ENVIRONMENT

AND
SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT
THE EARTH NEEDS CHAPTER 4
US TO CHANGE
“A NATION THAT DESTROYS
ITS SOILS DESTROYS ITSELF.
FORESTS ARE THE LUNGS OF
OUR LAND, PURIFYING THE AIR
AND GIVING FRESH STRENGTH
TO OUR PEOPLE.”
- FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT
ENVIRONMENT

https://www.merriam-
webster.com/dictionary/environment

https://www.britannica.com/science/e
nvironment
ENVIRONMENT
THE COMPLEX OF PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, AND
BIOTIC FACTORS SUCH AS CLIMATE, SOIL,
AND LIVING THINGS THAT ACT UPON AN
ORGANISM OR AN ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITY
AND ULTIMATELY DETERMINE ITS FORM AND
SURVIVAL

IS CONSIST OF WATER, AIR, LAND,

EVERYTHING WE SEE AROUND. IT
SATISFIES ALL OUR NEEDS. THIS
ENVIRONMENT BELONGS TO ALL OF US SO
LET US HELP TO KEEP THE ENVIRONMENT
CLEANING
4 PICS 1 WORD
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_I_
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AIR
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T__E
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TREE
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P_O__E
4 PICS 1 WORD

PEOPLE
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A_I__LS
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ANIMALS
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__A
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SEA
ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS
IN THE PHILIPPINES

https://www.usaid.gov/philippines/energy-and-
environment#:~:text=The%20Philippines'%20rich%20biodiversity%20is,fishing%20and%20illicit%20wildlife%20trade.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_Philippines
ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS IN THE PHILIPPINES
THE PHILIPPINES' RICH BIODIVERSITY IS UNDER THREAT, MOSTLY FROM HUMAN
ACTIVITIES!!!

TODAY,​​ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS IN THE PHILIPPINES INCLUDE POLLUTION, ILLEGAL MINING AND LOGGING,
DEFORESTATION, THREATS TO ENVIRONMENTAL ACTIVISTS, DYNAMITE FISHING, LANDSLIDES, COASTAL EROSION,
BIODIVERSITY LOSS, EXTINCTION, GLOBAL WARMING AND CLIMATE CHANGE. DUE TO THE PAUCITY OF EXTANT
DOCUMENTS, A COMPLETE HISTORY OF LAND USE IN THE ARCHIPELAGO REMAINS UNWRITTEN.

TOXIC SITE IDENTIFICATION PROGRAM

THE TOXIC SITE IDENTIFICATION PROGRAM ASSISTS GOVERNMENTS AND COMMUNITIES TO TAKE LOCALLY-LED ACTIONS
TO MITIGATE HEALTH EXPOSURES BY BREAKING POLLUTION EXPOSURE PATHWAYS AND PREVENTING FUTURE TOXIC
EMISSIONS.

THE PROGRAM HAS THREE OBJECTIVES:

IMPROVE EXISTING KNOWLEDGE AND GATHER CRITICAL DATA ABOUT THE SCOPE OF TOXIC POLLUTION AND ITS
HUMAN HEALTH IMPACTS;
ENCOURAGE DECISION-MAKERS TO MAINSTREAM THE ISSUE OF TOXIC POLLUTION, CHEMICALS AND WASTES AND
ASSOCIATED IMPACTS ON HUMAN HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT INTO DEVELOPMENT AGENDAS; AND
ASSIST DECISION- MAKERS AND COMMUNITIES TO MITIGATE THE IMPACTS OF TOXIC POLLUTION, CHEMICALS AND
WASTES ON HUMAN HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT.
SOLID
WASTE
MANAGEMENT
SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IS A TERM THAT
IS USED TO REFER TO THE PROCESS OF
COLLECTING AND TREATING SOLID WASTES.

IT ALSO PROVIDES RECYCLING OPTIONS

FOR THINGS THAT DON'T BELONG IN
RUBBISH OR TRASH. GARBAGE OR SOLID
WASTE HAS BEEN A PROBLEM FOR AS
LONG AS PEOPLE HAVE LIVED IN
COMMUNITIES AND RESIDENTIAL AREAS.

WASTE MANAGEMENT IS CONCERNED

WITH THE TRANSFORMATION OF SOLID
WASTE INTO A PROFITABLE RESOURCE.
SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT

EVERY HOUSEHOLD, INCLUDING BUSINESS

OWNERS, SHOULD ADOPT SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT AROUND THE WORLD.
INDUSTRIALIZATION HAS PROVIDED MANY
BENEFITS AS WELL AS DRAWBACKS. ONE OF
THE NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES OF
INDUSTRIALIZATION IS THE GENERATION OF
SOLID WASTE.
ACCORDING TO BRITANNICA,
“SOLID-WASTE MANAGEMENT, THE COLLECTING, TREATING, AND
DISPOSING OF SOLID MATERIAL THAT IS DISCARDED BECAUSE IT
HAS SERVED ITS PURPOSE OR IS NO LONGER USEFUL. IMPROPER
DISPOSAL OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE CAN CREATE UNSANITARY
CONDITIONS, AND THESE CONDITIONS IN TURN CAN LEAD TO
POLLUTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND TO OUTBREAKS OF
VECTOR-BORNE DISEASE—THAT IS, DISEASES SPREAD BY
RODENTS AND INSECTS.”
CATEGORIES
OF
WASTE
 ORGANIC WASTE
COMBUSTIBLES
CATEGORIES NON-COMBUSTIBLES
TOXIC WASTE
OF RECYCLABLES
CONSTRUCTION WASTE
WASTE DEAD ANIMALS
BULKY WASTE
SOILED WASTE
 ORGANIC WASTES
KITCHEN WASTE
WASTE FROM FOOD PREPARATION
VEGETABLES
FLOWERS
LEAVES
FRUITS
MARKET PLACES.
 COMBUSTIBLE WASTES
PAPER
WOOD
DRIED LEAVES
PACKAGING FOR RELIEF ITEMS ETC.
THAT ARE HIGHLY ORGANIC AND
HAVING LOW MOISTURE CONTENT.
NON-COMBUSTIBLE WASTES
METAL
TINS
CANS
BOTTLES
STONES
CERAMICS
ETC.
 TOXIC WASTES
OLD MEDICINES
PAINTS
CHEMICALS
BULBS
SPRAY CANS
FERTILIZER AND PESTICIDE
CONTAINERS
BATTERIES
SHOE POLISH.
 RECYCLABLE WASTES
PAPER
GLASS
METALS
PLASTICS
 ASHES OR DUST

