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: 477 :
J. K. SHAH CLASSES Normal Distribution
5. The probability of success under Normal Distribution in calculated by evaluating the area unde a
curve called Normal Freaquency curve which in shown in the following diagram –
Normal Curve
–3 –2 –1 z=0 1 2 3
Mean = Median = Mode = 0
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J. K. SHAH CLASSES Normal Distribution
6. CONVERSION OF X VALUES FROM NORMAL FREQUENCY CURVE TO
STANDARD NORMAL CURVE VALUES (Z - VALUES)
x–4 0
1. x = P or, X – P=
P 0 or, V Z=0
V
2. x = P+V
P V x = P–V
P V
x–P x–P
1 –1
V V
Z=1 Z=–1
3. x = P+ V
P 2V x = P– V
P 2V
x–P x–P
2 –2
V V
Z=2 Z=–2
4. x = P+
P 3V
V x = P–
P 3V
V
x–P x–P
3 –3
V V
Z=3 Z=–3
v v b
(i) ³
–v
f(x)dx 1 or (ii) ³
–v
f(z)dz 1 or (iii) ³ f(x)dx
a
1 when a d X d b
19. Symbilically
i) P(– v < X dP) Pd X < + v) = 0.5
dP = P(Pd
ii) P(– v < Z d0)
d = P(0d
d Z < + v) = 0.5
20. The curve being symmetrical area of portions cut off from right and left of X = P(or
P z = 0) are equal.
Symbolically, P (– a dZ
d d0) d Z da).
d = P(0d d
Note : Here “Area” implies “Probability”
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J. K. SHAH CLASSES Normal Distribution
21. The probability that a normal variate Z will take a value less than or equal to a particular value (say
X = K) will be denoted by )(K)
) = P( Z d K)
Note : (i) The probability of success is calculated by evaluating the areas from the standard
normal curve, and the areas are obtained from normal table.
C-I
P(– 1 d Z d 0) = .3413,
P(0 d Z d 1) = .3413.
? P(– 1 d Z d 1) = .6826.
? 68.26% of total area lies between Z = – 1 and Z = + 1 or X = P–
P Vand
V Z = P+
P V
C-II
P(– 2 d Z d 0) = .4772.
P(0 d Z d 2) = .4772.
? P(– 2 d Z d 2) = .9544.
? 95.44% of total area lies between Z = – 2 and Z = + 2 or X = P– Vand
P 2V
V X = P+ V
P 2V
C-III
P(– 3 d Z d 0) = .4987.
P(0 d Z d 3) = .4987.
? P(– 3 d Z d 3) = .9974.
? 99.74% of total area lies between Z = – 3 and Z = + 3 or X = P– Vand
P 3V
V X = P+ V
P 3V
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J. K. SHAH CLASSES Normal Distribution
23. Additive Property of Normal Distribution
If X & Y are independent normal variates with means P1 & P2 and standard deviation V1 & V2
P1 + P2) and S.D.
respectively, then Z = X + Y will also follow a Normal Distribution with mean (P
P1, V1)
X ~ N(P
P2, V2),
Y ~ N(P P1 + P2,V
Z = X + Y ~ N(P V 12 V 22 )
24. In continous probability Distribution, Probability is to be assigned to inervals and not to individual
values and accordingly the Probability that a Random Variable X will take any specific value will be
“0” i.e. P(X = C) = 0 when Distribution is continous.
25. Concept of Cumulative Distribution Function (C. D. F.)
Cumulative Distribution Function (C. D. F.) is defined as the Probability that a Random Variable X
takes a value less than or equal to A specified value x and is denoted by F(X)
? F(x) = P (X d x)
... F(X) represents Probability; 0 d F(X) d 1
26. F(X) = P(X d C) will imply the area under the probability curve to the left of vertical line at C.
27. Uniform Distribution (Continuous)
A. A continuous Random Variable is said to follow uniform distribution if the probabilities associated
with intervals of same width are always equal at all parts and for any range of values.
