Cebu Institute of Technology - University Cebu City

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

MECC486 – P3

Module 4 Assignment

Name: Labajo, Kent M. Date: March 20, 2022

Course and year: BSME-4 Instructor: Engr. Rodulfo R. Navarro
Jr.

kw−hrs generated=2,088,000 kW−hrs

1. Annual MW.hr generation of a 127
MW power plant is 770, with a Hence,
maximum peak load of 95 MW. If the
annual average load is 99.66 MW,
find the annual load factor.
Solution: 2,088,000 kW −hrs
Plant Use Factor =
( 16 hrs ) ( 150,000 kW )
Annual Average Load
Annual Load Factor=
Annual Peak Load Plant Use Factor =0.87
Thus, 3. The plant utilization factor of a plant
is 80% and a capacity factor of 80%
99.66 MW and average load of 17,000 kW.
Annual Load Factor =
105 MW Determine the maximum demand of
Annual Load Factor =0.9491 this plant.

2. Data of a 150,000 KW power plant: Solution:

average load – 90,000 KW, operating Maximum Demand
hours – 19, determine the use factor. Utilization Factor=
Rated Capacity
Solution: Also,
kw−hrs generated ∈a period Ave . Load
Plant Use Factor = Capacity Factor=
( Actual no . of hours )(Rated Capacity) Rated Capacity
Where, Thus,
kw−hrs generated /day Rated Capacity=(Capacity Factor )( Ave . Load)
Average Load=
24 hrs/day
Rated Capacity=(0.75)(20,000 kW )
Thus,
Rated Capacity=15,000 kW
kw−hrs generated per day=Average Load 24
hrs
(
day Finally,)
kw−hrs generated=(87,000 kW )(24 hrs) Maximum Demand=(Utilization Factor)( Rated Capacit
 Maximum Demand=0.80(15,000 kW ) Also,

Maximum Demand=12,000 kW kw−hrs generated/ yr

Ave . Load=
8760 hrs / yr
4. Given load factor 0.87, installed
capacity 35,000 KW, reserve over 238,000,000 kw−hrs / yr
Ave . Load= =27168.94977 KW
peak 10,000 KW, hours our of service 8760 hrs / yr
per year 400. Find the capacity factor.
5. A Power station supplies the following Thus,
loads to the consumers Ave . Load 27168.94977 KW
Capacity Factor= =
Time in hours 0-6 6-10 10-12 Rated Capacity 50000 KW
12-16 16-20 20-22 22-24
Capacity Factor=0.5434
Load in MW 30 70 90
60 100 80 60
8. A 32 MW power station has the
What is the load factor of a standby
following annual factors: use – 45.2%,
equipment of 15 MW capacity if it
capacity – 48.2%, load – 58.5%. Find
takes up all loads above 3 MW?
the reserve load.
6. The peak load on a power plant is 25
Solution:
MW. The loads having maximum
demands of 30 MW, 20 MW, 10 MW Ave . Load
and 14 MW are connected to the
Load Factor=
Peak Load
power plant. The capacity of the
power plant is 80 MW, and the Also,
annual load factor is 0.78. Determine
Ave . Load
the average load on the power plant. Capacity Factor=
Rated Capacity
Solution:
Then,
Annual Average Load
Annual Load Factor= Ave . Load= (Capacity Factor )( Rated Capacity )
Annual Peak Load
Thus,
Thus,

Annual Average Load=( Annual Load Factor ) ( Annual Load )