RESIDUE FROM FIRES THAT ARE USED

FOR COOKING.
 CONSTRUCTION WASTES
RUBBLE
ROOFING
BROKEN CONCRETE
ETC.
 HAZARDOUS WASTES

OIL
BATTERY ACID
MEDICAL WASTE
INDUSTRIAL WASTE
 DEAD ANIMALS
CARCASSES OF DEAD LIVESTOCK OR
OTHER ANIMALS.
 BULKY WASTES
TREE BRANCHES
TIRES
ETC.
 SOILED WASTES
HOSPITAL WASTE SUCH AS CLOTH
SOILED WITH BLOOD AND OTHER
BODY FLUIDS.
WASTE GENERATED FROM DISPOSABLE
ITEMS OTHER THAN THE WASTE
SHARPS SUCH AS TUBINGS,
CATHETERS, IV (INTRAVENOUS) SETS.
EVERY DAY, TONNES OF SOLID WASTE ARE
DISPOSED OF AT VARIOUS LANDFILL SITES.
THESE LANDFILL SITES PRODUCE FOUL SMELL IF
WASTE IS NOT STORED AND TREATED PROPERLY.
IT CAN POLLUTE THE SURROUNDING AIR AND CAN
SERIOUSLY AFFECT THE HEALTH OF HUMANS,
WILDLIFE AND OUR ENVIRONMENT.
THE FOLLOWING
ARE MAJOR
SOURCES OF
SOLID WASTE:
 RESIDENTIAL
INDUSTRIAL

