Hydrometeorological hazards in the Philippines

https://theresilientperspective.wordpress.com/2017/01/13/the-top-5-most-devastating-storm-surge-
to-hit-the-philippines/

https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1068566

https://takvera.blogspot.com/2011/01/la-nina-brings-torrential-rain-floods.html

https://www.peopleandthesea.org/philippines-braces-for-worst-el-nino-phenomenon/

Effects

Gwenn
Toppr. (2019, April 14). Thunderstorms and Cyclones. Retrieved from:
https://www.toppr.com/guides/science/winds-storms-and-cyclones/thunderstorms-and-cyclones/.

University Of Illinois. (2016, October 3). Retrieved from:

http://ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/(Gh)/guides/mtr/hurr/damg/wind.rxml.

Monsoon Rains Pummel South Asia, Displacing Millions. (2020, July 15). Retrieved from:
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/15/world/asia/monsoon-asia-bangladesh-india.html.

Landslides, Monsoon Flooding Kill Over 100 In Western India. (2021, July 23). AP NEWS. Retrieved from:
https://apnews.com/article/india-floods-6fed102e79c06049a7eaec0fdcba29b1.

Monsoons | UCAR Center for Science Education. (2017, September 4). Retrieved from:
https://scied.ucar.edu/learning-zone/storms/monsoons.

What Are the Negative Social Impacts of Flooding?. (2013, May 19). Associated Programs on Flood Management.
Retrieved from: https://www.floodmanagement.info/what-are-the-negative-social-impacts-of-flooding/
GOVPH (2018, June 24) What you need to remember about Storm Surges Retrieved from:
https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/

STORM SURGE National Geographic Society (2015). Storm Surge Retrieved from:
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/

FLASHFLOODS Associated Programs on Flood Management (2013). What are the negative social impacts
of flooding? Retrieved from: https://www.floodmanagement.info/

Dharen
El Niño And La Niña: Frequently Asked Questions. (2016, January 18). NOAA Climate.gov. Retrieved from:
https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/el-ni%C3%B1o-and-la-ni%C3%B1a-frequently-
asked-questions

M, Emelda, (2011) Difference Between Thunder and Lightning Retrieved from:

http://www.differencebetween.net/

Earth Eclipse (2021). What is El Niño and What are Causes and Effects of El Niño. Retrieved from:
https://eartheclipse.com/

What Is La Niña And Causes And Effects Of La Niña. (2015, May 12). Earth Eclipse. Retrieved from:
https://eartheclipse.com/climate-change/causes-and-effects-of-la-nina.html

Preparedness
5 Steps To Emergency Preparedness For Any Disaster - Facilities Management Insights. (2017, May 18). Retrieved
from: https://www.facilitiesnet.com/emergencypreparedness/article/5-Steps-To-Emergency-Preparedness-For-
Any-Disaster--17186?fbclid=IwAR0UUA_I5VzlFhhUcKVAxdv8PA1ZoA629SK_7lZREToeUKXpvwqTVUxphQk.

Media Landscapes. (2019, July 15). Media Landscapes. Retrieved from:

https://carmelaochea.wordpress.com/2018/01/24/precautionary-and-safety-measures-for-hydrometeorological-
hazards/

Lyza Salle, M. N. (2001, May 1). Hydrometeorological Hazards. Retrieved from:

https://www.slideshare.net/MaNestleLyzaSalle/hydrometeorological-hazards-179090107?
fbclid=IwAR0nED441VNzW740Lj52yKWhB8m520yBGoZw7sCz9n_O6pEAsua8geP3ULg
Elgie

CNN Philippines staff. (2016, July 8). Understanding PAGASA's public storm warning system, rainfall
advisories. CNN Philippines. Retrieved from: https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/07/08/PAGASA-
typhoon-public-storm-warning-system-rainfall-advisories.html

GOVPH. (n.d.). PAGASA. PAGASA. Retrieved from: https://bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/learning-

tools/public-storm-warning-signal

Lorenz, E. (n.d.). Weather forecasting. Wikipedia. Retrieved from:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weatherforecasting

Philippine Public Storm Warning Signal. (n.d.). Typhoon Watch Philippines. Retrieved from:
http://typhoonwatchphilippines.blogspot.com/2013/03/philippine-public-storm-warning-signal_1.html

Super typhoon and Signal Number 5, now part of PAGASA’s terminology (Panahon TV admin, Trans.).
(2015). Retrieved from: https://panahon.tv/beta/v2/web/blog/2015/05/super-typhoon-and-signal-
number-5-now-part-of-pagasas-terminology/

Departments

(PAGASA) UN-SPIDER Knowledge Portal. (2017, March 3). Retrieved from: https://un-spider.org/philippine-
atmospheric-geophysical-and-astronomical-services-administration-pagasa?fbclid=IwAR2RvSjBKd22pnVvzLi8xRt-
8lKckrxOLz8FDuJLuI9b-okX_WR9OOwz4JU#:~

National Disaster Risk Reduction And Management Council - Wikipedia. (2021, March 1). Retrieved from:
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Disaster_Risk_Reduction_and_Management_Council?

