SCIENCE REVIEWER
rituals, culture
LESSON 1: INTELLECTUAL
REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED SOCIETY
“SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION”
Science as an Idea- It includes
ideas, theories, and all
available systematic
explanations and observations
Science as an Intellectual
Activity- it encompasses a
systematic and practical study
of the natural and physical
world.
Science as a body knowledge - It
is a subject or a discipline, a
field of study or body of
knowledge
Science as a personal and social
activity
This explains that science
is both knowledge and activities
done by humans.
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
-Was the period of enlightenment
when the developments in the
fields
-transformed the views of
society about nature.
-Was the golden age for people.
- Is very significant in the
development of human beings,
INFORMATION REVOLUTION
-started from the Sumerian
picioare, which is the earliest
writing system. Then comes the
invention of Gutenberg's
printing press 1455. There
emerged the use of typewriter
and telegraph
THE FOUR CRADLES OF EARLY
SCIENCE
1.) MESOAMERICAN
-rich in culture and
knowledge
-MAYA civilization- famous
civilization-2000 years
-“El Castillo pyramid at Chichen
Itza”
-Mayan knowledge-predicting
eclipse, astrological cycles in
planting and harvesting
-known for measuring time-
complicated calendar system-use
for planning activities,
-“Haab” 18 months of 20 days
each + 5 days at the end year
“Wayeb”
-Mayan Heiroglyphics-writing
system
-Mayan is the most
scientifically advanced
societies and skilled in
mathematics
-“Inca Civilization”-famous,
roads paved stones
2.) MIDDLE EAST
3.) ASIA
-home of ancient civilization
-Host of many cultural
“INDIA” huge peninsula
-manufacturing iron
-famous in medicine”AYURVEDA”-
traditional medicine 2500Bc
-spherical self-supporting earth
-“Siddhanta Shiroman” interest
in astronomy
-“Indus Valley Civilization”
standardized measurement of
length
-“Aryabhatiya” Introduced number
of trigonometric, mathematician
astronomers, “reflected
sunlight”
“CHINA”-traditional
med.”acupuncture”
-compass,papermaking,gunpower,
-Astronomy-heavenly bodies
“MIDDLE EAST”
-science experiment
-“Hasan Ibn al-Haytham” arab
mathematician,astronomers
4.) AFRICAN
-development of geometry
-center of alchemy
-stronomy,anatomy,pharmacology,
mathematics
THREE NOTABLE SCIENTIST
1. NICOLAUS COPERNICUS
-Renaissancemen
-influenced by a book entitled
"EPITOME" published in 1496 by
German author.
-1510 published the book De
Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium
(The Revolution of the heavenly
Spheres)
2. CHARLES DARWIN
-Is famous for his theory of
evolution.
- the Origin of Species(1859)
-The Descent of Man (1871
-The Descent of Man published in
February 1871.
3. SIGMUND FREUD
- famous figure in the field of
Psychology.
-contribution in the scientific
world
-Freud is not traditional
thinker.
Science, Technology and Nation-
Building
Science is customarily defined
as the systematic description or
explanation: of natural
phenomena The term "technology
comes from the Greek word
"techne” meaning art and craft,
and the word "logos” meaning
word and speech
STONE AGE
-first man of Asian mainland
first came over land in Batangas
and Palawan in the 48,000 BC and
settles in Sulu Davao,
Zamboanga, Samar, Negros,
Batangas, Laguna, Rizal Bulacan,
and Cagayan.
- 40,000 BC-made tools out of
stones and developed the skill
to polish and sawing stones
around
- 3,000 BC, they discovered
pottery and flourished for the
next 2,000 and was then imported
to Chinese Porcelain.
- they learned to produce
copper, bronze, iron, and gold
metal tools and ornaments
“IRON AGE”
-Lasted from 3rd Century B.C.to
11th Century A.D.
-Filipinos engaged in extraction
smelting and refining of iron
from ores
-learned to weave cotton, make
glass ornaments, and they
discovered how to cultivate rice
-Built boats for trading
overseas and Built warship
called "caracoa/karakoa" suited
for interisland trade raids
during Spanish chronicles.
“10TH CENTURY A.D.”