VARIOUS COMMERCIAL
INSTITUTIONAL
SOURCES CONSTRUCTION AND
DEMOLITION AREAS
OF MUNICIPAL SERVICES
TREATMENT AND PLANT
WASTES SITES
AGRICULTURE
BIOMEDICAL
 RESIDENTIAL
RESIDENCES AND HOMES WHERE PEOPLE LIVE ARE
SOME OF THE MAJOR SOURCES OF SOLID WASTE. THE
GARBAGE FROM THESE PLACES INCLUDES FOOD
WASTES, PLASTICS, PAPER, GLASS, LEATHER,
CARDBOARD, METALS, YARD WASTES, ASHES AND
SPECIAL WASTES LIKE BULKY HOUSEHOLD ITEMS
SUCH AS ELECTRONICS, TIRES, BATTERIES, OLD
MATTRESSES AND USED OIL.
MOST HOMES HAVE GARBAGE BINS WHERE THEY CAN
THROW AWAY THEIR SOLID WASTES IN AND LATER,
THE BIN IS EMPTIED BY A GARBAGE COLLECTING FIRM
OR PERSON FOR TREATMENT.
 INDUSTRIAL
INDUSTRIES ARE KNOWN TO BE ONE OF THE BIGGEST
CONTRIBUTORS TO SOLID WASTE. THEY INCLUDE
LIGHT AND HEAVY MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES,
CONSTRUCTION SITES, FABRICATION PLANTS,
CANNING PLANTS, POWER AND CHEMICAL PLANTS.
THESE INDUSTRIES PRODUCE SOLID WASTE IN THE
FORM OF HOUSEKEEPING WASTES, FOOD WASTES,
PACKAGING WASTES, ASHES, CONSTRUCTION AND
DEMOLITION MATERIALS, SPECIAL WASTES, MEDICAL
WASTES AS WELL AS OTHER HAZARDOUS WASTES.
 COMMERCIAL
COMMERCIAL FACILITIES AND BUILDINGS ARE YET
ANOTHER SOURCE OF SOLID WASTE TODAY.
COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES, IN THIS
CASE, REFER TO HOTELS, MARKETS, RESTAURANTS,
GODOWNS, STORES AND OFFICE BUILDINGS.
SOME OF THE SOLID WASTES GENERATED FROM
THESE PLACES INCLUDE PLASTICS, FOOD WASTES,
METALS, PAPER, GLASS, WOOD, CARDBOARD
MATERIALS, SPECIAL WASTES AND OTHER HAZARDOUS
WASTES.
 INSTITUTIONAL
THE INSTITUTIONAL CENTERS LIKE SCHOOLS,
COLLEGES, PRISONS, MILITARY BARRACKS AND OTHER
GOVERNMENT CENTERS ALSO PRODUCE SOLID WASTE.
SOME OF THE COMMON SOLID WASTES OBTAINED
FROM THESE PLACES INCLUDE GLASS, RUBBER WASTE,
PLASTICS, FOOD WASTES, WOOD, PAPER, METALS,
CARDBOARD MATERIALS, ELECTRONICS AS WELL AS
VARIOUS HAZARDOUS WASTES.
 CONSTRUCTION AND
DEMOLITION
CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION SITES ALSO
CONTRIBUTE TO THE SOLID WASTE PROBLEM.
CONSTRUCTION SITES INCLUDE NEW CONSTRUCTION
SITES FOR BUILDINGS AND ROADS, ROAD REPAIR
SITES, BUILDING RENOVATION SITES AND BUILDING
DEMOLITION SITES.
SOME OF THE SOLID WASTES PRODUCED IN THESE
PLACES INCLUDE STEEL MATERIALS, CONCRETE,
WOOD, PLASTICS, RUBBER, COPPER WIRES, DIRT AND
GLASS.
 MUNICIPAL SERVICES
THE URBAN CENTERS ALSO CONTRIBUTE IMMENSELY
TO THE SOLID WASTE CRISIS IN MOST COUNTRIES
TODAY. SOME OF THE SOLID WASTE BROUGHT ABOUT
BY THE MUNICIPAL SERVICES INCLUDE STREET
CLEANING, WASTES FROM PARKS AND BEACHES,
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS, LANDSCAPING
WASTES AND WASTES FROM RECREATIONAL AREAS,
INCLUDING SLUDGE.
TREATMENT PLANTS AND SITES
HEAVY AND LIGHT MANUFACTURING PLANTS ALSO
PRODUCE SOLID WASTE. THEY INCLUDE REFINERIES,
POWER PLANTS, PROCESSING PLANTS, MINERAL
EXTRACTION PLANTS AND CHEMICAL PLANTS.
AMONG THE WASTES PRODUCED BY THESE PLANTS,
THERE ARE INDUSTRIAL PROCESS WASTES, UNWANTED
SPECIFICATION PRODUCTS, PLASTICS, METAL PARTS,
JUST TO MENTION A FEW.
 AGRICULTURE
CROP FARMS, ORCHARDS, DAIRIES, VINEYARDS AND
FEEDLOTS ARE ALSO SOURCES OF SOLID WASTES.
AMONG THE WASTES THEY PRODUCE ARE
AGRICULTURAL WASTES, SPOILED FOOD, PESTICIDE
CONTAINERS AND OTHER HAZARDOUS MATERIALS.
 BIOMEDICAL
THIS REFERS TO HOSPITALS AND BIOMEDICAL
EQUIPMENT AND CHEMICAL MANUFACTURING FIRMS.
IN HOSPITALS, THERE ARE DIFFERENT TYPES OF SOLID
WASTES PRODUCED.
SOME OF THESE SOLID WASTES INCLUDE SYRINGES,
BANDAGES, USED GLOVES, DRUGS, PAPER, PLASTICS,
FOOD WASTES AND CHEMICALS. ALL THESE REQUIRE
PROPER DISPOSAL OR ELSE THEY WILL CAUSE A HUGE
PROBLEM FOR THE ENVIRONMENT AND THE PEOPLE IN
THESE FACILITIES.
EFFECTS
OF POOR
SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT
 LITTER SURROUNDINGS
DUE TO IMPROPER WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS,
PARTICULARLY BY MUNICIPAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
TEAMS, WASTES HEAP UP AND BECOME A MENACE.
WHILE PEOPLE CLEAN THEIR HOMES AND PLACES OF
WORK, THEY LITTER THEIR SURROUNDINGS, WHICH
AFFECT THE ENVIRONMENT AND THE COMMUNITY.
 IMPACT ON HUMAN HEALTH
IMPROPER WASTE DISPOSAL CAN AFFECT THE HEALTH
OF THE POPULATION LIVING NEARBY THE POLLUTED
AREA OR LANDFILLS. THE HEALTH OF WASTE
DISPOSAL WORKERS AND OTHER EMPLOYEES
INVOLVED WITH THESE LANDFILL FACILITIES ARE ALSO
AT A GREATER RISK.
EXPOSURE TO WASTES THAT HANDLED IMPROPERLY
CAN CAUSE SKIN IRRITATIONS, RESPIRATORY
PROBLEMS, BLOOD INFECTIONS, GROWTH PROBLEMS,
AND EVEN REPRODUCTIVE ISSUES.
 DISEASE-CAUSING PESTS
THIS TYPE OF DUMPING OF WASTE MATERIALS FORCES
BIODEGRADABLE MATERIALS TO ROT AND DECOMPOSE
UNDER IMPROPER, UNHYGIENIC AND UNCONTROLLED
CONDITIONS.
AFTER A FEW DAYS OF DECOMPOSITION, A FOUL
SMELL IS PRODUCED, AND IT BECOMES A BREEDING
GROUND FOR DIFFERENT TYPES OF DISEASE-CAUSING
INSECTS AS WELL AS INFECTIOUS ORGANISMS. ON
TOP OF THAT, IT ALSO SPOILS THE AESTHETIC VALUE
OF THE AREA.
 ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
SOLID WASTES FROM INDUSTRIES ARE A SOURCE OF
TOXIC METALS, HAZARDOUS WASTES, AND
CHEMICALS. WHEN RELEASED TO THE ENVIRONMENT,
THE SOLID WASTES CAN CAUSE BIOLOGICAL AND
PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROBLEMS TO THE ENVIRONMENT
THAT MAY AFFECT OR ALTER THE PRODUCTIVITY OF
THE SOILS IN THAT PARTICULAR AREA.
 SOIL AND GROUNDWATER
POLLUTION
TOXIC MATERIALS AND CHEMICALS MAY SEEP INTO
THE SOIL AND POLLUTE THE GROUNDWATER. DURING
THE PROCESS OF COLLECTING SOLID WASTE,
HAZARDOUS WASTES USUALLY MIX WITH ORDINARY
GARBAGE AND OTHER FLAMMABLE WASTES MAKING
THE DISPOSAL PROCESS EVEN HARDER AND RISKY.
 EMISSION OF TOXIC GASES
WHEN HAZARDOUS WASTES LIKE PESTICIDES,
BATTERIES CONTAINING LEAD, MERCURY OR ZINC,
CLEANING SOLVENTS, RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS, E-
WASTE AND PLASTICS MIXED UP WITH PAPER AND
OTHER NON-TOXIC SCRAPS ARE BURNED THEY
PRODUCE DIOXINS, FURANS, POLYCHLORINATED
BIPHENYLS, AND OTHER GASES. THESE TOXIC GASES
HAVE THE POTENTIAL OF CAUSING VARIOUS DISEASES,
INCLUDING CANCER.
IN THIS TIME, WE KNOW ALL
THE EFFECTS OF POOR SOLID
WASTE MANAGEMENT. BY
THIS, WE MUST AVOID THIS.
SO IN THE NEXT SUBTOPIC,
WE WILL TALK ABOUT:
METHODS OF
SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT
 SANITARY LANDFILL
THIS IS THE MOST POPULAR SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL
METHOD USED TODAY. GARBAGE IS BASICALLY SPREAD OUT
IN THIN LAYERS, COMPRESSED AND COVERED WITH SOIL OR
PLASTIC FOAM.
MODERN LANDFILLS ARE DESIGNED IN SUCH A WAY THAT
THE BOTTOM OF THE LANDFILL IS COVERED WITH AN
IMPERVIOUS LINER, WHICH IS USUALLY MADE OF SEVERAL
LAYERS OF THICK PLASTIC AND SAND. THIS LINER PROTECTS
THE GROUNDWATER FROM BEING CONTAMINATED BECAUSE
OF LEACHING OR PERCOLATION.
WHEN THE LANDFILL IS FULL, IT IS COVERED WITH LAYERS
OF SAND, CLAY, TOPSOIL AND GRAVEL TO PREVENT SEEPAGE
OF WATER.
 INCINERATION
THIS METHOD INVOLVES THE BURNING OF SOLID WASTES AT
HIGH TEMPERATURES UNTIL THE WASTES ARE TURNED INTO
ASHES. INCINERATORS ARE MADE IN SUCH A WAY THAT THEY
DO NOT GIVE OFF EXTREME AMOUNTS OF HEAT WHEN
BURNING SOLID WASTES.
INCINERATORS THAT RECYCLE HEAT ENERGY THROUGH
FURNACE AND BOILER ARE CALLED WASTE-TO-ENERGY
PLANTS. THESE WASTE-TO-ENERGY SYSTEMS ARE MORE
EXPENSIVE TO SET UP AND OPERATE COMPARED TO PLAIN
INCINERATORS BECAUSE THEY REQUIRE SPECIAL EQUIPMENT
AND CONTROLS, HIGHLY SKILLED TECHNICAL PERSONNEL,
AND AUXILIARY FUEL SYSTEMS.
 INCINERATION

