty
113. Which of the following will come in place of the question mark (?) in the following letter series?
BXF, DVI, FTL, HRO,?
(a) JPL
(b) KPL
(c) JOL
(d) None of these
Directions (Q.114): In the following number series what should come in place of question mark (?) in the
following questions.
114. 2 32 63 97 ? 182
(a) 126 (b) 136 (c) 116 (d) 175
Direction (Q.115-Q.117): A tennis coach is trying to put together a team of four players for the forthcoming
tournament. For this, 7 players are available males A, B and C and females W, X, Y and Z. All players
have equal capability and atleast 2 males will be there in the team. For a team of four, all players must be
able to play with each other. But, B cannot play with W, C cannot play with Z and W cannot play with Y.
115. If Y is selected and B is rejected, the team will consist of which one of the following groups?
(a) A, C, W and Y (b) A, C, X and Y
(c) A, C, Y and Z (d) A, W, Y and Z
116. If all the three males are selected, then how many combination of four member teams are possible?
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
117. If B is selected and Y is rejected, the team will consist of which one of the following groups?
(a) A, B, C, and W (b) A, B, C and Z (c) A, B, C and X (d) A, W, Y and Z
Direction (Q.118-Q.120): For the Assertion (A) and Reason (R) below, choose the correct alternative
from the following.
118. Assertion: The Y2k problem had the entire computer industry in a fix towards the end of the 20th century.
Reason: The Y2k problem emerged due to the fact that the date field in computers had only two digits.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
119. Assertion: Amartya Sen was awarded the Nobel Prize for Economics.
Reason: Amartya Sen has made an invaluable contribution in the field of developmental economics.
120. Assertion: Manmohan Singh is widely recognized as the chief architect of liberalization in India.
Reason: Manmohan Singh was the finance minister who first started opening up the Indian economy in
1991.
121. The question has a statement which is taken to be true. From the options choose the one that logically
follows from the given statement.
Statement: Every bud blooms into a flower.
(a) Jasmine is a bud, it will not bloom into a flower.
(b) Orchid is a flower, it was a bud.
(c) Tulip is not a bud, it will not bloom into a flower.
(d) Magnolia did not bloom into a flower. Magnolia is not a bud.
122. In the following question, a fact or situation is given followed by two suggested courses of action. A course
of action is a step of administrative decision taken for improvement or follow-up action. Read the situation
and then decide which of the given courses of action follows.
Statement: Delhi’s air has become unbearably polluted with vehicular pollution being a big contributor.
Course(s) of Action:
I. All sources of pollution must be checked so that their pollution can be controlled.
II. All vehicles should be banned till the pollution level comes down.
(a) Only course of action I follows.
(b) Only course of action II follows.
(c) Both the courses of action follow.
(d) Neither follows.
123. Madhya Pradesh is a backward state with low income levels. In order to increase people’s income and
provide livelihood to the people of the state, the BJP government plans to help the people start micro-
enterprises. Minister of industrial policy, Rajvardhan Singh, proposes to form self-help groups (SHG’s) and
finance these SHG’s to be self-sustaining, making them financially support their members to establish
micro-enterprises and run them profitably.
Which of the following, if true, will most strongly support the belief that the government will succeed in its
plan?
(a) The people of Madhya Pradesh are honest and true to their words.
(b) Madhya Pradesh has a good potential for new business.
(c) Development strategies through SHG’s have been successful across the country.
(d) Upliftment of the poor has been observed to be strongly influenced by government’s intervention.
124. A leopard in Rudraprayag, which had reportedly killed more than a dozen humans was recently killed by
shooters hired by the government. The move by the government to kill the leopard was not a wise one
since_______
Complete the sentence:
(a) The leopards are not natural man-eaters but are forced to kill men by circumstances.
(b) Conservation of the leopard population is still a challenging movement.
(c) Leopards can easily be tranquilized and then put in a cage in a zoo.
(d) A lot could be learned from Mowgli’s relationship with Bagheera in The Jungle Book.
125. Directions: In the given question, a statement is followed by two conclusions.