-Filipinos from Butuan
- regular trade relations
between the Philippines, China,
and Vietnam had been well
established from the 10th
century to the 15th century A.D.
“BEFORE THE SPANIARDS”
- engaged in activities and
practices related to science
forming primitive or first wave
technology.
- Enhancing knowledge in
medicinal herbs,
-alphabet, writing system, knew
how to count, weigh, and measure
-They had no calendar but
counted the years by the period
of the moon and from one harvest
to another
“SPANISH REGIME”
-“The Real Sociedad Economica de
los Amigos Del Pais de
Filipinas” founded by Governador
Jose Basco y Vargas in 1780-
agriculture and industry
-In 1789, Manila was opened to
Asian shipping, imports, and
exports
-Education viewed rebellion
among native Filipinos
- later part of 19th-Expanded
world trade
- steam tramways, waterworks,
newspaper, electric lights,
banking system
“LATER PART OF THE 16TH CENTURY”
-Development of
schools,hospitals
“17TH AND 18TH CENTURY”
-later part of the 17th century-
Pirates on the galleons
declining profits led to
19TH CENTURY -In 1863, the
colonial authorities issued a
royal degree to reform the
existing educational system
1871, medicine and pharmacy
courses were opened in UST,
after 15 years, they granted the
degree of Licenciado en Medicina
to 62 graduates
20TH CENTURY-Philippines was
raided by the Americans,
therefore, they rule the
development of science and
technology
-Bureau of Government
laboratories- July 1, 1901 and
later on replaced by the Bureau
of Science in 1905,
-the National Research Council
of the Philippines in December
8,1933
-Marcos declared the
Presidential Decree no. 49,
series of 1972-PAGASA and
National Academy of Science and
Technology in 1976.
Government Policies on Science
and Technology
GOAL: Prepare the whole country
and its people to meet the
demands of a technologically
driven world and capacitate the
people to live in a world driven
by science.
The NCRP clustered these
policies into four, namely:
#1 Social Sciences, Humanities,
Education, International
Policies and Governance
-Integrating ASEAN awareness in
basic education without adding
to the curriculum
-Emphasizing teaching in the
mother tongue
-Developing school
infrastructure and providing for
ICT broadband
-Local food security
#2 Physics,Eingeneering and
Industrial Research, Earth and
Space Sciences,and Mathematics
#3 Medical, Chemical, and
Pharmaceutica I Sciences
-Ensuring compliance of drug-
manufacturing firms with ASEAN-
harmonized standards by full
implementation of the Food and
Drug Administration
-Creating an education council
dedicated to standardization of
pharmaceutical services and care
-Empowering food and drug
agencies to conduct evidence
based research as pool of
information Allocating two
percent of the GDP to research
#4 Biology Science, Agriculture
and Forestry
Other existing programs
supported by the Philippine
government through the DOST.
Some of these projects are the
following:
Providing funds for basic
research and patents related to
science and technology. Overseas
Development Aid (ODA) from
different countries.
Providing scholarships for
undergraduate and graduate
studies of students in the field
of science and technology.
-Establishing more branches of
the Philippine Science High
School System.
Department of Science and
Technology (DOST)
Creating science and technology
parks to encourage academe and
industry partnerships.
scientists Balik Scientist
Program to encourage Filipino
abroad
establishment of the National
Science Complex and National
Engineering Complex within the
University of the Philippines
campus in Diliman,
The Philippine-American Academy
of Science and Engineering
(PAASE)
-Establishment of national
centers of excellence
-Manpower and institutional
development programs, such as
the Engineering and Science
Education Program (ESEP) to
produce more PhD graduates in
science and engineering
-Strengthen science education
K-12 BASIC EDUCATION PROGRAM The
current K to 12 education
program included Science,
Technology, Engineering, and
Mathematics (STEM)
-The Commission on Higher
Education launched its
Philippine-California Advanced
Research Institutes (PICARI)
Project to allow several higher
education institutions in the
Philippines and some US-based
laboratories,
“FAMOUS FILIPINOS IN THE FIELD
OF SCIENCE”
Dr. Ramon Calmnes Barba -for his
outstanding research on tissue
in Philippine Mangoes
Dr. Josefine Cacas Conse -for
his works on observing the
characteristics of Antartica by
using satellite Images
Dr. Jose Bejar Cruz Jr - known
intentionally in the field of
electrical engineering; was
elected as an officer of the
famous Institute of Electrical
and Electronic Engineering
Dr. Lourdes J. Cruz -notable for
her research on sea snail venom.