THIS METHOD OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT CAN BE DONE

BY INDIVIDUALS, MUNICIPALITIES AND EVEN INSTITUTIONS.
THE GOOD THING ABOUT THIS METHOD IS THE FACT THAT IT
REDUCES THE VOLUME OF WASTE UP TO 20 OR 30% OF THE
ORIGINAL VOLUME.
 RECOVERY AND RECYCLING
RECYCLING OR RECOVERY OF RESOURCES IS THE PROCESS
OF TAKING USEFUL BUT DISCARDED ITEMS FOR THE NEXT
USE. PLASTIC BAGS, TINS, GLASS AND CONTAINERS ARE
OFTEN RECYCLED AUTOMATICALLY SINCE, IN MANY
SITUATIONS, THEY ARE LIKELY TO BE SCARCE COMMODITIES.
TRADITIONALLY, THESE ITEMS ARE PROCESSED AND CLEANED
BEFORE THEY ARE RECYCLED. THE PROCESS AIMS AT
REDUCING ENERGY LOSS, CONSUMPTION OF NEW MATERIAL
AND REDUCTION OF LANDFILLS. THE MOST DEVELOPED
COUNTRIES FOLLOW A STRONG TRADITION OF RECYCLING TO
LOWER VOLUMES OF WASTE.
 COMPOSTING
DUE TO A LACK OF ADEQUATE SPACE FOR LANDFILLS,
BIODEGRADABLE YARD WASTE IS ALLOWED TO DECOMPOSE
IN A MEDIUM DESIGNED FOR THE PURPOSE. ONLY
BIODEGRADABLE WASTE MATERIALS ARE USED IN
COMPOSTING.
IT IS A BIOLOGICAL PROCESS IN WHICH MICRO-ORGANISMS,
SPECIFICALLY FUNGI AND BACTERIA, CONVERT DEGRADABLE
ORGANIC WASTE INTO SUBSTANCES LIKE HUMUS. THIS
FINISHED PRODUCT, WHICH LOOKS LIKE SOIL, IS HIGH IN
CARBON AND NITROGEN. GOOD QUALITY ENVIRONMENTALLY
FRIENDLY MANURE IS FORMED FROM THE COMPOST THAT IS
AN EXCELLENT MEDIUM FOR GROWING PLANTS AND CAN BE
USED FOR AGRICULTURAL PURPOSES.
 PYROLYSIS
THIS IS A METHOD OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT WHEREBY
SOLID WASTES ARE CHEMICALLY DECOMPOSED BY HEAT
WITHOUT THE PRESENCE OF OXYGEN. IT USUALLY OCCURS
UNDER PRESSURE AND AT TEMPERATURES OF UP TO 430
DEGREES CELSIUS. THE SOLID WASTES ARE CHANGED INTO
GASSES, SOLID RESIDUE OF CARBON AND ASH AND SMALL
QUANTITIES OF LIQUID.
WHAT ARE THE
TACTICS OR
SOLUTIONS THAT
MUST BE
PRIORITIZED
TO THE
ENVIRONMENTAL
PROBLEMS IN THE
PHILIPPINES?
POLICY IMPLEMENTATION OF THE
REPUBLIC ACT (RA) 9003
IN THE PHILIPPINES: A CASE STUDY OF
CEBU CITY

1. INTRODUCTION:

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT (SWM)

IDENTIFIED AS ONE OF THE SERIOUS URBAN
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN THE PHILIPPINES
(AGUINALDO, 2008). A FILIPINO GENERATES
BETWEEN 0.3-0.7 KILOGRAM (KG) OF WASTE
DAILY AND THE ANNUAL WASTE
GENERATION WAS ESTIMATED AT 10 MILLION
TONS IN 2000 WITH AN EXPECTED RISE BY
30% IN 2010 (WORLD BANK, 2001).
 REPUBLIC ACT (RA) 9003
IN THE PHILIPPINES: ECOLOGICAL
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ACT
OF 2000
RA 9003 DECLARES THE ADAPTATION OF A SYSTEMATIC,
COMPREHENSIVE, AND ECOLOGICAL SWM PROGRAM AS A
POLICY OF THE COUNTRY AND RECOGNIZES THE LOCAL
GOVERNMENT UNITS (LGUS) AS THE LEAD IMPLEMENTORS.
THE ACT MANDATES THE CREATION OF SWM BOARDS FROM
THE NATIONAL, PROVINCIAL, CITY/MUNICIPAL, DOWN TO
BARANGAY, A LOWEST-LEVEL POLITICAL AND
ADMINISTRATIVE BODY IN THE PHILIPPINES.
 3R'S
REDUCE