1
B. P. D. F. of uniform distribution is given by : f(x) = b – a (a d x d b)
P(–1 d Z d 0)
= P(0 d Z d 1)
= .3413
[Z = –VE value to Z = 0] (Due to Symmetry)
C-III
P(Z t1)
t
= .5 – P(0 d Z d 1)
= .5 – .3413
= .1587
C-IV
P(Z d–
d 1)
= P(Z t1)
t (Due to symmetry)
= .5 – P(0 d Z d 1)
= .5 – .3413
= .1587
C-V
P(Z d1)
d
= .5 + P(0 d Z d 1)
= .5 + .3413
= .8413
C-VII
Or P(– 2 d Z d – 1)
= P(1 d Z d 2) (Due to symmetry)
= P(0 d Z d 2) – P(0 d Z d 1)
= .4772 – .3413 = .1359
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J. K. SHAH CLASSES Normal Distribution
C-VIII
P(-2 d Z d)
= P (-2 d Z d) + (0 d Z d 1)
= P (0 d Z d) + (0 d Z d 1)
= .4772 + .3413
= .8185
NOTE:
1) If the -ve and +ve values happen to be identical .i.e P (-a d z d a) in such a case the total
area will be = 2P (0 d z d a)
2) When in the problem the magnitude of the given area is greater than “.5” it implies that
area from -D to that particular value of ‘z’ is provided, for evaluating the area from 0 to
that particular value of ‘z’ subtract .5 from ti
E.G. ) (2) = .9772
= P( Z d)
d = .9772
= .5 + P (0 d Z d 2) = .9772
P (0 d Z d 2) = .9772 - .5
= .4772
) (2) = .9772
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J. K. SHAH CLASSES Normal Distribution
1) Ordinate Method
2) Area Method
30. Condition under which “Binomial” and “Possion” approaches “Normal Distribution”
Case I
b) Neither P(or Q) is very small, i.e. p and q are fairly near equal
c) In other words, if neither p nor q is very small but n is sufficiently large Binomial
Distribution approaches Normal Distribution.
Case II
m = S.d = Vas
V n increases indefinitely (i.e. as n o D)
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J. K. SHAH CLASSES Normal Distribution
2. If the mean deviation of a normal variable is 16, what is its quartile deviation?
a) 10
b) 15
c) 13.33
d) 12.05
3. If the points of inflexion are 40 and 60 respectively, then its mean is:
a) 40
b) 45
c) 50
d) 60
4. If the quartile deviation of a normal curve is 4.05, then its mean deviation is:
a) 5.26
b) 6.24
c) 4.24
d) 4.80
5. If the 1st quartile and mean deviation about median of a normal distribution are 13.25
and 8 respectively, then the mode of the distribution is:
a) 10
b) 12
c) 15
d) 20
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J. K. SHAH CLASSES Normal Distribution
6. If the two quartiles of normal distribution are 14.6 and 25.4 respectively, what is the
standard deviation of the distribution?
a) 6
b) 8
c) 9
d) 10
7. If x and y are 2 independent normal variable with mean 10 and 12 and SD 3 and 4
respectively, then (x + y) is also a normal distribution with mean ____ and SD _____.
a) 22, 7
b) 22, 25
c) 22, 5
d) 22, 49
Find the area under the standard normal curve for the following values of standard normal
variate z :
a) 0.5000
b) 0.4192
c) 0.1942
d) 0.2192
a) 0.2323
b) 0.2159
c) 0.2594
d) 0.2123
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J. K. SHAH CLASSES Normal Distribution
a) 0.5568
b) 0.6685
c) 0.6658
d) 0.6665
a) 0.2016
b) 0.2106
c) 0.2594
d) 0.2156
a) 0.2191
b) 0.2119
c) 0.2911
d) 0.3112
b) 0.3256
c) 0.0392
d) 0.0540
a) 0.9750
b) 0.9580
c) 0.9980
d) 0.9780
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J. K. SHAH CLASSES Normal Distribution
16. If x follows the Normal Distribution with Mean 12 and Variance 16, find P( x ≥ 20) .
a) 0.22750
b) 0.25789
c) 0.02275
d) 0.03357
17. If a random variable x follows normal distribution with mean as 120 and standard
deviation as 40, what is P(x≤ 150 / x > 120)?
a) 0.85
b) 0.90
c) 0.95
d) None of the above
The weekly wages of 1000 workers are normally distributed around a mean of ` 70 and a
standard deviation of ` 5. Estimate the number of workers whose weekly wages will be:
21. Between ` 70 and ` 72
a) 155
b) 165
c) 175
d) 185
26. The income of a group of 10,000 persons was found to be normally distributed with
mean equal to ` 750 and standard deviation equal to ` 50 what was the lowest
income among the richest 250?
a) ` 848
b) ` 648
c) ` 748
d) ` 878
Calculation of missing Parameters
27. Find the mean and standard deviation of a normal distribution of marks in an
examination where 44% of the candidates obtained marks below 55 and 6% got
above 80 marks.
a) 57.2, 14.66
b) 57.2, 15.98
c) 60.2, 15.98
d) 60.2, 14.66
28. The wages of a group of workers were found to be normally distributed with mean of
` 400 and standard deviation of ` 100. Estimate the total number of workers in this
group in each of the following cases:
a) If there were 3174 workers getting below ` 300
b) If there were 6170 workers getting below 450
c) If there were 2996 workers getting wages between ` 300 and 350.
