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Teaching Practice: A Handbook For Student Teachers: January 2017
Teaching Practice: A Handbook For Student Teachers: January 2017
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Ben de Souza
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Ben de Souza
ABOUT THIS HANDBOOK
This guide has been developed specifically to assist student teachers who are
practising teaching in a school classroom. Student teachers are expected to give
their best in teaching students as it is time to showcase skills gained from
theoretical courses. Much as the student teachers will be ‘practising teaching’,
the students will not be ‘practising learning’ but they will be ‘actually
learning’. Thus, the student teachers should treat the teaching component of
their school-based experience seriously. This guide takes you through a few
decisive elements of classroom teaching and learning process.
Ben de Souza
Zomba, Malawi
September 2017
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Lastly, many thanks to the Bachelor of Education (Language) Fourth Year class
of 2017 at the University of Malawi’s Chancellor College for openness and
constructive criticism when I taught and supervised them during their school-
based experience.
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ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Ben de Souza pursued his primary, secondary and first university education
in Malawi. He graduated from the University of Malawi, Chancellor College
with a Bachelor of Education (BEd) degree. His academic and research interests
are in inclusive education, teacher education and sustainable development.
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DEDICATION
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABOUT THIS HANDBOOK...................................................................................................... i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................ ii
DEDICATION .......................................................................................................................... iv
Enthusiasm ....................................................................................................................................... 2
Confidence ........................................................................................................................................ 2
Warmth ............................................................................................................................................... 3
Support .............................................................................................................................................. 4
Appearance ....................................................................................................................................... 5
Audibility or delivery........................................................................................................................ 6
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Questioning ......................................................................................................................................19
Mannerisms ......................................................................................................................................30
Preliminary Information..................................................................................................................34
Aims ..................................................................................................................................................34
Introduction ......................................................................................................................................35
Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................36
Consolidation ...................................................................................................................................36
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Lesson Evaluation...........................................................................................................................36
Refs. ..................................................................................................................................................38
Outcomes .........................................................................................................................................38
Remarks ............................................................................................................................................38
BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................................................................................................................... 42
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PART 1: PERSONAL FACTORS IN TEACHING
A good student teacher must among other important things display the four
elements of composure, i.e., enthusiasm, confidence, warmth and support.
Appearance and audibility matter a lot too during your teaching practice.
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Enthusiasm means a feeling of energetic interest in a particular subject or
activity and an eagerness to be involved in it. As you practise teaching, show
that you enjoy what you are doing. Often, student teachers say ‘I am doing this
to get my degree, but I will not be a teacher’. This feeling removes charisma
when teaching. It is very important to accept and respect the profession you
are training in. The best you can do is to be happy with teaching as much as
you can.
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you are doing in front of students, the lesson flows without much difficulty. As
you are facilitating the learning process, students look at you. This should not
deter you from delivering the best. It is time to show that you are in control of
yourself.
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learning process. It is your duty as a student teacher to ensure that every
student is comfortable as the lesson unfolds. This entails that you must show
that you are interested in what you are doing. This factor has a more direct
connection with enthusiasm as explained above.
Support the students as much as you can. This personal factor is very
important if you intend to deliver a learner-centred lesson. You must always
make sure that no learner is left behind. It is your responsibility to make sure
that all students learn at individual pace. Do not favour fast learners at the
expense of slow learners. Use the former in order to help the latter.
4
Appearance of a student teacher before their students gives an everlasting
impression. It is your responsibility to look very neat and presentable
throughout the lesson. For male student teachers, a simple decent pair of
trouser and a shirt can do better. Even a suit, a three-piece for that matter, and
a necktie could make things better. For female student teachers, office-styled
clothing is the best for classroom environment. You must avoid the dressing
that will make your students uncomfortable. It is important to remember that
you act as role models when you teach the students. It is therefore good to be
presentable at all the times.
5
Audibility or delivery matters a lot in a classroom. You should try as much
as possible to be loud and clear. As a student teacher, project your voice so
that everyone hears you without any difficulty. You must always avoid
murmuring as you teach.
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PART 2: INTRODUCING A LESSON
There are a number of factors that you need to keep in mind as you introduce
the lesson. A good lesson will be determined by the introduction. The way you
introduce the lesson will guide how the lesson will develop. Poorly introduced
lessons will definitely result into failed lessons. To avoid this, make sure that in
the introduction you do the following: establish target to learn, retrieve prior
learning, gain attention, link previous knowledge to the new one and involve
the students.
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Establishing target to learn must be a priority for you as a student
teacher as you introduce the lesson. You are supposed and expected to guide
the students on what they are going to learn in this particular lesson. This has
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present. It is this factor that can be of help if you want to deliver a learner-
centred instruction.
