ll

Chapter 8
Computer Network
and
Network types

l XII p SE o d
 m ter Netw rk
A computer network is a set of nodes like computers and
etw rki g evice t t re c ecte t r g c mm ic ti r
t e r e c mm ic ti ri g
re rce r w re tw re m g t e er
Networks are used to:
cilit te c mm ic ti t r g em il vi e c ere ci g
i t t me gi g r y t er m e
• hare hardware devices like a printer or scanner
le ile ri g
re tw re r er ti g r gr m
re i rm ti
Disadvantages of computer network
ck r t e , ec rity i e, c t etw rk
 Evol tio of
etw rki g
ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency NETwork): In 1969, The US govt.
formed an agency named ARPANET to connect computers at various universities
and defense agencies. The main objective of ARPANET was to develop a network
that could continue to function efficiently.

Internet (INTERconnection NETwork): The Internet is a worldwide network of

computer networks. It is not owned by anybody. The internet has evolved from
ARPANET. The internet is a globally connected network system that utilizes
TCP/IP to transmit information. following services are instantly available through
internet : Email, Web-enabled audio/video conferencing services, Online movies
and gaming , Data transfer/file-sharing, Instant messaging , Internet forums ,
Social networking , Online shopping ,Financial services

Interspace: is a client/server software program that allows multiple users to

communicate online with real –time audio, video and text chat in dynamic 3D
environments.
 witc i g tec i es
witc i g ec i e : witc i g tec i e re e r
tr mitti g t cr etw rk i ere t w y e i g t
cr t e etw rk re:
i i i i
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 witc i g tec i es
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i i i i li i

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e er e i i
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il l i i i
il l i i l
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 t mm ic ti
termi ologies
o uni ation hann l ( ans ission dia): A c mm ic ti c el i eit er y ic l
tr mi i me i m c wire, r t l gic l c ecti ver m lti le e me i m
c r i c el i telec mm ic ti c m ter etw rki g
B wi t : e m t t t t c e tr erre r m e i t t t er In
digital systems, wi t i t e t ee i it er ec I l g y tem ,
wi t i me re i term t e i ere ce etwee t e ig e t re e cy ig l
c m e t t e l we t re e cy ig l c m e t B wi t i e re e i ,K ,
M G
t tr er r te: R i t e m t t i igit l rm t t i m ve r m e l ce t
t er i give time etw rk t r te re te me re i meg it milli it
r meg yte milli yte er ec
bps it er ec Bps yte er ec
Kbps kil it er ec KBps kil yte er ec
bps meg it er ec Bps meg yte er ec
bps gig it er ec Bps gig yte er ec
bps ter it er ec Bps ter yte er ec
 Tra smissio me ia

Professional installation Professional installation

i i
 r mi i me i

Wireless Networks – It uses high-frequency radio waves rather than wires to

communicate. Wireless allows for devices to be shared without networking cable
which increases mobility but decreases range.
Infrared Wave Transmission - Short Range Communication: Infrared waves can
travel from a few centimeters to several meters.(Approx. 5m ). Infrared uses
point to point communication, both transmitter and receiver should be placed
in line of sight of each other and there should not be any obstacle in between.
Cannot Penetrate Solid object. It is Inexpensive mode of Communication.
It is secure. At a time only two devices can communicate therefore
information passed to one device is not leaked to another device.
Radio Wave Transmission:- Long Range Communication : Radio waves can cover
distances ranging from a few meters (in walkie-talkies) up to covering an entire
city. Omnidirectional: Radio waves are propagated in all directions. Therefore
sending and receiving antennas do not have to be aligned. Penetrates Solid
Objects. Inexpensive mode of communication. Radio wave communication is
insecure communication.
 r mi i me i
Microwave radio, a form of radio transmission that use Ultra-high frequencies It is a point-
t i t tr mi i y tem A iti lly, e c te m t e wit i li e ig t
t e e t te
tellite mm ic ti It r vi e w rl wi e c ver ge i e e e t t l ti
e ity tellite mm ic ti y tem er telec mm ic ti tellite
P e , iti i g vig ti GP , r c ti g, i ter et, M ile, , etc

It support Very Long Range Communication with Line of Sight Propagation It Cannot
Pe etr te li ect It i ery e ive c mm ic ti m e
 Netw rk evice

i i
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ll i
evi e r er i , e re rre y
i ii i li i

i i ll i , li l
, ,
, li , i ,
 Netw rk evice
NI i i tt m g t er etw rki g evice m tly e etw rki g evice
This is also known as network adapter card, Ethernet Card and LAN card It allows our PC to
c mm ic te wit t er P