PeakFactor=
( Capacity Factor )( Rated Capacity )
Load
Peak Load
Annual Average Load=0.78(25 MW )
Where,
Annual Average Load=19.5 MW
Rated Capacity=Peak Load+ Reserve Load
7. A 47,000 KW plant delivers an annual
Hence,
output of 238,000,000 KW.hr with a
peak load of 28,000 KW. What is the ( Capacity Factor )( Rated Capacity )
capacity factor? Load Factor=
Rated Capacity−Reserve Load
Solution:
(Capacity Factor )( Rate
Reserve Load=Rated Capacity−
Ave . Load Load Facto
Capacity Factor=
Rated Capacity
 0.462(28 MW ) weight of 200 kg? Assume bearing
Reserve Load=28 MW − capacity of soil as y KPa. Use e = 0.11
0.585
11. A steam turbine operating at 5 MPa,
Reserve Load=5.88772 MW 400°C (h = 3195.7 KJ/kg) has an
exhaust pressure of 100 KPa (h =
9. Determine the minimum base length
2475 KJ/kg). It is made of two-row,
and base width in mm of a concrete
velocity compounded stage at the
foundation for a 130 kW slow speed
vapor region of expansion with a
diesel-generating set applying the
blading efficiency of x %. For a y%
following design data and
rotational and leakage allowance, find
parameters: Over-all weight of the
the efficiency of this stage.
genset – 48,000 kg; Over-all
12. A large regenerative steam turbine
dimensions of the bedplate – 5m x
receives steam at 8.7 MPa, 510 °C (h =
2m; Efficiency of the generator –
3419.9 KJ/kg) and exhaust at 100 KPa
85%; Depth of the foundation – 3.5
(h = 2517 KJ/kg). The blades of the
m; Specific weight of the foundation
turbine are made of pressure
reqd. – 480 kg/bhp; Safe load bearing
compounded stages for both the
capacity of site – 20 tons/m2; Density
superheated and saturated stages. The
of concrete – 2.5 tons/m3; Top edges of
blading efficiency after the steam
foundation should not exceed 6 m
become saturated is x % and the
from the bedplate of the machines.
moisture effect of this stage is y %.
Solution: Find the efficiency of this stage.
Assume a rotation and leakage loss of
W F =Weight of the foundation per bhp x Rated capacity 3%.
13. A water-tube boiler with x m2 heating
(
W F = 480
kg
bhp)( 100 KW ) (
1 hp
0.746 kW )
=64343.16354 kg surface was found to evaporate y kg
of steam per hour at 1.8 MPa (h =
Also, 2797.1 KJ/kg). The feedwater is 66°C
(h = 276.3 KJ/kg). Determine the
WF rated boiler horsepower.
V F= 14. The percent rating of a x m2 water-
ρF
tube boiler is y% receiving steam at
Where, 70°C (h = 292.98 KJ/kg) and
evaporating it at 2 MPa, 350°C (h =
ρ F= 2.5
( tons
m
3 )( 1000 kg
1 ton ) =2500
kg
m
3
3137 KJ/kg). Find the developed
boiler horsepower.
15. A steam boiler was found to have a
Thus, factor of evaporation of 1.75
W F 64343.16354 kg producing x kg/hr of steam. If the fuel
3
V F= = =25.7373 m consumption of this boiler is at y
ρF kg
2500 3 kg/min, determine the equivalent
m specific evaporation.
16. The mass of fuel requirement of a
steam boiler is x kg/hr to produce y
10. What is the required base area of the kg of steam per hour at 2 MPa, 300°C
foundations to support an engine with (h = 3022.1 KJ/kg) from feedwater at
specified speed of 1200 rpm and
 75°C (h = 313.93 KJ/kg). Determine Thus,
the boiler economy.
17. A steam boiler requires x liters per qj 750 kW
mj= =
hour of fuel to produce y kg of steam
per hour at 2.3 MOAm 340°C (h =
c pj ∆ T
( 4.187
kJ
kg−K )
( 10° C )
3107.8 KJ/kg). Feedwater is at 50°C
(h = 209.33 KJ/kg) and fuel oil used is kg
m j =17.9126
at 20 API. Find the boiler efficiency. s
18. Determine the slope of the Willian’s
22. An engine working on ideal Diesel
line for a x KW straight-condensing
cycle with pressure of 100 KPa and
turbine operating at 6 MPa, 510 °C (h
temperature of 37°C at the beginning
= 3446 KJ/kg) and exhaust at 10 KPa
of compression process. The peak
(h = 2520 KJ/kg). No load steam
temperature of the cycle is not to
factor is 2.19 x 106 KJ/hr and
exceed x k and a compression ratio of
combined engine efficiency is y%.
y. Determine the cycle thermal
19. A 5000 KW steam plant has a full
efficiency.
load steam rate of x kg of steam per
23. A 39.37 cm x 55.88 cm x 327 rpm, 16
KW.hr. No load steam consumption
cylinder, 4-cycle stationary diesel
may be taken as 10% of the full load
engine is connected to a 3125 KVA
consumption. Calculate the hourly
(80% power factor) generator. It also
steam consumption at y% of the rated
drives a 15 KW exciter. Assume a
load.
generator, efficiency of 85%
20. The steam consumption of the two
determine the bmep at rated load.
units of a steam plant in kg/hr are:
24. Specification of a 4-cylinder, 4-cycle
Unit 1 (x KW) – 27,800 at 50% load
diesel engine are 10.16 cm x 15.24 cm
and 51,100 at full load; Unit 2(y KW)
x 900 rpm. Mechanical efficiency,
– 41,500 at 50% load and 75,000 at
85%. Find the KW output of a direct-
full load. Find the total mass of steam
connected generator of 90% efficiency
used in kg/hr if the power plant
when the indicated mep is 13 kg/cm2.
carries a system load of z KW divided
equally between the units. Solution:
21. The heat generated by fuel is 2500
KW. If the jacket water loss is 35 %. W I =Pmep L AN
Determine the mass of water
Where,
circulated in the engine if the
temperature rise is 7°C. N=ns x n c x n
Solution: 1
n s= ( For 4−cylinder engine )
q j=m j c pj ∆ T 2

Where, 1
N= ( 900rpm ) ( 4 )
2
q j=0.3 ( 2500 KW )=750 KW
N=1800 /min
Since not given,
Thus,
kJ
c pj =4.187 W I =Pmep L AN
kg−K
 ( )
W K 2000 kW
( )
kg f π
W I = 10 ( 15.24 cm ) 2
x 10.16 cm
2
eg= =
cm
2
4 W b 2125 kW

min ) (
( 1800 )( 1000 N )( 100 cm )( 60 s )
9.81 N 1 kN 1m 1 min e g =0.9412∨94.12 %
1 kg f

