Parts and

Styles of
Research
John Rusty T. Pereña, LPT
Instructor
Manuscript
Parts and Styles of Research Manuscript

FORMAT
In writing scientific process and report is as important as the
whole paper itself. The format of a scientific paper provides a
guide for the reader to grasp the whole picture of the
scientific work; hence the correct format is a must.
Parts and Styles of Research Manuscript

Thesis IMRAD
Format Format
The Thesis Format
The thesis format of writing scientific paper is divided into
five chapters as follows:

Chapter 1- The Problem and Its background/Setting

Chapter 2- Review of Related Literature and Studies
Chapter 3- Research Methodology
Chapter 4- Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data
Chapter 5- Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations
 Chapter 1- The Problem and Its background/Setting
This chapter contains the following:
• paper’s introduction or sometimes called rationale;
•statement of the problem
•hypothesis or assumption as the case may be;
•conceptual/theoretical framework ;
•significance of the study,
•scope and delimitation; and
•definition of terms.
Chapter 2- Review of Related Literature and Studies

Commonly written and presented in topical

division style or thematic style where topics are
related to the problem and quoted from local and
international sources.
 Chapter 3- Research Methodology

Includes the discussions and descriptions

of the type of research, the kind of research
design, research locale, sample and sampling
techniques, data gathering methods and
procedures, research instruments and
validation, procedure of the study, ethics in
research and analysis of data.
Chapter 4- Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data

The data are the outcomes or results from

the research instruments used and other data
gathering techniques utilized.
Chapter 5- Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations

The findings are summarized as to each of

the specific problems in their proper order. If
possible, only the salient findings or their
highlights are presented. Conclusions are
inferences and deductions taken from the
findings. Recommendations must contain specific
suggestions for future action, if possible they
must be directed to a person, group or agencies
concerned.
The IMRaD Format

This format is technically shorter that

the usual conventional way of writing a
research manuscript since the chapter
titles were deleted and the related
literature becomes part of the
introduction.
? ?
The IMRaD Structure

Introduction Why did you start?

Methods What did you do?

?
Results What did you find?

? and

Discussion What does it all mean, and so what?

The IMRaD Format
In IMRaD Format, the Introduction states the
nature and extent of the problem studied, relates
the research to previous works which is usually
done by incorporating some brief reviews of the
literature clearly relevant to the problem at hand.
The introduction explains the objectives of the
investigation and defines any specialized terms or
abbreviations to be used.
The IMRaD Format
The Method of the IMRaD format describes
how the study was conducted. The materials
utilized and procedures applied in the conduct of
the study are written under this portion. The
method section particularly presents in a simple
and direct manner what has been done, how and
when the data were gathered, and how the data
were presented and analyzed.
The IMRaD Format
The Result and Discussion of the IMRaD is the
section which discusses the results of the study.
Presentation of results should be parallel to the
order of questions raised in the first section.
Discussion may follow immediately after the
presentation of the results. The final part of
IMRaD exposes the summary of findings,
conclusions and recommendations of the study.
 Assignment:
• Search about this two formats of writing research
manuscript namely thesis format and IMRAD format,
then you have to identify at least three (3) similarities
and three (3) differences between these two formats.