Unit 8:

Vocabulary:

• Robotic engineer
• Social-networking counsellor
• Spaceship pilot
• Vertical Farmer
• Virtual lawyer

- Collocations and phrasal verbs with work

• Job satisfaction
• Job security
• Male occupation
• Medical profession
• Employment agency
• Career opportunity
• Worked out: calculate
• Worked out well/badly: have a good or bad result.
• Get worked up: become angry or upset.
• Work out: do excersice / plan or decide
• Work around: manage a situation

- Linking words and expressions

• As well as / still / also / too : Give extra information
• So / that’s why / since / as / Because : Express reason or reason
• So that / to / in order to : Express a purpose for doing something
• While / although / Despite / However / even though : Contrast information

Concrete and abstract nouns

• Visitor (CN) / Visit (AN) – Advisor (CN) / Advise (AN)

• Engineer (CN) / engineering (AN) – Teacher (CN) / Teach (AN) – Employer (CN) / Employ (AN)
• Musician (CN) / Music (AN) – Politician (CN) / Politics (AN)
• Journalist (CN) / Journalism (AN) – Tourism (CN) / Tour (AN)
• Applicant (CN) / Appy (AN) – Representative (CN) / Represent (AN)
• Child (CN) / Childhood (AN) – Politician (CN) / Politics (AN)
Reporting verbs

Structure Verbs Example

Verb + infinitive
Verb + object + infinitive
Verb (+that) + clause
Verb + object (+that) + clause
Verb + -ing
Verb + preposition + -ing
Verb + object + preposition + -ing
Verb + wh-word + infinitive
Verb + object + wh-word + infinitive
Agree, decide, offer, We agreed to go to the
promise, refuse, threaten meeting
Advise, beg, encourage,
She advised me to go to the
invite, persuade, remind,
police
tell, warm
Accept, admit, claim,
She says (that) we should
explain, recommend, say,
pay for his ticket
suggest
He told us (that) he would
Promise, remind, tell, warm
be on time
Admit, deny recommend, He admitted taking the
suggest money
She apologized for being
Apologies for, insist on
late
Accuse (of), blame (for),
She discouraged me from
congratulate (on),
going in for the competition
discourage (from)
Describe, explain, know,
She explained what to do
wonder
Ask, remind, tell They told us who to see

Watch out!

Some verbs can be used with more than one structure

-She recommended visiting the castle

-She recommended that we should visit the castle

Reported statements

Form

From a repoting verb (+that) + a cluse containing the statement

“He works in television”, she said. She said (that) he worked in television

“I took the money”, she admitted. She admitted (that) she had taken the money
Changes to verb forms and pronouns

If the situation being reported happened in the past, the verb forms and pronouns change

Direct speech Reported speech

“I like your shoes, Kate”
Present simple/ said Jack.
continuous “I’m enjoying the party”
said Tom.
“I saw that car
advertisement on TV”
Past simple/
said Susie.
continuous simple/ continuous
“I was hoping to win the
prize” Tom told me
“I’ve bought a hat” Helen
Present perfect told me.
simple/continuous “I’ve been working in simple/ continuous
Geneva” said Chris.
“I’ll take you there if you
Will/might
want” Luke said.
“You must buy a ticket”
Must (obligation)
he said.
“I can speak Spanish”
Can
said Mel
“I am going to London Was / were going
Be going to
next week” she said
Jack said (that) he liked
Past simple/ Kate’s shoes.
continuous Tom said (that) he was
enjoying the party
Kate said (that) she had
seen that car advertised
Past perfect on TV.
Tom told me (that) he
had been hoping to win
the prize
Helen told me (that) she
Past perfect had bought a hat.
Chris said (that) he’d
been working in Geneva
Like said (that) he would
Would
take me there if I wanted
He said (that) we had to
Had to
buy a ticket
Mel said (that) he could
Could
speak Spanish
She said (that) she was
going to London the
to
following week

When the verb doesn’t change

It could change when:

• The situation being reported is unchanged.

“Bananas are a good source of energy” said the doctor.
The doctor told us that bananas are a good source of energy

“The castle is 800 years old” said the guide

The guide told us that the castle is 800 years old

• The symptoms being reported contains the modals would, could, might, ought to and
should or must for logical deduction
“I ought to buy a new car” she said.
She said she ought to buy a new car

“I think he must be coming” she said

She said she thought he must be coming

• this sentence being reported contains the past perfect

“He had already been given a prize” she said
She said he had already been given a prize

Reported questions and imperatives

Reported questions
 1. Yes/no questions

When there is no question word in the direct speech question we use IF or WHETHER. word order is
the same as in the statement. The verb tense and other changes are the same as for other types of
reported speech.

“Could I borrow your bike?” she asked

She asked if/whether she could borrow my bike

2. Wh- questions

The Wh- word Is followed by statement word order (subject followed by verb). All tenses and other
changes are the same as for other types of reported speech.

“Why did you live that job?” she asked him

She asked him why he had left that job

“Where is the swimming pool?” he asked her

He asked her where the swimming pool was

Reported imperative

Verb + object + infinitive with TO

“Please open your suitcase” said the customs official

The customs official asked me to open my suitcase

“Don’t walk on the grass!” said the official

The official told them not to walk on the grass

Word formation (Prefixes and suffixes)

Suffixes

Adjectives:

- ….FUL = Careful – beautiful – successful

- ….IVE = Creatuve – Attractive
- ….Al = Typical – original – educational
- ….IC = Fantastic – Sarcastic
- ….OUS = Fabolus – Famous – Luxurious

Noun:

- ….MENT = Achievement – commitment – development

- ….NESS = Happiness – loneliness – sadness
- ….HOOD = neighbourhood- childhood
Prefixes

- Anti… (against) = Antisocial – Antibiotic – Antigravity

- Dis… (Opposite of) = Dislike – Distant – Disappear
- In… (not) = Incorrect – Inaccurate – Incomplete
- Co… (with) = Copilot – cooperation – Coexist
- Extra… (more than) = Extracurricular – Extraordinary – Extra-terrestrial
- Fore… (before) = Forecast – Forehead – Foresee
- Mis… (wrongly) = Misinterpret – Mistake – Misunderstand
- Mono… (singular) = Monotone – Monopoly – Monolingual
- Non… (not, without) = Nonsense – nonactive – nonexistent
- Sub… (under) = Submarine – Subtitle – Subconscious
- Trans… (across) = Transport – Transact – Transform
- Un… (not) = Unfinished – Unfriendly – Unknow
- Uni… (One) = Unicycle – Universal – Unilateral
- Post… (after) = Postpone – Postscript – Postmortem
- Inter… (Between) = Interact – Intermediate – Interstellar
- Ex… (former) = Ex-president – exterior – extension