REUSE

RECYCLE
POLICY IMPLEMENTATION OF THE
REPUBLIC ACT (RA) 9003
IN THE PHILIPPINES: A CASE STUDY OF
CEBU CITY

2. MATERIAL AND METHOD

2.1 BASIC FACTS ON SWM IN CEBU CITY

- CEBU CITY IS THE HIGHLY URBANIZED
CENTER IN THE CENTRAL PHILIPPINES. IT IS
LOCATED IN THE CENTRAL EASTERN PART
OF THE CEBU ISLAND, BOUNDED BY
MANDAUE CITY IN THE NORTH AND TALISAY
CITY IN THE SOUTH. ON THE EAST IS
MACTAN CHANNEL AND ON ITS WEST IS THE
MUNICIPALITY OF BALAMBAN AND TOLEDO.
POLICY IMPLEMENTATION OF THE
REPUBLIC ACT (RA) 9003
IN THE PHILIPPINES: A CASE STUDY OF
CEBU CITY
HISTORICALLY, IT WAS A SMALL FISHING
VILLAGE. SINCE 1521, CEBU CITY HAS
GROWN INTO A HIGHLY URBANIZED
METROPOLITAN CITY IN THE PHILIPPINES.
CURRENTLY, CEBU IS THE SECOND
LARGEST GROWTH CENTER IN THE
PHILIPPINES, NEXT TO MANILA. DUE TO ITS
STRATEGIC LOCATION AND EASY
ACCESSIBILITY BY AIR AND SEA
TRANSPORT, THE INFORMATION AND
COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT) AND
TOURISM LEAD THE ECONOMIC GROWTH IN
THE CITY.
THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC SERVICES OF THE CEBU
CITY GOVERNMENT IS RESPONSIBLE FOR PROVIDING
SOLID WASTE COLLECTION SERVICES TO ITS
CITIZENS. HOWEVER, AIMING TO DECENTRALIZE THE
SERVICE PROVISION, THE ROLE OF WASTE
COLLECTION AND TRANSPORTATION FUNCTIONS IN
THE BARANGAY-LEVEL ARE GIVEN TO THE
RESPECTIVE BARANGAYS. AT PRESENT, WASTE
COLLECTION IN THE CITY OPERATES 24 HOURS IN
THREE SHIFTS COLLECTED BY CITY GOVERNMENT
GARBAGE TRUCKS AND COMPLEMENTED BY THE
BARANGAY TRUCKS. TWO POPULAR COLLECTION
METHODS PRACTICE FOR WASTE COLLECTION,
INCLUDING THE COMMUNAL METHOD WHERE
COMMON WASTE RECEPTACLES ARE STRATEGICALLY
LOCATED IN PUBLIC PLACES AND THE HOUSEHOLD
COLLECTION CARRYOUT WITH THE SCHEDULED
GARBAGE TRUCKS ROVING TO DIFFERENT
HOUSEHOLDS IN DIFFERENT BARANGAYS IN CEBU
CITY.
POLICY IMPLEMENTATION OF THE
REPUBLIC ACT (RA) 9003
IN THE PHILIPPINES: A CASE STUDY OF
CEBU CITY
2. MATERIAL AND METHOD

2.2 METHODOLOGY
- SINCE THE ENACTMENT OF RA 9003, CEBU
CITY GOVERNMENT HAS TAKEN SEVERAL
INNOVATIVE EFFORTS TO IMPLEMENT AN
INTEGRATED SWM SYSTEM HARNESSING
VARIOUS INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS TO
ENHANCE THE 1ST IWWG-ARB SYMPOSIUM,
18-21 MARCH 2013, HOKKAIDO UNIVERSITY,
JAPAN PARTICIPATION AND COOPERATION
AMONG DIFFERENT STAKEHOLDERS,
INCLUDING CITIZENS AND PRIVATE SECTOR.
POLICY IMPLEMENTATION OF THE
REPUBLIC ACT (RA) 9003
IN THE PHILIPPINES: A CASE STUDY OF
CEBU CITY

THESE INITIATIVES RANGE FROM POLICY

FORMULATION TO IMPLEMENT OF MODEL
PROJECTS AND INFORMATION, EDUCATION
CAMPAIGNS. ACCORDING TO THE MANDATE
OF RA 9003, IT ESTABLISHED THE SOLID
WASTE MANAGEMENT BOARD (SWMB) AND
FORMULATED A 10-YEAR SOLID WASTE
REDUCTION PLAN BASED ON 3R PRINCIPLES.
CEBU CITY BANNED THE OPEN DUMPING AND
ADOPTED A “NO SEGREGATION NO
COLLECTION POLICY.”
FIGURE 1. TOTAL WASTE COLLECTED
DURING 2005-2012
(PREMAKUMARA, 2012)
ROSENSWEIG ET. AL (2012) ARGUE THAT SUPPORTIVE
INSTITUTIONAL CONDITIONS OR ENABLING
ENVIRONMENT IS CRITICAL TO THE REALIZATION OF A
SUSTAINABLE SERVICE PROVISION IN THE
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. INSTITUTIONS REFER TO
CONVENTIONS, NORMS AND LEGAL RULES OF A
SOCIETY THAT PROVIDE EXPECTATIONS, STABILITY
AND MEANING ESSENTIAL FOR COORDINATION THAT
IN TURN REGULARIZE LIFE, SUPPORT VALUES AND
PROTECT AND PRODUCE INTERESTS (VATN 2005).
THE RELEVANT DATA WERE GATHERED FROM THE
AUTHOR’S PERSONAL EXPERIENCES INVOLVED IN
SOME OF THE PAST AND ON-GOING PROJECT
ACTIVITIES, REVIEW OF SECONDARY DATA GATHERED
FROM RELEVANT INSTITUTIONS AND PERSONAL
COMMUNICATION WITH KEY STAKEHOLDERS.
ASSESSMENT OF POLICY AND INSTITUTIONAL
ARRANGEMENTS CARRIED OUT REVIEWING THE CEBU
CITY’S ORDINANCES AND LEGISLATIONS CAME TO
EFFECT AFTER 2000.
POLICY IMPLEMENTATION OF THE
REPUBLIC ACT (RA) 9003
IN THE PHILIPPINES: A CASE STUDY OF
CEBU CITY

3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

LOCAL POLICIES AND INSTITUTIONAL

ARRANGEMENTS CEBU CITY
PROMULGATED SEVERAL PROACTIVE
LEGISLATIVE MEASURES TO STRENGTHEN
THE POLICY FRAMEWORK IN
IMPLEMENTING THE R.A. 9003.
POLICY IMPLEMENTATION OF THE
REPUBLIC ACT (RA) 9003
IN THE PHILIPPINES: A CASE STUDY OF
CEBU CITY

