Activity 1

1. List some natural phenomena that you can think of

- Weather, fog, thunder, tornadoes; biological processes, decomposition,

germination; physical processes, wave propagation, erosion; tidal flow, moonbow,
blood moon and natural disasters such as electromagnetic pulses, volcanic eruptions
and earthquakes.

2. Explore the website of the following agencies to add to your list

- PHILVOCS
- PAGASA
- MGB

3. a. where does this kind of event occur?

- Typhoons can hit the Philippines any time of the year, with the months of June to
September being most active, with August being the most active individual month
and May the least active. Typhoons usually move east to west across the country,
heading north or west as they go.

b. what causes the natural phenomena?

- A typhoon forms when winds blow into areas of the ocean where the water is
warm. These winds collect moisture and rise, while colder air moves in below. This
creates pressure, which causes the winds to move very quickly. The more warm air
and moisture there is, the more intense the winds.

c. how much warning are given?

- TCWS Number 5 (Super Typhoon): Signal Number 5 is the highest warning signal of
Pagasa. In this warning signal, affected areas must expect a storm packing with more
than 220 kph of wind within 12 hours. Storm surge of more than three meters is
possible within coastal areas.

d. can it cause harm to people and the environment? If so what sort of harm can it
cause?
- Typhoons affect peoples lives because there are land slides and flooding. They are
very destructive so they take peoples lives, they ruin peoples property and buildings
and they blow down power lines.

e. how are different people affected when a natural event strikes their community?
Who would be most affected.
- Disasters directly impact the health of the population resulting in physical trauma,
acute disease and emotional trauma. In addition, disasters may increase the
morbidity and mortality associated with chronic disease and infectious disease
through the impact on the health care system. Farmers are the most affected of
typhoon.

f. does a reported natural phenomena affect people all the time?

- From the destruction of buildings to the spread of disease, natural disasters can
devastate entire countries overnight. Tsunamis, earthquakes and typhoons do not
just wreak havoc on land; they also disrupt people's lives in both densely populated
cities and remote villages

g. how strong are the most damaging events? List five example
- The Kashmir Earthquake (Pakistani-administered Kashmir) ...
The Sichuan Earthquake (Sichuan province, China) ...
The Great Peruvian Earthquake (western Peru) ...
The Indian Ocean Earthquake and Tsunami (Indian Ocean basin) ...
The Great Tangshan Earthquake (northwestern China)

h. how big should a natural phenomena be for it to be considered a hazard? Does

size event matter?
- A flood can be a warning, an irritation, or a disaster, depending on how big it is,
where it happens, and what gets destroyed. A warning is when an unused piece of
pasture land gets inundated by water, which drains off within a week. An irritation is
when water crosses a road and cuts off traffic, sometimes washing out one or more
portions of the road, but not damaging homes or businesses. A disaster usually
involves a very large piece of land, such as multiple square miles of an area that are
flooded as a result of an unexpectedly large outflow, such as a dam break or a long
period of heavy rain.

I. why do people live in the areas affected by natural hazard?

- Developing countries are more vulnerable to natural disasters because people live
in areas at high risk from natural disasters (e.g., unsafe urban areas), the housing is
poorly built and can be easily damaged in the event of a disaster, countries are not
equipped with early warning systems,

j. how can people prevent disaster when a natural hazard strikes?

- Awareness, education, preparedness, and prediction and warning systems can
reduce the disruptive impacts of a natural disaster on communities. Mitigation
 measures such as adoption of zoning, land-use practices, and building codes are
needed, however, to prevent or reduce actual damage from hazard
Activity 2