Statement: All students of my class have a bright chance in their examination.
Conclusions:
I. I don’t need to teach them the whole syllabus thoroughly.
II. All the students are intelligent.
Give answer if:
(a) Only conclusion I follows. (b) Only conclusion II follows.
(c) Both conclusions I and II follow. (d) Neither I nor II follows.
126. Statement: What is an RDX explosive? From the outside it looks like a simple harmless object, but its real
contents are so deadly that they are sufficient to blast off an entire compartment of a train or even a plane.
Conclusions:
I. the RDX explosive can cause massive destruction by killing a number of persons with a single
explosion.
II. the RDX explosive is only used to blast planes/trains as it is difficult to recognize in such settings.
Directions: In the given question there is a statement followed by two conclusions. You have to choose:
(a) If only conclusion I follows. (b) If only conclusion II follows.
(c) If conclusions I and II both follow. (d) If neither I nor II follows.
127. Directions: In question below a statement is followed by two assumptions numbered I and II. Consider the
statement and decide which of the given assumption is implicit.
Statement: “If you want to specialize in Finance Management in India, join Narsee Monjee College.”
Assumptions:
I. Narsee Monjee College provides specialization in Finance Management.
II. Narsee Monjee College is among the best Finance Management course in India.
(a) If only assumption I is implicit. (b) If only assumption II is implicit.
(c) If both I and II are implicit. (d) If neither I nor II is implicit.
128. Directions: In question below a statement is followed by two assumptions numbered I and II. Consider the
statement and decide which of the given assumption is implicit.
Statement: “Please submit your fee well before 18th August”, a notice at Legal Edge.
Assumptions:
I. Unless they are instructed through a notice, a number of students may not submit their fee.
II. The institute will be closed after 18th of August.
(a) If only assumption I is implicit. (b) If only assumption II is implicit.
(c) If both I and II are implicit. (d) If neither I nor II is implicit.
129. Direction: In question below, a statement is followed by two courses of action numbered I and II. You have
to assume everything in the statement to be true. Then decide which of the two suggested courses of action
logically follows for pursuing.
Statement: The number of people who die on the roads every year is so alarming that the numbers every
year are close to the numbers which can be attributed to the major diseases of the world.
Courses of Action:
I. There should be an active campaign for sensitizing people towards road safety norms.
II. There should be an increased emphasis on enforcing speed limits, road safety rules and traffic
management on roads across the world.
(a) only I follows (b) only II follows
(c) both I and II follow (d) neither I nor II follows
130. Direction: In question below, a statement is followed by two courses of action numbered I and II. You have
to assume everything in the statement to be true. Then decide which of the two suggested courses of action
logically follows for pursuing.
Statement: Higher education in the US is very expensive. This is perhaps because more and more
graduates from across the world try to go there for higher education.
Courses of Action:
I. The US government should stop such migration of students from other countries.
II. The US government should clamp down heavily on such institutions and universities which charge
high for higher education.
131. Statement: The lives of millions of people are likely to be endangered in the future as thousands of active
landmines are still undiscovered in the fields of Afghanistan.
Courses of Action
I. The International community should immediately take action to find and diffuse these landmines.
II. It should be an offence against all humanitarian norms to continue using these landmines.
132. CONVICTION : INCARCERATION
Find the option depicting a similar relationship as given above
(a) reduction : diminution (b) induction : amelioration
(c) radicalization : estimation (d) proliferation : alliteration
133. DELTOID : MUSCLE

Find the option depicting a similar relationship as given above
(a) radius : bone (b) brain : nerve (c) tissue : organ (d) blood : vein
134. Select the correct alternative from the given choices.

The police who have been looking for the motorcycle used by the bomber, found an abandoned
motorcycle. The rims of the abandoned motorcycle are painted red. Although the CCTV footage has not
recorded the registration number of the motorcycle while the bomber was fleeing, it can be determined
whether the motorcycle used by the bomber had similar rims or not.
Which of the following, if true, would help in finding out whether the abandoned motorcycle is the one
used by the bomber?
(a) The fingerprints found on the motorcycle are not those of its owner.
(b) A police complaint about the theft of the motorcycle was registered with the police three days before
the bombing.
(c) The rim colour is unique like the registration number for each motorcycle.
(d) The bomber wore a hood which made it difficult to establish his identity, even the CCTV camera
captured his images.
135. Select the correct alternative from the given choices.