Dr. Fabian Millar Dayrit - for
his research on herbal medicine.
Dr. Rafael Dineros Guerrero III
-for his research on tilapia
culture
Dr. Enrique Mapua Ostrea Jr. -
for inventing the meconium drug
testing
Dr. Lilian F Patena -for doing
research on plant biotechnology
Dr. Mari-Jo P. Ruiz -for being
an outstanding educator and
graph theorist
Dr. Gregory L. Tangonan - for
his research in the field of
communications technology
“ANOTHER OUTSTANDING FILIPINO
SCIENTIST IN THE FIELD OF
SCIENCE ABROAD”
Caesar A. Saloma - an
intentionally renowned physic
William Padolina -chemistry and
president of National Academy of
Science and Technology (NAST)
Philippines
Edgardo Gomes -Famous scientist
in marine science
Angel Alcala -marine science
“The Concept of Science
Education”
-The Philippines is trying its
best to improve the state of
science education in the
country. The Concept of Science
Education Science education
focuses on teaching, learning,
and understanding science.
Teaching science involves
developing ways on how to
effectively teach science
Science Education in Basic &
Tertiary Education In tertiary
education
science education has to do with
giving the students a deeper
understanding and appreciation
of science ideas and scientific
works. This is done by adding
basic science courses to the
general curriculum. Also, at the
tertiary level, science
education serves as the training
ground
- one outstanding program for
science education supported by
the government of science
schools in various parts of the
country, there are also several
government programs implemented
by the department of education
and few private school for
science education.
Introduction Philippine Science
High School System (PSHSS) -this
government program for gifted
students in the Philippines
( Republic Act No. 3661) offer
free scholarship basis for
secondary course with special
emphasis it's student for a
science career
Special Science Elementary
School (SSES) Project
- special science elem school
Quezon City Regional Science
High School
-the school was established on
September 17, 1967. Originally,
it was named Quezon city science
high school.
-It is the first science high
school in the Philippines.
Central Visayan Institute
Foundation - it is the home and
pioneer of the prominent school-
based innovation knows as the
Dynamic Learning Program (DLP).
-The DLP is a synthesis of
classical and modern pedagogical
theories adapted to foster the
highest level of learning,
creativity, and productivity.
“INDIGENOUS SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES”
-Filipinos, especially during
the early times, tried to invest
tools that will help them in
everyday life. They also
developed alterative ideas in
explaining various phenomena and
in explaining the world around
them. This system is called
indigenous knowledge, which is
the foundation of indigenous
science.
INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE SYSTEM
Indigenous - it relates to the
earliest known inhabitants of a
place that was colonized by a
now-dominant group.
Indigenous knowledge is embedded
in the daily life experiences of
young children as they grow up.
They live and grow in a society
where the members of the
community prominently practice
indigenous knowledge. Their
parents and older folks served
as their first teachers and
their methods of teaching are
very effective in transmitting
cultural knowledge in their
minds.
INDIGENOUS PEOPLE, NEGRITO IN
LUZON IGOROT
Some examples of indigenous
knowledge
-predicting weather conditions
and seasons using knowledge in
observing animals' behavior and
celestial bodies;
-using herbal medicine;
-preserving foods
-building local irrigation
systems classifying different
types of soil for planting based
on cultural properties
-classifying plants and animals
into families and groups based
on cultural properties;
-keeping the custom of growing
plants and vegetables in the
yard.
INDIGENOUS SCIENCE Indigenous
Science (IS) refers to the
scientific knowledge of all
peoples who, as participants in
culture, are affected by the
worldview and interests of their
home communities and homelands.
INDIGENOUS BELIEFS become the
accepted term to Indigenous
Knowledge has include the
beliefs and understandings of
non-western people acquired
through long term association
with a place.