1. A super typhoon with storm surge affecting Leyte

a. Disaster b. atmospheric

2. A typhoon passing over a remote and unpopulated island

a. Hazard b. hydrological

3. A flood in a rural area which floods the roads but does not affect any houses
a. Hazard b. hydrological

4. A volcano erupting in isolation in the middle of the pacific ocean

a. Hazard b. geologic

5. An avalanche in a ski resort

a. Hazard b. geologic

6. An avalanche high on the mountain and slopes remote from any settlement
a. Hazard b. geologic

7. A tsunami wave 5 m high off the coast of Japan

a. Hazard b. geologic

8. An earthquake in Kashmir, northern Pakistan

a. Disaster b. geologic

9. A drought in Australia’s outback

a. Disaster b. hydrologic

10. A landslide in a favela in Rio de Janeiro

a. Disaster b. geologic
Activity

1990 LUZON EARTHQUAKE

More than 1,000 people are killed when a 7.7-magnitude earthquake strikes Luzon Island in the
Philippines on July 16, 1990. The massive tremor wreaked havoc across a sizeable portion of
Luzon, the country’s largest island, with Baguio City suffering the most devastating effects.
The epicenter of the quake, which struck at 4:26 p.m., was north of Manila in the Nueva Ecija
province. Reports indicate that the shaking went on for nearly a full minute. Collapsing
buildings were the main cause of damage and death. Getting out of a multi-story building was a
good safety precaution that afternoon, although many people were injured and a few even died
in stampedes of others doing the same thing.
At Christian College, a six-story building completely collapsed, trapping approximately 250
students and teachers inside. Heroic rescue efforts saved many, but some victims who did not
die in the collapse were found dead later from dehydration because they were not pulled out in
time.
https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/earthquake-wreaks-havoc-in-the-philippines
Brief Overview of the Disaster
An earthquake of 7.8 magnitude on the Richter Scale, (epicenter at 15.71 N and 121.15 E) jolted
the Island of Luzon on July 16, 1990 at 4:26 pm, affecting the whole of northern and central
Luzon (Regions I, II, III, and Cordillera Autonomous Region) and part of southern Luzon,
including Metro Manila. There were 18,337 barangays (villages) in 13 cities and 231
municipalities in 23 provinces that were severely affected. The City of Baguio in the Mountain
Province of Northern Luzon was most affected and devastated.

Displaced 126,035
Dead 2,412
Missing 321
Injured 3,513
Housing destroyed/damaged Completely destroyed: 25,305 Partly damaged: 77,249
Total damage and losses (in USD) 695,000
Note total affected 1,597,553
Main source http://www.emdat.be/Database/terms.html

A. What causes the disaster

-Because of its location on the so-called Pacific Ring of Fire, the Philippines is prone to
earthquakes and volcanic eruptions caused by the movement of tectonic plates.
B. When and where exactly did the natural event originate
- was north of Manila in the Nueva Ecija province
C. How extensive the area affected

-The 1990 earthquake occured at 4:26 pm and the shaking lasted for about 45 seconds. The
earthquake hit Northern and Central Luzon. Its epicenter was pinpointed at Nueva Ecija, with
the most affected areas being the cities of Baguio, Cabanatuan in Nueva Ecija, and Dagupan in
Pangasinan.

E.Dead 2,412
Missing 321
Injured 3,513

F. The public needs to respond properly during earthquakes. Hazards and their effects should
be simulated. Building codes should be implemented properly and land use should be carefully
planned.

G.The costs of caring for evacuees (including construction of evacuation camps and relocation
centers) was at least 2.5 billion pesos ($US 93 million) in 1991-92 An additional 4.2 billion pesos
($US 154 million) was spent during the same period on dikes and dams to control lahars.
H. The economic damage caused by disasters varies. Capital assets and infrastructure such as
housing, schools, factories and equipment, roads, dams and bridges are lost. Human capital is
depleted due to the loss of life, the loss of skilled workers and the destruction of education
infrastructure that disrupts schooling.
I. The costs of caring for evacuees (including construction of evacuation camps and relocation
centers) was at least 2.5 billion pesos ($US 93 million) in 1991-92 An additional 4.2 billion pesos
($US 154 million) was spent during the same period on dikes and dams to control lahars.

k. The 1990 Luzon earthquake struck the island of Luzon in the Philippines at 4:26 p.m. on July
16 (PDT) The event was a result of strike-slip movements along the Philippine Fault and the
Digdig Fault within the Philippine Fault System.
Section Assessment
1. For storm surge hazard, which is more important to minimize a building exposure or its
vulnerability? Explain
- For a storm surge hazard it is more important to minimize a building's exposure than
its vulnerability. Because when a structure is directly under the surrounding areas
with high risk of potential storm surge, these houses will surely be wiped out of
existence in a blink of an eye along with the family's dwelling under them.

2. What does 0 vulnerability to landslide hazard mean? Cite example of structures or

communities in your locality.
- Zero vulnerability to landslide hazard means that , this particular lanslide did not
cause any loss or in other words "NO LOSS". So, in our community, intense rainfalls
cause landslides. So, preserving our vegetation, and installation of sttuctures like
piles and retaining walls are installed

3. Why are poor people more vulnerable to certain natural hazard?

- Clearly, poverty is a major contributor to vulnerability. Poor people are more likely
to live and work in areas exposed to potential hazards, while they are less likely to
have the resources to cope when a disaster strikes. In richer countries, people
usually have a greater capacity to resist the impact of a hazard.

Chapter assessment
1. Explain the value of assessing vulnerabilities of various element at risk
 - Vulnerability assessment is an essential step to reduce these consequences and
consequently natural hazard risk. The assessment of vulnerability requires an ability
to both identify and understand the susceptibility of elements at risk and in a
broader sense of the society to these hazards.