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themselves may experience the same. It is very needful for you to make all the
students develop an appetite to learn. In order to gain their attention, use a
catchy introduction. Use materials that appeal to the students’ emotions. For
instance, if you are introducing a listening comprehension lesson you can play
audio clip for the students to listen. Once you have caught their interest, it is
very easy to manage and control them.
As a student teacher, do not overlook the previous knowledge that the students
bring to your lesson. Alternatively, use such knowledge to your advantage. You
must make a connection between what the students already know and what
they are going to learn. For example, if you are teaching a literature lesson
there may be stories or poems that have a direct reference to what happens in
real life situations. It is a good opportunity to use what the students know.
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Students’ involvement is very needful as you introduce your lesson. If you
do not involve your students in the introduction, it is doubtful if they will
participate in the lesson development. You need to do all you can to involve
the students in the introduction. This can be achieved by inviting the students
to act out some scenarios. For instance, as you want to introduce greetings in
a French lesson you can invite two students to come in front to greet each other
in a language they understand. You are then going to build your lesson from
what the students have acted out.
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PART 3: LESSON DEVELOPMENT
After introducing your lesson with a vibrant vibe, it is very important to maintain
the momentum you have set. You need to develop your lesson in a way that
the teaching and learning process is interactive. You, as a student teacher,
must be a facilitator at this point and throughout the lesson. It is advisable to
devise many student activities so as to actively involve the learners throughout
the lesson. As the lesson unfolds, pay attention to the following factors.
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Clarity of Expression
You need to try as much as possible to make your presentations clear. As a
facilitator of the learning process, ensure that you express yourself clearly. In
times where explanation of abstract concepts is required, demonstrate best
skills of presentation. When your expressions are clear, it is likely that the
students will easily understand and focus. Students are given two tasks when
the student teacher demonstrates poor clarity of expression. Firstly, the
students will be struggling to hear or understand what you are expressing.
Secondly, the students will try to learn the unclear expressions.
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and you are moving towards the conclusion. The development must not hang
out on its own but it must be supported by the introduction and the conclusion.
Within the lesson development, make sure that the lesson flows logically. A
typical sequence of the lesson will be ‘Present-Involve-Assess’. Firstly, you are
supposed to present the subject matter. You must give clear explanations for
your students to understand. Then, involve your students through activities.
Later, assess whether your students have been able to achieve what you
thought they would.
Student Feedback/Inquiry
As a student teacher who is trying to grow professionally, you must always
seek feedback from your students. It will be plausible for your part as a student
teacher when your students give feedback on what you teach. If the students
have questions, please let them ask freely. You must always give feedback on
what they inquire. You must never impose fear in the students when you are
teaching as this will prevent them from giving you feedback.
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Use of Teaching and Learning Aids
In each lesson, make sure you use relevant teaching and learning aids.
Teaching and learning resources are those tools that must be available for the
implementation of the lesson while teaching and learning aids are
supplementary materials that help to clarify or simplify what you are teaching.
Collectively, these are called “materials” needed for the lesson. You must be
resourceful and creative on this part. It is your responsibility to make the
students enjoy the lesson. This can be easily achieved through the materials
Mastery of Content
You must make sure that you have mastered the content you are teaching.
When a student teacher does not master their content, a big problem arises.
You struggle to present the content logically. It is also professionally
undesirable for you to present ‘false’ or ‘distorted’ content to the students.
There may be students in your class that are familiar with the content you are
presenting. If you lie to them, they could confront you. This will be an
embarrassment to you as a student teacher. In order to avoid this, make sure
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you are an expert in what you are doing. If you are teaching English grammar,
for example, make sure you are conversant with the content on gerunds,
clauses and all other aspects of the grammar.
requirement. You have to ensure that the activities trigger learning. Secondly,
vary your activities. Students learn through different strategies. Varying the
activities will help all students to be involved in the lesson. In order to have an
inclusive lesson, strive to develop activities that involve all the body senses.
This is very important when you have special needs students in your class. Let
the learners be involved in seeing, hearing, touching, feeling, thinking, etc.
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Use of Re-enforcement Techniques
A good teacher re-enforces what the students are learning or have learnt. This
can be done through a number of ways. You can re-enforce what the students
are learning through commenting on their responses to your questions. As a
student teacher, make sure you consolidate students’ responses. Add the
information you feel is absent from certain responses. Remove that information
you feel is misleading in the response. This must be done politely and together
with the students. Another opportunity of re-enforcing is when you are
concluding the lesson. You have to make sure that you re-enforce what the
students have learnt through questioning or exercises.
Questioning
Questioning is the most used and misused teaching method in a classroom.
