See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/356616821

Doppler effect and its application

Preprint · November 2021

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.13553.61282

CITATIONS READS
0 8,612

1 author:

Akash Dip Paik

Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
1 PUBLICATION   0 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE

All content following this page was uploaded by Akash Dip Paik on 29 November 2021.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

Doppler effect and its application
Akash Dip Paik
Indian Association For The Cultivation Of Science

(Dated: 26th May,2021)

CONTENTS A. Discovery Of Doppler effect

I. INTRODUCTION:- 1
A. Discovery Of Doppler effect 1
Doppler first proposed this effect in 1842 in
B. Understanding Doppler effect 1 his treatise ”On the colored light of double stars
C. Equation 2 and some other stars of the heavens” (4). The
II. Applications Of Doppler Effect 2
hypothesis was tested with sound waves by Buys
A. Robotics 2 Ballot in 1845 . He confirmed that the pitch
B. Astronomy 2 was higher than the frequency emitted when the
C. Radar 3
D. Echocardiogram 3 sound source was approached and lower than
E. Siren 3 the frequency emitted when the sound source
F. Vibration measurement 4 was removed. Hippolyte Fizeau independently
G. Satelite Communication 4
H. Developmental Biology 4 discovered the same phenomenon in electro-
magnetic waves in 1848 (in France the effect is
III. Limitation Of Doppler Effect 4
sometimes called the ”Doppler-Fizeau effect”,
IV. Conclusion 4 this name has not been adopted by the rest of
the world because Fizeau’s discovery came six
V. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:- 4
years after Doppler proposed it). Great Britain,
References 4 John Scott Russell conducted an experimental
study of the Doppler effect (1848) (7).

I. INTRODUCTION:-

The Doppler effect or Doppler shift

is the change in the frequency of the
wave whenever there is a relative mo-
tion between the source and the wave.A
common example of Doppler effect is
the change of pitch heard when a
ve- hicle sounding horn approaches to-
wards the observer or recedes from
FIG. 1 : Experiment by Buys Ballot (1845) depicted on a
the observer.This Doppler effect can be wall in Utrecht (2019) copyright@Wikipedia

seen for any types of waves like light

waves,water waves.We are mostly famil-
iar with the Doppler effect of sound
in our daily lives.In the world of mod- B. Understanding Doppler effect

ern science Doppler effect has its appli- The observed changes in frequency associated
cation in various fields of science. with Doppler Effect can be explained as follows:
 2

1) When the source is moving toward the ob-

server, each consecutive wave is emitted from
a position closer to the observer than the pre-
vious wave. So when travelling, the waves are
appeared to be grouped together, and the time
between the arrival of successive wave crests to
the observer is reduced (thus reducing the wave
length), causing an increase in the frequency, as FIG. 3
the velocity is constant. 2) However when the
source is moving away from the observer, each
wave is emitted from a position further away
from the observer than the previous wave, mak-
ing the waves more spread, thereby increasing
the wave length and reducing the frequency.

FIG. 4

when it is away from the source. When both

the source and observer are moving relative to
one another, these equations can be combined
to form the equation below (6)

FIG. 2 Doppler Effect Of Sound Wave copy-

right@https://www.quora.com/

FIG. 5
C. Equation

When a source moves and the observer is

stationary, the following equation can be usedf
is the observed frequency, f0 is the actual
frequency, C is the velocity of waves in the
medium, Vs is the velocity of the source It
should be noted that Vs is positive when the
source is moving away from the observer, and it
is negative when the source is moving toward
the observe In the same way, when a source is
stationary and the observer is (6)
moving relative to it, the equation is as follows
The symbols stand for the (6) same quantities as
mentioned above and Vo is the velocity of the ob-
server. Unlike before, Vo is positive when the ob-
server is moving toward the source and negative
II. APPLICATIONS OF DOPPLER EFFECT
A. Robotics
Real-time dynamic trajectory planning in
robotics to support robot movement in a de-
manding environment with moving obstacles is
often used with the help of the Doppler effect.
Such applications are specially used for com-
petitive robotics where the environment is con-
stantly changing (1).
B. Astronomy
The Doppler effect is used to measure the
speed at which stars and galaxies are moving

