CIRCUIT III

Complex Frecuency

Profesor:
Ing. LORENA VARGAS, MSc, Ph.D
Programa de Ingeniería Electrónica
Facultad de Ingeniería
Universidad Popular del Cesar
 INTRODUCTION
When faced with time-varying sources, or a circuit with switches installed, we have
several choices with respect to the analysis approach. Differential equation–based
analysis, which is particularly useful when examining turn on or turn-off transients. Not
all sources are sinusoidal, and there are times when both transient and steady-state
responses are required. In such instances, the Laplace transform proves to be a highly
valuable tool.
A mathematical convenience, complex frequency allows us to manipulate both periodic
and nonperiodic time-varying quantities in parallel.
 CONCEPTS

SIGNAL: Forma de reconocer un patrón

• Forma de representación de un voltaje, de un respuesta o cualquier variable.

• Diferencia de tensión en el transcurso del tiempo
• Magnitud física de las variables pueden o no variar en el tiempo
 CONCEPTS
SIGNAL: is generally a physical quantity that varies with time. Any signal can
be described by a mathematical expression of one or more independent variables. Most
of the time t stand for time. The mathematical notation is given that f(t). For example,
the functions f(t) = 2t + 1 and f(t) = 3t2 + 2t + 1 describe two signals, which vary
respectively linearly and quadratically with variable t. These can be defined as a function
that conveys information about the state or behavior of physical system.
 CONCEPTS
Depending on the continuity of the contained information signals can be:
• continuous-time
• discrete-time
 CONCEPTS
A continuous-time signal has a value for all instants in time or space. Example of a
continuous-time signal is the voltage of a battery or the position of a pendulum.
 CONCEPTS
A discrete-time signal has a value only at discrete moments in time. Example of a
discrete signal is the weight of a human measured early or the daily average
temperature measure in a specific area.
 CONCEPTS

System:
 CONCEPTS
A system is any process that produces an output signal in response to an input signal.
This is illustrated by figure.
 CONCEPTS
A system is any process that produces an output signal in response to an input signal.
This is illustrated by figure.
 CONCEPTS
EXAMPLE: When we have a sinusoidal signal input to a system
 CONCEPTS
Linear time-invariant systems (LTI systems)

• Linear systems are systems whose outputs for a linear combination of inputs are the
same as a linear combination of individual responses to those inputs.

• Time-invariant systems are systems where the output does not depend on when an
input was applied. These properties make LTI systems easy to represent and
understand graphically.
 CONCEPTS
Linear time-invariant systems (LTI systems)

• Linear systems
If a system is linear, this means that when an input to a given system is scaled by a value,
the output of the system is scaled by the same amount.
 CONCEPTS
Linear time-invariant systems (LTI systems)

• Linear systems
A linear system also obeys the principle of superposition. This means that if two inputs
are added together and passed through a linear system, the output will be the sum of
the individual inputs' outputs.
 CONCEPTS
Linear time-invariant systems (LTI systems)

• Linear systems
The scaling property mentioned above still holds in conjunction with the superposition
principle.
 CONCEPTS
Linear time-invariant systems (LTI systems)

• Time Invariant Systems

A time-invariant system has the property that a certain input will always give the same
output (up to timing), without regard to when the input was applied to the system
 CONCEPTS
Linear time-invariant systems (LTI systems)
Any system that can be modeled as a linear differential equation with constant
coefficients is an LTI system.

Initial condition

𝑑𝑘−1 𝑦(0)
𝑛−1
, … , 𝑦(0)
𝑑𝑡
 CONCEPTS
Linear time-invariant systems (LTI systems)
Write a differential equation describing the relationship between the input voltage x(t)
and current y(t) through the inductor in the following figure( first order differential
equation).
 CONCEPTS
The differential equation:

Our goal is an expression for i(t) which satisfies this equation and also has the value I0 at
t = 0. The solution may be obtained by several different methods.
 CONCEPTS
The solution may also be obtained by a slight variation of the method we just described.
After separating the variables, we now also include a constant of integration. Thus,

and integration gives us

The identity t = 0 will result, The constant of integration must be selected to satisfy the
initial condition i (0) = I0. Thus, at t = 0,
 CONCEPTS
and we use this value for K to obtain the desired response
 CONCEPTS
THE EXPONENTIAL RESPONSE

Let us now consider the nature of the response in the series RL circuit.
At t = 0, the current has value I , but as time increases, the current decreases and
0

approaches zero.
 CONCEPTS
A second-order circuit is characterized by a second-order differential equation.
Let us now consider a series RLC circuit.
 CONCEPTS
The fundamental integrodifferential equation is

The respective second-order equations obtained by differentiating these two equations

with respect to time are also duals:

Thus, we assume
𝒊 = 𝑨𝒆𝒔𝒕
𝟏 𝒔𝒕
𝑨𝒆 + 𝑹𝒔𝑨𝒆𝒔𝒕 + 𝑳𝒔𝟐 𝑨𝒆𝒔𝒕 = 𝟎
𝑪
 CONCEPTS
We therefore equate the remaining factor to zero:
𝒔𝒕
𝟏
𝑨𝒆 + 𝑹𝒔 + 𝑳𝒔𝟐 = 𝟎
𝑪

𝟏
+ 𝑹𝒔 + 𝑳𝒔𝟐 = 𝟎
𝑪

𝑹 𝟏
𝒔𝟐 + 𝒔+ =𝟎
𝑳 𝑳𝑪
Since equation is a quadratic equation, there are two solutions,
 CONCEPTS
We therefore equate the remaining factor to zero:
CONCEPTS
 COMPLEX FREQUENCY
We introduce the notion of complex frequency by considering a (purely real)
exponentially damped sinusoidal function, such as the voltaje.

v(t) = Vm eσt cos(ωt + θ)