Mostly, students and teachers are linked through questioning. If used
appropriately, questioning can bring a relative change in the students. You
should pose both close ended and open-ended questions depending on the
level of knowledge you want to test according to the Blooms Taxonomy. Your
questions must be followed by comments when responses are given. In
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questioning, this technique should be used: Question-Pause-Nominate (QPN).
You pose the question first. Then you give the students time to digest the
question and for yourself to check if it is clear. Later you decide who is going
to answer the question. The nominations can be by volunteering or choosing.
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Sustaining Attention
Attention of the students throughout the lesson is very crucial. You must do all
you can to lure your students to be with you throughout the lesson. Give health
breaks in case of long or double periods. You can also incorporate unoffending
and educative jokes as you teach. It is also easy to sustain their attention by
varying activities. The class activities as games can help to sustain attention.
Thus, try anything you think will make the students interested in the lesson.
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PART 4: CONCLUDING A LESSON
Concluding a lesson must be done creatively. This is the last chance that you
have to effect relative permanent change in the students. You may consider
factors explained below for effective lesson conclusion.
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Linkage to Lesson Objectives/ Success Criteria
Summarise the lesson in a way that you tackle critical points. If you feel that
the lesson has not achieved a certain objective by the end of it, use the
Student Participation
As started in the introduction and sustained throughout the lesson development
process, student participation must still be used in the conclusion.
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Concluding the lesson does not exclude the students. This is the most
important time to involve them. They could participate in the conclusion through
questions or summary.
Clear Summary
Concluding a lesson involves many things including a summary. As a teacher,
it is very important to provide a clear summary of the lesson. Do not depend
solely on student summary but you must provide a consolidated clear summary
yourself. A clear summary can be achieved by relating the lesson objectives
with what students have learnt. You must present a vibrant and precise
summary of the lesson.
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Homework and Assessment Tasks
At the end of the lesson, it is desirable to give the students a homework. This
will help the students practise what they have learnt when they knock off. It is
also desirable to administer an exercise at the end if you have adequate time.
Assessment tasks can also be given within the lesson development.
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PART 5: TEACHING/ LEARNING RESOURCES
You should always put the following factors into consideration on teaching and
learning resources.
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Use of Chalkboard/ Whiteboard
Try to use the board systematically. It is very advisable to use legible
handwriting and large fonts. You should divide the board into sections using
double-parted thick lines. Indicate the class level to the left-hand side at the top
corner. Write the present subject at the middle of the board (use the middle
section). To the top corner of the right-hand side indicate the present date.
When writing on the board, start from the left side. This will help your students
to follow the lesson systematically.
Clear Illustrations
When you are utilising teaching and learning resources in your lesson, make
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sure that they provide clear illustrations. Artworks, pictures or photographs
used should help in successful delivery of the content. As a student teacher,
evaluate whether the illustrations you want to use will help the students in
grasping what you intend. It is always good to ensure clear illustrations by
evaluating the materials to be used in a lesson before the actual use.
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PART 6: CLASS MANAGEMENT & CONTROL
The most effective technique for classroom management and control is ‘to
teach well’. When you handle your lesson effectively, it is very easy to manage
and control the class. To achieve this, the student teacher must master the
content and present it with creativity. As you are checking classroom
management and control during your teaching practice, pay attention to the
factors elaborated below.
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Mannerisms
Mannerism is something that a person does repeatedly with their face, hands
or voice, and which they may not realise they are doing. It is very important that
you are conscious of this and try as much as possible to avoid it. This helps to
avoid unnecessary attention that could disrupt the teaching and learning
process.
Attention to Misbehaviours
For effective teaching and learning experience, you must at all times confront
misbehaviours. This should be done reasonably without provoking emotions. It
is your duty as a student teacher to make sure that students are not
misbehaving during the teaching and learning process. The best thing to do as
a student teacher is to talk to the students on misbehaviours observed so that
they could not be repeated in the subsequent lessons. If misbehaviours are left
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unattended, they create unforeseen problems. You must be firm but flexible on
misbehaviours. At all cost, avoid sending misbehaving students out of the
classroom. You must always allow them to learn after condemning their
misbehaviours. Excessive misbehaviours must be dealt with swiftly according
to school rules and regulations at the end of the lesson or preferably after
knocking off.
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assigned tasks correctly. This is also time to render help to those students who
may need it as they are doing the activity. This time also gives the student
teacher an opportunity to pay attention to an individual or a small group.
Working Atmosphere
You must avoid attaching punishment to learning. As a student teacher, make
sure that the working atmosphere in the classroom is welcoming. It is good to
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PART 7: LESSON PLAN
A standard lesson plan in any discipline will have the following key elements.