Indigenous Beliefs
Motating Attitudes, Cooperating
Attitudes, Refective Attitudes
Practical Attitudes
Science is the pursuit of
knowledge. Approaches to
gathering that knowledge are:
culturally relative. Indigenous
science incorporates traditional
scientific approaches are
commonly recognized as Western
knowledge and Indigenous
perspectives, while non-
Indigenous science. Together,
they contributed substantially
to modern science.
THE CONCEPT OF INDIGENOUS
SCIENCE
Indigenous Science Uses Science
Process Skills Guided by
Community Culture and Values
Composed of Traditional
Knowledge
CONCLUSION
Indigenous cultures have made
significant achievements in a
broad range of science
disciplines, then surely there
are different ways of arriving
at legitimate scientific
knowledge claims. Since
Indigenous generally
incorporates wisdom and holistic
values.
NICOMACHEAN ETHICS
-Aristotle's human flourishing
arises as a result of different
components such as phronesis,
friendship, wealth, and power
-All human activities aims at
some end that we consider Good.
The goods that we find desiring
needs to have it in the right by
living or doing well. External
goods (wealth, frame, honor)
Goods of the body (life, health,
good looks) Goods of the soul
(virtue, life-projects,
knowledge)
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND HUMAN
FLOURISHING
-Every discovery, innovation,
and success contribute to our
pool of knowledge. Finding
propose to trace evolution - one
of the most prevalent themes
Human flourishing is deeply
intertwined with goal setting
relevant the science and
technology.
- Science and technology is
relevant as a tool in achieving
human flourishing The goals of
both science and technology and
human flourishing are related,
that the good is essentially
related to the truth. Science
ventures it's claim on truth.
VERIFICATION THEORY
The earliest criterion that
distinguishes philosophy and
science. The idea proposes that
a discipline is science if it
can be confirmed or interpreted
in the event of an alterative
hypothesis being accepted.
VIENNA CIRCLE
group of scholars who believed
that Only those which can be
observed should be regarded as
meaningful Reject those which
cannot be directly accessed as
meaning less
KARL POPPER
-28 July 1902 in Vienna
was one of the most influential
philosophers of science of the
20th century.
-He made significant
contributions to debates
concerning general scientific
methodology and theory choice,
-His work is notable for its
wide influence both within the
philosophy of science, within
science itself, and within a
broader social context.
FALSIFICATION THEORY
PHILOSOPHERS PRESENTED AN
ALTERNATIVEDEMARCATION THAT
EXPLORES THE SOCIAL DIMENSIONOF
SCIENCE AND EFFECTIVELY,
TECHNOLOGY: 1.)PAUL THAGARD
2.)HELEN LONGINO 3.)IMRE LAKATOS
4.)DAVID BLOOR 5.)RICHARD RORTY
SCIENCES AND RESULTS -Scientific
experiments and scientific
studies have their own beginning
and ending.
SCIENTIFIC EXPERIMENT/STUDIES
WITH THEIR CORRESPONDING RESULTS
Isaac Newton Eyes Optic (The
nature of color and light)
Marie Curie's Work Matters
(Defining Radioactivity)
Eratosthenes Measures the World
(The first recorded measurement
of Earth's circumference)
William Harvey Takes the Pulse
of Nature (Discovery of Blood
Circulation)
Gregor Mendel Cultivates
Genetics (The fundamental rules
of genetic inheritance)
Science is not entirely
foolproof, such that it is
correct 100% of the time.
Weather reports and predicting
disasters are some of the
limitations of their scope. The
only thing people can do is to
be prepared and aware at all
times
Science is not the only
discipline which is able to
produce results. Aside from it
religion, luck and human
randomness such as divination
and superstition can still get
the same result as science.
SCIENCE AS EDUCATION There is no
such thing as singular
scientific method. There are
distinct portions in entrance
exams in the secondary and
tertiary levels that are
dedicated to science and
mathematics This preference is
also reflected on the amount of
STEM-offering schools
accommodating grades 11 and 12.
SCIENCE AS EDUCATION
true eudaimon recognizes that
flourishing requires one to
excel in vanous dimensions, such
as linguistic, kinetic, and
socio-civic. Thus, he
understands that he should not
focus on one aspect alone.