29. The wages of the workers are normally distributed with a standard deviation of 100.
The probability that workers get less than ` 300 is 33%. What is the mean of the
distribution?
(a) 344 (b) 347 (c) 352 (d) 350
30. The wages of the workers are normally distributed. 33% get less than ` 600 and
30.5% get more than ` 790. Find the mean and standard deviation of the distribution.
(a) 700, 200 (b) 688, 200 (c) 650, 200 (d) None of these
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J. K. SHAH CLASSES Normal Distribution
Theoretical Aspects
31. Which of the following are continuous distribution?
i. Binomial Distribution
ii. Chi-square Distribution
iii. Normal Distribution
iv. Standard Normal Distribution
v. Student’s t – Distribution
vi. Snedecor’s F – Distribution
vii. Poisson Distribution
viii. Hypergeometric Distribution
ix. Multinomial Distribution
a) II, III, IV, V, VI above
b) All of I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX above
c) All but I, VII, VIII above
d) Only III, IV above
ii. f ( x) ≥ 0
b
iii. ∫ f ( x)dx = 1 , where
a
a≤ x≤b
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J. K. SHAH CLASSES Normal Distribution
a) Normal
b) Gaussian
c) Rectangular
d) Both of a) and b) above
37. The probability distribution of z is called Standard Normal Distribution and is defined by
the probability density function:
1
a) f ( x) = e ; −∞ < x < ∞
2π
1 2
b) f ( x) = e− x ; −∞ < x < ∞
2π
z2
1 −
c) p( z ) = e 2
; −∞ < z < ∞
2π
1 2
d) f ( z) = e − z ; −∞ < z < ∞
2π
b) µ &σ
c) β &σ
c) µ &σ
40. If a random variable x is normally distributed with mean µ and standard deviation σ ,
x−µ
then z = is called:
σ
a) Normal Variate
b) Standard Normal Variate
c) Chi-square Variate
d) Uniform Variate
42. The curve of which of the following distribution is uni-modal and bell shaped with the
highest point over the mean
a) Poisson
b) Binomial
c) Normal
d) All of the above
44. The curve of which of the following distribution(s) has single peak?
a) Poisson
b) Binomial
c) Normal
d) Both a) and b) above
47. In Normal distribution as the distance from the _______ increases, the curve comes
closer and closer to the horizontal axis.
a) Standard Deviation
b) Mean
c) Both a) and b) above
d) Neither a) nor b) above
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J. K. SHAH CLASSES Normal Distribution
50. Because of the symmetry of Normal distribution the median and the mode have the
______ value as that of the mean.
a) Greater
b) Smaller
c) Same
d) Nothing can be said
51. In Normal distribution the probability has the maximum value at the
a) Mode
b) Median
c) Mean
d) All of the above
52. The mean deviation about median of a Standard Normal Variate is:
a) 0.675
b) 0.675 σ
c) 0.80 σ
d) 0.80
53. For a standard normal distribution, the points of inflexion are:
a) −1 to +1
b) −σ to +σ
c) µ − σ to µ + σ
: 497 :
J. K. SHAH CLASSES Normal Distribution
55. If neither p nor q is very small but n is sufficiently large, then Binomial distribution is
very closely approximated by distribution.
a) Poisson
b) Normal
c) t
d) None.
57. Let x be a normal variable for any point k . Let φ (k ) = P ( x ≤ k ) then φ (k ) + φ (−k ) =?
a) 1
b) –1
c) 0.5
d) None of the above
58. F (c) = P( x ≤ c) is known as:
a) Probability Density Function
b) Continuous Density Function
c) Both of a) and b) above
d) Neither a) nor b) above
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J. K. SHAH CLASSES Normal Distribution
62. If the area of standard normal curve between z = 0 to z = 1 is 0.3413, the value of ∅(1)
is
a) 0.5000
b) 0.8413
c) -0.5000
d) 1
63. For which distribution, whatever may be the parameter of distribution, it has same
shape,
a) Normal
b) Binomial
c) Poisson
d) None
64. Distribution is asymptotic to the horizontal axis
a) Binomial
b) Normal
c) Poisson
d) t
1
65. f(x) = where a ≤ x ≤ b, is the probability density function of
b−a
a) Uniform Distribution
b) Rectangular Distribution
c) Both of a) and b) above
d) Neither a) nor b) above
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J. K. SHAH CLASSES Normal Distribution
THEORY ANSWERS:
31 a 41 c 51 d 61 c
32 c 42 c 52 d 62 b
33 b 43 a 53 a 63 a
34 b 44 c 54 d 64 b
35 b 45 b 55 b 65 c
36 d 46 d 56 a
37 c 47 b 57 a
38 b 48 c 58 d
39 d 49 c 59 a
40 b 50 c 60 b
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