toward or away from us, in a mechanism known
as redshift or blueshift. Redshift occurs when
the light of a retreating object increases propor-
tionally in wavelength, or blue light has a higher
frequency than red light, the spectral lines of an
astronomical light source that are approximated
are blue-shifted, and those of a receding astro-
nomical light source are red-shifted (5)
FIG. 6 Doppler Effect Of Light copy-
right@https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/
C. Radar
The Doppler effect is used in some types of
radar to measure the speed of detected objects.
A radar beam is fired at a moving target, e.g. For
example a car, as the police use radar to detect
speeding motorists when it approaches or moves
away from the radar source. Each successive
radar wave must continue to travel to reach the
car in order to be reflected earlier and detected
in the vicinity of the source . As you keep mov-
ing, the distance between each wave increases,
increasing the wavelength. In some situations,
the radar beam is shot at the approaching car. In
this case, each subsequent wave travels a shorter
distance, reducing the wavelength. Doppler ef-
fect calculations precisely determine the speed of
the car (2).
FIG. 7 Doppler Effect Of Radar copy-
right@https://www.sciencedirect.com/
3
D. Echocardiogram
Echocardiography can accurately assess the di-
rection of blood flow and the speed of blood and
heart tissue at any point with the Doppler effect
within a certain limit. One limitation is that
the ultrasound beams must be so parallel. Ve-
locity measurements can be used to evaluate the
area and function of heart valves, abnormal con-
nections on the left and right sides of the heart,
blood leakage through the valves (valve regurgi-
tation), and calculations for heart failure. Out-
put (3).
FIG. 8 Doppler Effect Of Echocardiogram copy-
right@https://greenimaging.net/
E. Siren
The siren on a passing emergency vehicle will
start out higher than its sta- tionary pitch,
slide down as it passes, and continue lower than
its stationary pitch as it recedes from the ob-
serverAstronomer John Dobson explained the ef-
fect thus the reason the siren slides is because it
doesn’t hit you.In other words, if the siren ap-
proached the observer directly, the pitch would
remain constant, at a higher than stationary
pitch, until the vehicle hit him, and then imme-
diately jump to a new lower pitch. Because the
vehicle passes by the observer, the radial velocity
does not remain constant, but instead varies as
a function of the angle between his line of sight
and the siren’s velocity

FIG. 9 Doppler Effect Of Siren copy-
right@https://wps.pearsoned.com.au/
F. Vibration measurement
A laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV) is a non-
contact instrument for measuring vibrations.
The laser beam of the LDV is aimed at the sur-
face of interest and the amplitude and frequency
of the oscillation are extracted from the Doppler
shift in the frequency of the laser beam due to
the movement of the surface.
G. Satelite Communication
The Doppler effect plays an important role in
the communication of satellite . In low earth or-
bit (LEO), the Doppler effect of satellite system
plays a very important role.
H. Developmental Biology
Zebrafish is widely used in the study of the Hu-
man Neurological Study because of its striking
resemblance to the human genome. The Doppler
effect helps to study the developmental stage of
the zebrafish embryo (8) .
III. LIMITATION OF DOPPLER EFFECT
Limitations of Doppler effect in sound
are as follows: The Velocity of source of
sound must be less than that of the Ve-
locity of sound i.e. Vs less than V.The
Velocity of observer must be less than
the velocity of sound i.e. Vo less than
V.If the velocity of sound of source is
greater than that of Velocity of sound
4
then due to shock waves the wave front
gets distorted, consequently the change
in frequency will not be observed by the
observer.
IV. CONCLUSION
Doppler Effect is one of the great-
est discovery of science.It has a great
im- pact on our life.We experience
Doppler effect in our daily life.It has
helped us to explain several phenom-
ena that is happening before us.Doppler
ef- fect hass several application in dif-
ferent area of modern science like Flow
measurement, Velocity profile measure-
ment, Satellite communication, Au- dio,
Vibration measurement, Developmental
biology,astronomy etc.
V. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:-
Author would like to acknowledge
Prof. Mintu Mondol for critical read-
ing of the manuscript and valuable com-
ments.
REFERENCES
[1] Saurabh Agarwal, Ashish Kumar Gaurav, Mehul Kumar
Nirala, and Sayan Sinha. Potential and sampling based
rrt star for real-time dynamic motion planning accounting
for momentum in cost function. In International Con-
ference on Neural Information Processing, pages 209–221.
Springer, 2018.
[2] TAHA MAHMOUD ABBAS AL-NAIMI. Synchronization
of receiver for decoding automatic dependent surveillance
broadcast signals. 2018.
[3] Mark J Davies and James D Newton. Non-invasive imag-
ing in cardiology for the generalist. British journal of hos-
pital medicine, 78(7):392–398, 2017.
[4] Alec Eden. The search for christian doppler. In The Search
for Christian Doppler, pages 1–4. Springer, 1992.
[5] Stephan JG Gift. Doppler shift reveals light speed varia-
tion. Apeiron, 17(1):13, 2010.

[6] Joe Rosen and Lisa Quinn Gothard. Encyclopedia of phys-
ical science, volume 1. Facts on File, 2010.
[7] John Scott Russell. On certain effects produced on sound
by the rapid motion of the observer. In Report of the18th
Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of
Science, pages 37–38, 1848.
View publication stats
5
[8] Daniele Soroldoni, David J Jörg, Luis G Morelli, David L
Richmond, Johannes Schindelin, Frank Jülicher, and An-
drew C Oates. A doppler effect in embryonic pattern for-
mation. Science, 345(6193):222–225, 2014.