3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

LOCAL POLICIES AND INSTITUTIONAL

ARRANGEMENTS CEBU CITY
PROMULGATED SEVERAL PROACTIVE
LEGISLATIVE MEASURES TO STRENGTHEN
THE POLICY FRAMEWORK IN
IMPLEMENTING THE R.A. 9003.
POLICY IMPLEMENTATION OF THE
REPUBLIC ACT (RA) 9003
IN THE PHILIPPINES: A CASE STUDY OF
CEBU CITY
CEBU CITY ORDINANCE NO. 2017
UNDER THE CEBU CITY ORDINANCE NO. 2017,
OCTOBER 6, 2004, THE SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT BOARD (SWMB) WAS
ESTABLISHED UNDER THE LEADERSHIP OF THE
MAYOR AND INCLUDING MEMBERS FROM
WITHIN AND OUTSIDE THE CITY OFFICE. IT
GIVES THE LONG-TERM VISION FOR SWM IN
THE CITY. A 10-YEAR PLAN FOR SOLID WASTE
REDUCTION IN CEBU CITY WAS DRAFTED IN
2005 WITH THE TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE OF
FORT COLLINS, COLORADO, USA, UNDER THE
RESOURCE CITIES PROGRAM OF THE
INTERNATIONAL CITY/COUNTY MANAGEMENT
ASSOCIATION
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT PLAN (SWMP) WAS PREPARED BY
CONDUCTING CONSULTATIONS WITH THE VARIOUS
SECTORS OF THE COMMUNITY, AS WELL AS
INTEGRATES THE VARIOUS SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT PLANS AND STRATEGIES OF THE CITY’S
BARANGAYS. FOR THE EFFECTIVE PLANNING AND
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SWM PROGRAMS IN THEIR
RESPECTIVE BARANGAYS, THE BARANGAY SOLID
WASTE MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE (BSWMC) WAS
ESTABLISHED IN EACH BARANGAY. UNDER THE
KITAKYUSHU INITIATIVE NETWORK FOR CLEAN
ENVIRONMENT (2000/2010), WHICH WAS INITIATED
BY KITAKYUSHU CITY AND THE INSTITUTE FOR
GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGIES (IGES) WITH
THE ASSISTANCE OF THE UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC
AND SOCIAL COMMISSION FOR ASIA AND THE PACIFIC
(UNESCAP), CEBU CITY HAS SET A TARGET TO REDUCE
WASTE TO BE LANDFILLED BY 50% BY 2015.
CEBU CITY ORDINANCE
NO. 2031
- CEBU CITY ORDINANCE 2031, NOVEMBER 10 2004 PROMOTES SOLID WASTE
SEGREGATION AT SOURCE WITH PENALTIES FOR VIOLATIONS AND THE
CREATION OF THE SPECIAL FUND FOR INCENTIVES. SINCE APRIL 2011, THE CITY
HAS STRICTLY ENFORCED THE SEGREGATED WASTE COLLECTION. NO
SEGREGATION NO COLLECTION POLICY WAS ESTABLISHED AND STARTED TO
EDUCATE CITIZENS TO SEPARATE WASTE AT SOURCE INTO BIODEGRADABLE,
RECYCLABLE AND RESIDUAL. ACCORDING TO THE ARTICLE EIGHT OF THE
ORDNANCE 2031, BARANGAY OFFICIALS, DESIGNATED BARANGAY RESIDENTS,
ACADEMIC INSTITUTIONS, CIVIC GROUPS, COMMUNITY-BASED ORGANIZATIONS
(CBOS), NGOS AND REPRESENTATIVES FROM THE PRIVATE SECTOR CAN
DEPUTIZE BY THE MAYOR TO APPREHEND ANY PERSON OR ENTITY CAUGHT
VIOLATING ANY PROVISION HEREOF. FOR THIS PURPOSE, THE CESET WAS
ESTABLISHED. AS AN ENFORCEMENT TEAM OF THE CITY, THE CESET ISSUE
CITATION TICKETS TO ORDINANCE VIOLATORS.
CEBU CITY ORDINANCE
NO. 2031

- THIS AMOUNT HAS INCREASED UP TO 33,968 STARTING FROM THE BEGINNING

OF ITS IMPLEMENTATION TO MARCH 2008 GENERATING TO ABOUT 1.5 MILLION
PESO (0.3 MILLION US$). ANY PERSON WHO FOUND GUILTY OF VIOLATING
ORDINANCE 2031 SHALL BE PUNISHED BY A FINE (NOT LESS THAN
1,000 PESO (20 US$) BUT NOT MORE THAN 5,000 PESO (100 US$) OR BY
IMPRISONMENT (NOT LESS THANONE MONTH TO NOT MORE THAN SIX
MONTHS), OR BOTH FINE AND IMPRISONMENT AT THE DISCRETION OF THE
COURT (ROSENSWEIG ET.AL, 2012). IF THE VIOLATOR CANNOT PAY THE
COMPROMISE FEE, THE PERSON MUST RENDER COMMUNITY SERVICE OF ONE
DAY TO FIFTEEN DAYS AT ANY BARANGAY AS DETERMINED BY THE
MONITORING/ENFORCEMENT UNIT OF THE CEBU CITY SWMB.
CEBU CITY ORDINANCE
NO. 2031