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Preliminary Information
You should include the following details:
§ School
§ Student Teacher Name
§ Date
§ Time
§ Class
§ No. of Pupils in Class (by gender, if allowed)
§ Core Element(s)
§ Topic
§ Subject
Aims
You should:
§ include not more than two aims (one aim is ideal and recommended)
§ make the aim broad enough focusing on a subject and not just a lesson
§ start you aim with ‘By the end of this course, students should be able
to…’
§ usually take your aim from a syllabus or curriculum
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§ ensure the success criteria address the various levels of Blooms
Taxonomy of Education objectives (include a variety of objectives
ranging from knowledge to evaluation)
Materials Needed
You should:
§ include all the teaching and learning resources needed in the lesson.
§ quote books and references in full with exact page numbers.
Introduction
You should
§ ensure that the introduction is captivating to raise students’ interest.
§ ensure that the introduction is linked to previous lesson in some ways.
§ time the introduction to a maximum of 5 minutes.
Lesson Development
You should:
§ develop reasonable activities based on the objectives/ success criteria.
§ break activities into stages or steps.
§ incorporate questions you plan to ask at each stage of the lesson.
§ properly time each stage depending on the lesson length and nature of
activities.
§ include a variety of activities.
§ integrate skills or content e.g., in language, reading can be integrated
with other skills.
§ ensure logic in the arrangement of activities.
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Conclusion
You should:
• conclude the lesson appropriately through review questions and
summary by the students.
• time conclusion properly (3 minutes).
Consolidation
You should:
• time it properly (2 minutes).
• reinforce what has been learnt.
• give assignment/homework.
Lesson Evaluation
You should:
• provide a balanced lesson evaluation.
• evaluate your teaching and not the students.
• be as much objective as possible.
• include strengths, weaknesses and future plans.
Lesson Notes
You should:
• provide lesson notes for relevant stages of the lesson plan.
• provide or attach readings or materials to be used (with sources and
page numbers).
• attach any additional information such as questions to be asked.
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PART 8: SCHEMES & RECORDS OF WORK
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Scheming Styles
Weeks/ Success Activities Teaching/ Teaching/ Refs. Outcomes Remarks
Dates Criteria Planned Learning Learning
Methodology Resources
Number Specific Content Ways in which What Quote What has What are
of attainable planned the content/ materials books, been you
weeks lesson to be activities will will be articles achieved recomm-
in the objectives taught be delivered used in and at the ending or
term using through e.g., the T/L others end of proposing
and action and activities questioning, process to be each ? Indicate
exact measurabl lecturing, used lesson in future
dates e verbs demonstrating (include the week plans to
authors, achieve
titles, success
years,
pages)
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PART 9: TEACHING PRACTICE FILE
As a student teacher, there is one precious treasure that you must develop.
This is the Teaching Practice File. It contains details of your activities during
the placement span.
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Upkeep and Formatting of a TP File
It is of great importance for student teachers to take care of their files. The file
must be kept neat, tidy and organised at all the times. It must contain all the
sections that are required by your school of education. It is your sole
responsibility to look after the file. A typical TP file is formatted as follows.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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collaborative learning. Computers in Human Behaviour, 51, 652-663.
Gower, R., Walters, S., & Phillips, D. (1983). Teaching practice handbook.
London: Heinemann.
John, P. D. (2006). Lesson planning and the student teacher: re thinking the
dominant model. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 38(4), 483-498.
Kaufmann, D., Johnson, S. M., Kardos, S. M., Liu, E., & Peske, H.G. (2002).
"Lost At Sea": New Teachers' Experiences with Curriculum and
Assessment. Teachers College Record, 104(2), 273-300.
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Kiggundu, E. M., & Nayimuli, S. T. (2009). Teaching practice: a make or
break phase for student teachers. South African journal of
education, 29(3).
Lamb, P., Ko, P. Y., Cajkler, W., & Wood, P. (2016). Mentors and student
teachers “lesson studying” in initial teacher education. International
Journal for Lesson and Learning Studies.
Leinhardt, G., & Greeno, J. G. (1986). The cognitive skill of teaching. Journal
of educational psychology, 78(2), 75.
Loughran, J., Mulhall, P., & Berry, A. (2008). Exploring pedagogical content
knowledge in science teacher education. International Journal of
Science Education, 30(10), 1301-1320.
McIntyre, D., Pedder*, D., & Rudduck, J. (2005). Pupil voice: comfortable and
uncomfortable learnings for teachers. Research papers in
education, 20(2), 149-168.
Rozmajzl, M., & Bourne, P. (1996). On classroom management for the music
educator. Journal of Music Teacher Education, 5(2), 21-29.
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Thornbury, S. (1997). About language: Tasks for teachers of English. Ernst
Klett Sprachen.
Wood, R., & Ashfield, J. (2008). The use of the interactive whiteboard for
creative teaching and learning in literacy and mathematics: a case
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