2. For a limited vulnerability assessment task assigned to you by a city government

chooses four elements at risk that you will include. Explain your choices
-

Types of Hazard

(Terminal)

Geologic Hydrologic Atmospheric Biologic Man-made

Earthquakes Floods Typhoons or Epidemic in Transport
 Vibration  River Hurricanes Humans accident
 Ground  Coastal
eruption
 Liquefaction
 Landslide
 Tsunami
Volcanic Eruption Wave action Thunderstorm Epidemic in Industrial
 Lava flow plants explosion and
 Volcanic gas fire
 Pyroclastic
flow
 Tephra flow
 Lahar
 Volcanic
debris
avalanche
Rainfall-induced Drought Excessive rainfall Epidemic in Accidental
Landslide animals release of toxic
chemicals,
 radiological
material,
biological
material, oil, etc.
Rapid sediment Rapid glacier Tornadoes Locusts Nuclear
movement advance accidents
Subsidence Heavy snowfalls Collapse of
public buildings
Sinkhole Hail WMD- weapons
of mass
destruction
(biological,
nuclear,
incendiary,
chemical, and
explosive)
Impact with space Blizzards Computer virus
objects such as Trojan
Horse Program
Glaze storm
Freezing rain
High wind speeds
Extreme
Temperature
Lightning

(House)

Geologic Hydrologic Atmospheric Biologic Man-made

Earthquakes Floods Typhoons or Epidemic in Transport
 Vibration • River Hurricanes Humans accident
 Ground • Coastal
eruption
 Liquefaction
 Landslide
 Tsunami
Volcanic Eruption Wave action Thunderstorm Epidemic in Industrial
 Lava flow plants explosion and
 Volcanic gas fire
 Pyroclastic
flow
 Tephra flow
 Lahar
 Volcanic
debris
 avalanche
Rainfall-induced Drought Excessive rainfall Epidemic in Accidental
Landslide animals release of toxic
chemicals,
radiological
material,
biological
material, oil, etc.
Rapid sediment Rapid glacier Tornadoes Locusts Nuclear
movement advance accidents
Subsidence Heavy snowfalls Collapse of
public buildings
Sinkhole Formation Hail WMD- weapons
of mass
destruction
(biological,
nuclear,
incendiary,
chemical, and
explosive)
Impact with space Blizzards Computer virus
objects such as Trojan
Horse Program
Blizzards
Glaze storm
Freezing rain
High wind speeds
Extreme
Temperature
Lightning

(Hospital)

Geologic Hydrologic Atmospheric Biologic Man-made

Earthquakes Floods Typhoons or Epidemic in Transport
 Vibration • River Hurricanes Humans accident
 Ground • Coastal
eruption
 Liquefaction
 Landslide
 Tsunami
Volcanic Eruption Wave action Thunderstorm Epidemic in Industrial
 Lava flow plants explosion and
 Volcanic gas fire
 Pyroclastic
flow
  Tephra flow
 Lahar
 Volcanic
debris
avalanche
Rainfall-induced Drought Excessive rainfall Epidemic in Accidental
Landslide animals release of toxic
chemicals,
radiological
material,
biological
material, oil, etc.
Rapid sediment Rapid glacier Tornadoes Locusts Nuclear
movement advance accidents
Subsidence Heavy snowfalls Collapse of
public buildings
Sinkhole Formation Hail WMD- weapons
of mass
destruction
(biological,
nuclear,
incendiary,
chemical, and
explosive)
Impact with space Blizzards Computer virus
objects such as Trojan
Horse Program
Blizzards
Glaze storm
Freezing rain
High wind speeds
Extreme
Temperature
Lightning

(Market)

Geologic Hydrologic Atmospheric Biologic Man-made

Earthquakes Floods Typhoons or Epidemic in Transport
 Vibration • River Hurricanes Humans accident
 Ground • Coastal
eruption
 Liquefaction
 Landslide
 Tsunami
Volcanic Eruption Wave action Thunderstorm Epidemic in Industrial
  Lava flow plants explosion and
 Volcanic gas fire
 Pyroclastic
flow
 Tephra flow
 Lahar
 Volcanic
debris
avalanche
Rainfall-induced Drought Excessive rainfall Epidemic in Accidental
Landslide animals release of toxic
chemicals,
radiological
material,
biological
material, oil, etc.
Rapid sediment Rapid glacier Tornadoes Locusts Nuclear
movement advance accidents
Subsidence Heavy snowfalls Collapse of
public buildings
Sinkhole Formation Hail WMD- weapons
of mass
destruction
(biological,
nuclear,
incendiary,
chemical, and
explosive)
Impact with space Blizzards Computer virus
objects such as Trojan
Horse Program
Blizzards
Glaze storm
Freezing rain
High wind speeds
Extreme
Temperature
Lightning