In what seems to amount to a blatant violation of the rules, four orphan girls from Daughters’ Nest Care
Home (DNCH) are being sent for cross-country adoption, though DNCH is banned from carrying on such
operations.
Which of the following, if true, can help DNCH to prove that the adoption of these four girls is not in
violation of rules?
(a) The process of adoption of these four girls was initiated even before the ban was imposed.
(b) The persons who are going to adopt these four girls have earlier adopted children from DNCH.
(c) The persons who are going to adopt these four children have an excellent track record in child care.
(d) None of these
136. In each of the questions that follow, three of the four choices are alike and hence form a group. Find the
one that does not belong to the group.
(a) Bull (b) Horse (c) Cow (d) Cub
137. In each of the questions that follow, three of the four choices are alike and hence form a group. Find the
one that does not belong to the group.
(a) Rose (b) Jasmine (c) Flower (d) Lily
138. The question contains two statements numbered I and II. You have to decide whether the information
provided in the statements is sufficient to answer the question. Read both the statements and give your
answer
Should animals be kept in zoos?
Statement:
I. Animals fare better in their natural habitat than when they are imprisoned.
II. Animals are well taken care of in zoos.
(a) The information in the statement I alone is sufficient to answer the question.
(b) The information in the statement II alone is sufficient to answer the question.
(c) The information either in the statement I alone or in statement II alone is sufficient to answer the
question.
(d) The information even in both statements I and II together is not sufficient to answer the question.
139. After a cursory glance of the vehicle, Deputy Superintendent of Police (DSP) first reported that
it was a taxi. However, on being told to carry out a proper check , he discovered
the correct identity of the vehicle.
Which of the following can be inferred from the above statement?
(a) The DSP is not properly trained.
(b) The car was not a taxi.
(c) The Inspector General of Police asked the DSP to carry out a proper check.
(d) The DSP does not know the difference between a taxi and a private car.
140. Statement: “The Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) plan, being more broad-based, will likely be politically more
attractive for farmers if implemented well. But that is a big ‘IF’.”
Conclusions:
I. The AAP plan is going to fail.
II. The AAP plan will be well implemented and farmers are going to be happy with it.
Choose from the following the correct conclusion as per the given statement.
(a) Option I is the correct conclusion (b) Option II is the correct conclusion
(c) Neither I nor II necessarily follow (d) Both I and II follow
SECTION - E : MATHEMATICS
141. The captain of a cricket team of 11 members is 26 years old and the wicketkeeper is 3 years older. If the
ages of these two are excluded, the average age of the remaining players is one year less than the average
age of the whole team. What is the average age of the team?
(a) 23 years (b) 24 years (c) 25 years (d) None of these
142. A alone can do a piece of work in 6 days and B alone in 8 days. A and B undertook to do it for Rs. 3200.
With the help of C, they completed the work in 3 days. How much is to be paid to C?
(a) Rs. 375 (b) Rs. 400 (c) Rs. 600 (d) Rs. 800
143. A man walking at the rate of 6 km per hour crosses a square field diagonally in 9 seconds the area of the
field is
(a) 110 m2 (b) 111.5 m2 (c) 112.5 m2 (d) 114 m2
144. A water tank is two-fifth full. Pipe A can fill a tank in 10 minutes and pipe B can empty in 6 minutes. If both
the pipes are open, how long will it take to empty or fill the tank completely?
(a) 6 min to empty (b) 7 min to full
(c) 6 min to full (d) 7 min to empty
145. The price of 2 sarees and 4 shirts is Rs. 1600. With the same money one can buy 1 saree and 6 shirts. If
one wants to buy 12 shirts, how much shall he have to pay?
(a) Rs. 1200 (b) Rs. 2400
(c) Rs. 4800 (d) Cannot be determined
146. A sum of money amounts to Rs.6690 after 3 years and to Rs.10,035 after 6 years on compound interest.
find the sum.
(a) 4360 (b) 4460 (c) 4560 (d) 4660
147. 75 g of sugar solution has 30% sugar in it. Then, the quantity of sugar that should be added to the solution
to make the quantity of the sugar 70% in the solution, is
(a) 125 g (b) 100 g (c) 120 g (d) 130 g
148. The speed of a car increases by 2 kms after every one hour. If the distance travelling in the first one hour
was 35 kms. what was the total distance travelled in 12 hours?
(a) 456 km (b) 482 km (c) 558 km (d) 552 km
149. One type of liquid contains 25 % of benzene, the other contains 30% of benzene. A can is filled with 6 parts
of the first liquid and 4 parts of the second liquid. Find the percentage of benzene in the new mixture.
(a) 28 % (b) 25 % (c) 30 % (d) 27%
150. In a competition, a school awarded medals in different categories. 36 medals in dance, 12 medals in
dramatics and 18 medals in music. If these medals went to a total of 45 persons and only 4 persons got
medals in all the three categories, how many received medals in exactly two of these categories?
(a) 13 (b) 12 (c) 9 (d) None of these
Notes:
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LEGALEDGE TEST SERIES

Candidate Name : _________________

Search @CLATEXAM20 ON TELEGRAM

7. (a) Sheetal’s parents have been married in 25 years.

15. Fill in the blank (15)

16. Fill in the blank (16)

17. Fill in the blank (17)

18. Fill in the blank (18)

19. Fill in the blank (19)

27. Why does ketchup contain a lot of added sugar?

37. Biotech-PRIDE Guidelines were recently released by which of the following?

40. “Krishikarna” project is launched by which of the following state governments?

52. International Tiger Day is observed on which of the following days?

53. Consider the following about One China Policy:

54. Consider the following about Dholavira:

57. Consider the following about Gaganyaan Mission:

59. Consider the following about Kongu Nadu:

61. Consider the following about Jewish State Law:

70. Consider the following:

71. Legal Principles:

Legal Principles (Q.72-Q.73):

74. Legal Principles:

77. Will the custom officials succeed in their case?

79. Legal Principles:

Legal Principles (Q.80-Q.81):

89. Legal Principles:

90. Legal Principles:

93. Legal Principles:

96. Legal Principles:

109. Equine : Horse : : Vulpine : ?

110. Fire : Extinguish : : Thirst : ?

111. FLOWER : REWOLF : : FRUITS : ?

112. Pigeon : Peace : : ?

125. Directions: In the given question, a statement is followed by two conclusions.

133. DELTOID : MUSCLE

134. Select the correct alternative from the given choices.

135. Select the correct alternative from the given choices.

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