About PDRF - Philippine Disaster Resilience Foundation. (2021, November 18). Retrieved from:
https://www.pdrf.org/who-we-are/about-pdrf/?fbclid=

Project NOAH (Nationwide Operational Assessment Of Hazards) - DAP. (2020, October 1). Retrieved from:
https://coe-psp.dap.edu.ph/compendium-innovation/project-noah-nationwide-operational-assessment-of-
hazards-2/

World Meteorological Organization. (2016, January 20). Retrieved from: https://public.wmo.int/en/our-

mandate/what-we-do?fbclid=IwAR38eLhVLbbZYg_5b0-J9DlTJJMBQoxoijuPtzamQhMhyei4zR68K56xTpc.
Thunders Storm

Occurs when there is a raid upward movement of warm, moist air. As it moves upward, it
loses heat and cools then compresses and form cumulonimbus clouds where air currents form
water droplets and ice particles which collide with each other and build up static energy
which causes thunder and lighting.

*People are killed or get seriously wounded.

Any way of being struck by lightning can potentially kill or injure someone, resulting in
cardiac arrest or damage to the neurological system, but the way someone is struck may also
impact the kind of injuries that individual might suffer. When lightning strikes someone, most
of the current flashes across the surface of person's skin, with only a small fraction entering
someone’s body

*Sometimes leads to the fire in the farms and forests when striked by lightining.

The question is "what happens when lightning strikes a forest?"  When lightning hits a tree,
damage can range along a scale from minimally invasive to explosive. As soon as lightning
strikes the tree, water in its cells can start to boil causing steam to form. The expanding
steam can explode, cracking bark or even stripping it off the tree, when it happens forest will
leads to massive wildfire.

*Destroys the structure of a house, big buildings, towers, and transformers in cities and
villages.

- because thunderstorm can be even hazardous if accompanied by lightning, gusty winds, and
heavy rain and It can also affect humans, animals, public properties, and even nature.

El Niño

In normal conditions, the wind blow from the east to the west along the equator in the
Pacific.

Effects of El Niño

*Effect on aquatic species and sea birds.

When El Niño's happens, fish either die or migrate into areas where they'll find more to eat.
With the fish gone, sea birds that depend on them may die or go elsewhere. Kelp forests are
often destroyed by storms and ocean swells.

*Drought and dry conditions

Drought also affects the environment in many different ways, plants and animals depend on
water, just like people. When a drought occurs, their food supply can shrink and their habitat
can be damaged. Sometimes the damage is only temporary and their habitat and food supply
return to normal when the drought is over.

*Flooding and impact on local/commercial fishing

The change in El Niño conditions prevail for many months and with the ocean temperatures
evening out, the resultant rainy weather patterns in the oceans bring about heavy floods that
last for extended periods. The heavy floods are experienced far beyond the ocean shores in
the main land, destroying property and rendering people homeless for months.

La Niña

La Niña is caused by the strengthening of the normal steady winds blowing from east to west
above and below the equator (trade winds) that usually takes place after an El Niño event.

Effects of La Niña

*Drought and dry conditions

El Niña is the opposite of El Niño; hence, it presents drought and dry conditions in the eastern
side of the equatorial Pacific as opposed to the western side. The dry spells and droughts are
mostly witnessed in the coastal regions of Peru and Chile which may result in poor crop
yields. These conditions are experienced because the normal wind cycles that fetch rain are
reversed due to the shift of the global wind cycle circulation in the equatorial pacific.

*Flooding and Heavy Rains

The changes brought about by La Niña conditions after El Niño may as well prevail for many
months and with the ocean temperatures becoming cooler towards the east, the ensuing
rainy weather patterns in the oceans bring about heavy rains and floods that may last for
extended periods just like the El Niño, the heavy rains and floods are experienced far beyond
the ocean shores in the main land, destroying property and rendering people homeless for
months.

*Occurrence of Typhoons, Hurricanes and very cold weather

The strengthening of trade winds in La Niña events is associated with some of the incidences
of serious typhoons, hurricanes and very cold weather in various parts of the world. In Asia,
the formation of severe tropical cyclones which heightens the landfall threat to China is
correlated with the westward shifts across the western Pacific Ocean brought about by the La
Niña.
La Niña also allows for the development of stronger than normal hurricanes in the Atlantic
and equatorial Pacific areas.

Tornadoes

We know that tornadoes are cause by the thunderstorms being extremely large, unstable and
with wind shear in the lower region of the atmosphere. They can cut through massive swaths
of forest, destroying trees, destroting properties and wildlife habitat, and opening up
opportunities for invasive species to gain ground. When tornadoes touch down, we brace for
news of property damage, injuries, and loss of life, but the high-speed wind storms wreak
environmental havoc, too