RJ 45 Regi tere J ck 45 i eig t wire c ect r t t i e t c ect

c m ter l c l re etw rk AN , e eci lly t er et
 Netw rk evice
UB UB i e t c ect m lti le c m ter i i gle AN etw rk e
w rkgr Ge er lly UB re v il le wit 4,8,12,24,48 rt
When a hub receives signal on its port, it repeats the signal and forwards that signal from
ll rt e ce t t e rt w ic t e ig l rrive I el w i gr m le tm t e try t
e ig l t rig tm t e , t ig l re i tri te t ll rt e
ere re tw ty e UB
Passive HUB:- It only forwards the signal on
ll rt wit t m li yi g t e ig l
Active UB: it rw r t e ig l wit
im r veme t i t e lity t ig l
y m li yi g it tw y c ee
iti l wer ly
B e rt ty e, t ere re tw ty e
UB:
t er et UB : All rt ve RJ 45
c ect r
m UB : ever l i ere t ty e
connectors such RJ-45, BNC, and AUI
v il le rt i c UB
 Netw rk evice
WI witc i l e t c ect m lti le c m ter t get er i AN
w rkgr , t like witc e re v il le wit 4,8,12,24,48,64 rt witc m ke
t eir witc i g eci i y i g lic ti eci ic i tegr te circ it e t
witc i g eci i c ility, witc e ig l t reci ie t ly t t’ w y witc e
re c lle i tellige t I el w i gr m le tm t e e i g ig l t rig tm t
node
 Netw rk evice

e Modem is short for Modulator Demodulator It’s an

electr ic evice e t cce t e I ter et t t m l te c rrier
w ve t e c e i rm ti t e tr mitte l
em l te i c mi g c rrier w ve t ec e t e i rm ti t ey
carry Modulation means digital to analog signal conversion and
its vice ver i k w em l ti
 Netw rk evice
Re e ter I etw rk ig l tr vel l g i t ce i tr mi i
media Repeater is etw rki g evice w ic rege er te t e
ig l rw r t e e ig l wit m re wer
 Netw rk evice
er i e rki g evi e i
i l il l
i l i i
i le i r er i re eive ke r

i i l
l i i
i i
r l ver r
 Netw rk evice
Wi i c r re m ll rt le c r t t ll w r
c m ter t c ect t t e i ter et t r g wirele etw rk Wi
i tr mi i i t r g t e r i w ve , t e e ig l re icke
y Wi i receiver c c m ter cell e e i e
wit Wi i c r e evice ee t e wit i t e r ge Wi i
etw rk t receive t e ig l r ce wirele i ter et
c ecti ce c ecti i e t li e etwee er
t e etw rk, t e er i r m te wit l gi cree w r
r e t li i g i ec re c ecti Wi i c r c e
e ter l r i ter l I Wi i c r i t i t lle i i e y r
c m ter, y m y rc e e ter l U B te tt c me t
c ect it t y r evice M y c m ter m ile
evice re w y e i e wit wirele etw rki g
c ility t re ire Wi i c r
 Com ter Network

tructure of a network- The geometrical arrangement of computer

re rce , etw rk evice l g wit c mm ic ti c el i
k w Netw rk tr ct re r Netw rk t l gy
l gy c e y ic l r l gic l
• Physical Topology-physical layout of nodes and cables in the network.
• Logical topology - the way information flows between different components.
y e P y ic l Netw rk l gie
B l gy
t r l gy
Ri g l gy
Me l gy
ree l gy
y ri l gy
 Com ter Network

B l gy
N e re c ecte nodte r g cnodemm c mm nodeic ti me i
like diagram given below
Communication media

node node node

Advantages of a Bus topology

• Easy to install
• Minimal Cable
Disadvantages of a Bus topology
• Difficult reconnection
• Difficult to find the problem
• Difficult to add new devices
• Break stops all transmission of data
 Com ter Network

t r l gy
e t r t l gy e e r te c le r e c
e w rk t ti e c le c ect t e e t ce tr l
evice ty ic lly UB
A v t ge t rt l gy node
node

e e e ive t me
y t i t ll, e y t c ig re
Hub/
I e li k il t e etw rk c till switch

cti node
node

i v t ge t rt l gy
veryt i g e e t e node
 Com ter Network

Ri g l gy
I ri g t l gy every c m ter i c ecte t t e e t
c m ter i t e ri g e c tr mit t e ig l, w t it
receives from the previous computer The messages flow around
t e ri g i e irecti
node
A v t ge Ri g t l gy node