- AS FIGURE 2 SHOWS, THE NUMBER OF CASES THE 1ST IWWG-ARB

SYMPOSIUM, 18-21 MARCH 2013, HOKKAIDO UNIVERSITY, JAPAN STARTING
FROM THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CESET ENFORCEMENT PROGRAM UP TO
THE END OF 2011 HAS BEEN GRADUALLY DECREASING WHICH WOULD MEAN
THAT PEOPLE ARE BECOMING CONSCIOUS AND AWARE REGARDING THE CITY
WASTE ENFORCEMENT PROGRAM. ABOUT 50% OF COLLECTED COMPROMISE
FEES FROM A BARANGAY SHALL PROCEED TO THE CITY TREASURY, WHILE 30%
SHALL GO TO THE SAME BARANGAY WHERE APPREHENSION HAS BEEN MADE
AND 20% OF COLLECTED COMPROMISE FROM A VIOLATOR SHALL GO TO THE
APPREHENDING PERSON. THE CITY GOVERNMENT AWARDS THE INCENTIVES TO
THE BARANGAYS AND THE APPREHENDING PERSONS ON A SEMI-MONTHLY
BASIS.
CEBU CITY ORDINANCE
NO. 2031
CEBU CITY HAS INTRODUCED SEVERAL INNOVATIVE PROGRAMS AND STARTEGIES
IN ORDER TO IMPROVE ITS SWM SYSTEM. THESE STRATEGIC PROGRAMS
INCLUDES INFORMATION AND EDUCATION CAMPAIGN (IEC), CASH FROM TRASH
PROJECT, COMPOSTING FROM ORGANIC WASTE, AND LOCAL AND INTERNATIONAL
PARTNERSHIP IN IMPLEMENTING SWM PROGRAMS. THE CEBU CITY GOVERNMENT,
ESPECIALLY THE OFFICE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL COMMITTEE HAS RECOGNIZED
THAT THE SUCCESS OF THE SWM PROGRAM LARGELY DEPENDED ON THE LEVEL
OF AWARENESS AMONG ITS CITIZENS AND CONSTITUENTS TO ENSURE THEIR
ACTIVE PARTICIPATION. THE ENVIRONMENTAL COMMITTEE CARRY OUT VARIOUS
INFORMATION AND EDUCATION CAMPAIGNS AIMING AT MAKING CITIZEN
UNDERSTAND AND THE NEED TO COMPLY WITH THE LAWS AND ORDINANCES AS
ITS MAIN OBJECTIVE BETWEEN CITY GOVERNMENT AND THE CITIZENS. THE CESET
AND BEOS MOTIVATE AND ENCOURAGE HOUSEHOLDS PARTICIPATION,
INFORMATION SHARING, AND IMPLEMENTATION OF NEW WASTE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM AND MONITORING AND EVALUATION USING COMMUNICATION CHANNELS,
SUCH AS MEETINGS, DISCUSSIONS, AND SEMINARS. THE IEC ACTIVITIES IN THE
BARANGAYS WERE COMPLEMENTED WITH RECYCLING PROGRAMS AT SCHOOLS,
WHICH ARE AIMED AT INCREASING THE LEVEL OF AWARENESS AND
PARTICIPATION AMONG STUDENTS.
HIGHLIGHTING THE ECONOMIC
VALUE OF THE WASTE, THE
OFFICE OF THE
ENVIRONMENTAL COMMITTEE IN
ASSISTANCE OF CESET AND
BEOS ORGANIZE THE WOMEN’S
ORGANIZATIONS TO CONDUCT A
“BUYING DAY” FOR THE
RECYCLABLES. THIS PROGRAM
CALLED CASH FROM TRASH
PROGRAM. A SELECTED DAY IN
A WEEK, MEMBERS GATHER
RECYCLABLES AND BROUGHT
THEM TO THE COLLECTION SITE
FOR SALE
EVERY BARANGAY WAS ASSIGNED WITH A BUYER OF RECYCLABLE MATERIALS,
WHICH WAS GIVEN WITH SEED MONEY BY THE CEBU CITY GOVERNMENT. THIS
PROGRAM WAS FIST PILOTED IN THE BARANGAY LUZ AND EVENTUALLY EXPANDS
TO OTHER BARANGAYS. THESE WOMEN ORGANIZATIONS ARE GRADUALLY
TURNED INTO COOPERATIVES AND ADDRESS OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL,
ECONOMIC, AND SOCIAL ISSUES FACED BY ITS MEMBERS WHILE PROVIDING
ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF INCOME TO THE FAMILY MEMBERS. THESE
ORGANIZATIONS HELP HOUSEWIVES TO BECOME THE EXPERTS OF HANDICRAFT
MAKERS AND PROVIDE THE INITIAL CAPITAL AS A GRANT TO IMPLEMENT THEIR
PROGRAMS. MEMBERS MAKE VARIOUS TYPES OF HANDICRAFTS, SUCH AS BAGS,
SLIPPERS AND WALLETS USING THE RECYCLABLE MATERIALS AND THEN SALE IN
THE MARKETS. THE TWO LARGER MALLS OF CEBU CITY, NAMELY SM CITY CEBU
AND THE AYALA MALL HAVE CREATED THEIR WASTE MARKET PROGRAMS
PARTNERED WITH THE LOCAL BARANGAYS UNDER THEIR CORPORATE SOCIAL
RESPONSIBILITY PROGRAM.
FINANCIAL AND INCENTIVES
THE CITY GOVERNMENT HAS INTRODUCED SEVERAL SUPPORTIVE
FINANCIAL MEASURES TO ENCOURAGE THE BARANGAY EFFORTS IN
ESTABLISHING RECYCLING AND COMPOSTING PROGRAMMES. THE
ANNUAL MUNICIPAL BUDGET, EQUAL TO 20,000 PESO (400 US$)
FOR EACH BARANGAY IS ALLOCATED BASED ON THE
DEMANDDRIVEN APPROACH. THIS BUDGET CAN BE USED FOR
COVERING THE CONSTRUCTION COSTS OF MRF AND COMPOSTING,
ACQUIRING NECESSARY EQUIPMENT AND COMMUNITY EDUCATION
PROGRAMMES. IN ADDITION, THE CITY GOVERNMENT THROUGH ITS
VOLUNTEERS IN THE BEO AND CESET CONDUCTED
LECTUREDEMONSTRATIONS ON COMPOSTING. AS OF 2012, ABOUT
58 BARANGAYS, COVERING 72% OF TOTAL BARANGAYS HAVE BEEN
CONDUCTING MRF AND COMPOSTING PROGRAMS. THE CITY
GOVERNMENT HAD APPROPRIATED BUDGET IN BUYING THE
PRODUCED COMPOST FERTILIZERS AT 5.00 PESO/KILO (0.1
US$/KILO) THAT WERE UTILIZED FOR THE PARKS AND
PLAYGROUNDS OF CEBU CITY. FURTHER, AN ANNUAL COMPETITION
AMONG THE BARANGAYS UNDER THE URBAN AND RURAL
CATEGORIES IS CONDUCTED TO AWARD THE BEST ENVIRONMENTAL
BARANGAY IN THE CITY.
COOPERATION WITH LOCAL AND
INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES
HAVE IMPLEMENTED INITIATIVES ON HAVING IN-HOUSE SOLID
WASTE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM THAT INCLUDES IECS AMONG ITS
STUDENTS. ST. THERESA COLLEGE IMPLEMENT A SCHOOL-WIDE
SWM PROGRAM PARTICULARLY IN INTEGRATING ENVIRONMENTAL
CONCERNS IN ITS CURRICULUM AND INSTRUCTION. IT HAS
ESTABLISHED A MODEL COMPOSTING FACILITY TO DEMONSTRATE
THE PRACTICAL PROCESS IN MAKING COMPOSTING A LOCAL NGO
CALLED LIHOK FILIPINA, A NETWORK OF FILIPINO WOMEN,
IMPLEMENTED INFORMATION CAMPAIGNS AND EDUCATION
PROGRAM IN CEBU CITY RELATED TO SWM PROGRAM AT THE
HOUSEHOLD LEVEL. THEY ORGANIZED HOUSEWIVES TO
PARTICIPATE IN A “CASH FROM TRASH” PROGRAM THAT PRODUCED
HOMEMADE CRAFTS THAT ARE SOLD IN THE MARKET
THE PRIVATE SHOPPING MALLS IN THE CITY ALSO INVOLVE IN SUPPORTING
THE CITIZEN INITIATIVES IN IMPLEMENTING RECYCLING PROGRAMS. AYALA
MALL HAS ORGANIZED THE CEBU BUSINESS PARK AND NEIGHBORING
BARANGAYS ALTRUISTIC ALLIANCE INC.
TWO CENTRAL WASTE TREATMENT FACILITIES WERE ESTABLISHED BY THE
PRIVATE VENTURES NEAR THE ISL TO TREAT THE PLASTIC AND ORGANIC
WASTE. A PLASTIC RECYCLING FACILITY MANAGED BY THE CEBU SOLID
WASTE MANAGEMENT INC. CAN TREAT ABOUT 100 TONS OF MUNICIPAL
WASTE PER DAY COLLECTED WITHIN THE CITY, WHILE THE COMPOSTING
PLANT BIO NUTRIENT WASTE MANAGEMENT INC. OPERATE A CENTRAL
COMPOSTING PLANT TO TREAT ABOUT 10-20 TONS PER DAY OF ORGANIC
WASTE COLLECTED FROM SHOPPING MALLS AND PUBLIC MARKETS IN THE
CITY. BOTH THESE PLANTS PROVIDES JOB OPPORTUNITIES FOR MORE THAN
150 PEOPLE
POLICY IMPLEMENTATION OF THE
REPUBLIC ACT (RA) 9003
IN THE PHILIPPINES: A CASE STUDY OF
CEBU CITY
4. CONCLUSION

RA 9003 SETS THE GUIDELINES ON

PROPER SWM AMONG LGUS IN THE
PHILIPPINES AND AIMS TO PROTECTTHE
PUBLIC HEALTH, ENSURES
ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY AND
ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY. IN THIS REGARDS,
THE EXPERIENCE OF CEBU CITY REVEALS
THAT THE ENORMOUS POTENTIAL IN
ACHIEVING THESE OBJECTIVES BY
ESTABLISHING SUPPORTIVE
INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK AT LOCAL
LEVEL.
POLICY IMPLEMENTATION OF THE
REPUBLIC ACT (RA) 9003
IN THE PHILIPPINES: A CASE STUDY OF
CEBU CITY
THE DATA REVEALS ABOUT 60% OF
BARANGAYS CURRENTLY INVOLVE IN WASTE
SEPARATION AT SOURCE AND 30% WASTE
REDUCTION TARGET WAS ACHIEVED BY 2012.
FURTHER, LESSONS LEARNED THAT THESE
PROGRAMS NOT ONLY CREATE ECONOMIC
OPPORTUNITIES WITHIN THE
NEIGHBOURHOODS, BUT ALSO FACILITATE
SPACES FOR COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT,
BUILDING PARTNERSHIPS AND SOCIAL
CAPITAL FOR ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT AT THE NEIGHBOURHOOD
LEVEL.
HOWEVER, THE EVIDENCE SUGGEST THAT THESE NATIONAL
POLICIES WILL ONLY BE EFFECTIVE IF THEY ARE ACCOMPANIED BY
STRONG POLITICAL COMMITMENT AT THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT
LEVEL IN ESTABLISHING SUPPORTIVE INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
AS WELL AS ENSURING POLITICAL WILL TO IMPLEMENT INNOVATIVE,
STRATEGIC PROGRAMS BY ALLOCATING FINANCIAL AND
ORGANIZATIONAL RESOURCES. FURTHER, COMMUNITY
PARTICIPATION IS NECESSARY TO IMPLEMENT SUCCESSFUL SWM
PROGRAM AND THAT CAN BE ACHIEVED WHEN IMPLEMENTED
PROGRAMS PROVIDE ECONOMIC INCENTIVES COUPLED WITH A
STRICT ENFORCEMENT SCHEME. IN ADDITION, ACTIVE
PARTICIPATION AND PARTNERSHIP AMONG DIFFERENT SECTORS OF
THE SOCIETY SUCH AS THE BUSINESSES, NON-GOVERNMENTAL
ORGANIZATIONS, AND BARANGAY COUNCILS MUST BE ESTABLISHED
TO ENSURE A SUSTAINABILITY OF THE PROGRAM. THE
INTERNATIONAL PARTNERS CAN PLAY A VITAL ROLE, ESPECIALLY AT
THE INITIAL STAGE BY PROVIDING TECHNICAL KNOW-HOW AND
CAPACITY BUILDING OPPORTUNITIES, FACILITATE RESEARCH AND
GOOD PRACTICES AND PROVIDE DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE TO
ADVANCE CITY WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM.
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HTTPS://WWW.MERRIAM-WEBSTER.COM/DICTIONARY/ENVIRONMENT
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ENVIRONMENT#:~:TEXT=THE%20PHILIPPINES'%20RICH%20BIODIVERSI
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HTTPS://EN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG/WIKI/ENVIRONMENTAL_ISSUES_IN_THE_P
HILIPPINES
HTTPS://WWW.CONSERVE-ENERGY-FUTURE.COM/SOURCES-EFFECTS-
METHODS-OF-SOLID-WASTE-MANAGEMENT.PHP
HTTPS://WWW.IGES.OR.JP/EN/PUB/POLICY-IMPLEMENTATION-
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HTTPS://AP.FFTC.ORG.TW/ARTICLE/588
HTTPS://WWW.BIOLOGYONLINE.COM/DICTIONARY/ENVIRONMENT
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