• Easy to install
y t rec ig re
y t etect r lem node

i v t ge Ri g t l gy node

• Break means the whole system is dead

node
 Com ter Network

Mesh Topology
I me t l gy, e r te c le i e t c ect e c evice
t every t er evice t e etw rk, r vi i g tr ig t
c mm ic ti t
Advantages of a Mesh topology node
• Avoid traffic since each link can carry its own data and node

none are being shared

• If one link breaks, the rest of the network is still
functional
• Easy to detect a problem in the network by discovering node
node

which device is having problems and examining the link

that connects to it.
Disadvantages of a Mesh topology node

• A lot of cables are needed

• Too many cables means too much cost
• Too many cables means complex network
 Com ter Network

ree l gy
I w ic ce tr l r t e t e t level t e ier rc y i
c ecte t e r m re t er e t t re e level node l wer

in the hierarchy
A v t ge Me t l gy
It i c l le node
node
ier lt i e ti ic ti i l ti
Disadvantages of a Mesh topology node
M i te ce t e etw rk m y e i e node

w e t e etw rk gre t re
i t e ck e il , t e e tire etw rk i
crippled
 Com ter Network

y ri l gy
It uses a combination of any two or more topologies in such a
way t t t e re lti g etw rk e t e i it e t e
t r t l gie e g , , t r, ri g, etc
node

node
node

node node
 Com ter Network

y e etw rk
1 Per l Are Netw rk PAN c mm ic ti etwee tw
t ree m ile evice r P r er l r e
2 Local Area Network (LAN) – limited area (within building)
3 Metr lit Are Netw rk MAN wit i city
4 Wi e Are Netw rk WAN wit i m lti le city t te
c trie
 Com ter Network

1 Personal Area Network(PAN) –

re i t e r imity i ivi l ver re ew
meter r i et i g g i e me i U B c le r
g i e me i Bl et t , I r re w e , c tr lle ,
managed by a single person
m le : A etw rk evice c c m ter, P e,
MP3 MP4 Pl yer, mer etc r erri g g r m e cell
et t er i PAN tw e r erri g ile r m
a PC to an MP3 player is a PAN between the two
 Com ter Network

2 Local Area Network (LAN) –It i e t e m t c mm

e t e im le t ty e etw rk It i e ig e r m ll
y ic l re c ice, gr il i g A y
i ere t ty e of topologies can be used to design LAN like tar,
Ring, Bus, Tree etc
r cteri tic AN
riv te etw rk me ee reg l t ry c tr l
• Operate at relatively high speed
t er et, ke ri g etc ty e me i cce c tr l re e
ect c m ter i i gle il i g, l ck r c m
 Com ter Network

A v t ge AN Examples: A networked
Re rce ri g ice il i g, c l r
tw re A lic ti ri g me metime e
y e mm ic ti il i g c c t i ew
e tr li e t small LANs (Like some
t ec rity c l ve i e e e t
I ter et ri g AN i e c c m ter
i v t ge AN l
ig et t
Priv cy i l ti
t ec rity re t
AN M i te ce J
ver imite Are
 Com ter Network

3 Metropolitan Area Network(MAN):– pread within a city

ver re ew kil metre t ew re kil metre
r i et i g ll ty e ll g i e g i e me i
w e er te y g ver me t y r l rge
corporation
m le : A etw rk c l, r k , r G ver me t
ice etc wit i city A MAN i lly rme y
i terc ecti g m er AN i ivi l c m ter
 Com ter Network

4 Wi e Are Netw rk WAN WAN connects

computers across longer physical i t ce e I ter et i
t e m t ic e m le WAN, c ecti g ll c m ter
t get er r t e w rl Bec e WAN’ v t re c , it i
ty ic lly w e m i t i e y y i gle er r w er
r cteri tic WAN
ver l rge i t ce t te , c trie , c ti e t
mm ic ti me i m like tellite, lic tele e
etw rk etc. r ter re e e t li c ecti
m le : A etw rk A M , BANK , N ti l G ver me t
ice , I ter ti l rg i ti ' ice etc , re ver
c try, c ti e t, r c veri g m y c ti e t
 Com ter Network

Advantages of WAN
g i t ce i e c c ect t e e etw rk
re tw re re rce
Me ge c e e t very ickly t wi e r ge e
• Hardware devices can be shared
i v t ge WAN
Nee g irew ll t re trict t ri e cce
etti g etw rk c e e e ive, l w
complicated
M i t i i g etw rk i ll time
ec rity i m r i e w e m y i ere t e le ve
t e ility t e i rm ti