W I =36.3624 kW
26. Determine the brake power of an
Hence, engine having a brake thermal
efficiency of 85% and uses 25° API
Wb with fuel consumption of 210 kg/hr.
e m=
WI
Solution:
W b =e m x W I =0.82(36.3624 kW ) q h=41130+ 139.6 (° API )=41130+139.6(25)
W b =29.8172 kW
kJ
q h=44620
Finally, kg

WK Also,
eg =
Wb

W K =e g x W b =0.9(W b =29.8172 kW )
(
Ec =mf x q h= 200
kg
hr )( 3600
1 hr
s )( 44620 )
kJ
kg

W K =26.8355 kW Ec =2478.8889kW

25. A 3,000 KW diesel electric plant has a Then,

brake thermal efficiency of 95 %. If Wb
the heat generated by fuel is 9,000,000 e tb =
Ec
KJ/hr. What is the generator
efficiency? W b =e tb x E c =0.83(2478.8889 kW )
Solution: W b =2057.4778 kW
WK
eg = 27. A diesel cycle operates with a
Wb compression ratio of x and with a cut-
off occurring at 6% of the stroke. One
Also,
cu.ft. of air at 14 psia and y °F is used.
Wb Determine the cycle thermal
e tb = efficiency.
Ec
28. What ideal thermal efficiency is

( )( 3600 s)
kJ 1hr possible from a Diesel having a
Ec = 9,000,000 =2500 kW compression ratio of x air. Fuel ratio
hr
is 40:1 and the heating value of fuel is
Then, y KJ/kg? Initial temperature is 16°C
with Cp = 1.0467 KJ/kg.K.
W b =e tb x E c =0.85 ( 2500 kW )=2125 kW
Hence,
29. A 4-stroke, 8-cylinder diesel engine T 3=1200 K
with bore and stroke of 9 in. x 10 in.,
respectively and speed of 1000 rpm For process 1-2,
has a brake mean effective pressure of
( )
k −1
T 2 P2 k
115 psi. Determine the engine brake =
power. T 1 P1

( )
Solution: P2
k−1
k
1.4 −1
1.4
T 2=T 1 x =300 K ( 5 ) =475.1489 K
W b =Pbmep L AN P1

Where, For Process 3-4

( )
k−1
N=ns x n c x n T 4 P4 k
=
T 3 P3
1
n s= ( For 4−cylinder engine )
2
( )
k−1
P4
()
1.4−1
k 1
T 4=T 3 x =1200 K 1.4
=757.662 K
1 P3 5
N= ( 1000 rpm ) ( 8 )
2
Then,
N=4000/min
W net =W t−W c
Thus,
Where,
W b =Pbmep L AN
W t =ma C p 34 (t 3−t 4 )

(
W b = 100
¿ )
lb f
2
¿(
min )
4000
¿ W c =ma c p 12 (t 2 −t 1 )
Thus,
W b =449.819 hp
W net =ma C p 34 ( t 3−t 4 ) −m a c p 12 (t 2−t 1 )
30. A 8-cylinder diesel engine, 4-stroke

( )
cycle, 550 rpm, 400 mm x 600 mm is kcal 4.187 kJ k
directly coupled to a y KW AC Assume:C p 34 =C p 12=0.24 =1.005
kg−K 1 kcal kg−
generator 14,000 V, 3-phase, 60 cycles
and 93% efficiency. Calculate the W net 15,000 kW
brake horsepower of Diesel Engine. m a= =
C p [ ( t 3−t 4 )−( t 2−t 1 ) ]
31. A gas turbine working on a simple
ideal Brayton cycle has a temperature
(1.005 kg−kJ K ) [( 1200−757.6
of 300 K at the inlet of the compressor kg
and 1200 K at the inlet of the turbine. ma=55.8607
s
The cycle produces a net power of 20
MW with a pressure ratio of 10. 32. Consider an ideal Brayton cycle with
Determine the mass flow rate of air in a maximum and minimum
kg/s. temperatures of 1275 K and 320 K.
The pressure ratio of the cycle is 5,
Solution: determine the backwork ratio.
T 1=300 K Solution:
 T 1=320 K For process 1-2,

( )
k −1
T 3=1100 K T 2 P2 k
=
T 1 P1
T −T 1
BWR= 2

( )
T 3−T 4 P2 k−1
k
1.4 −1
1.4
T 2=T 1 x =530 K ( 5 ) =839.4244 K
Solving for T2, P1

( )
P2
k−1 1.4−1 For Process 3-4
k 1.4
T 2=T 1 =320 K ( 4) =475.5182 K

( )
P1 T 4 P4
k−1
k
=
T 3 P3
Solving for T4,

( )
k−1

( )
P4
()
1.4−1
P3 k−1
1
1.4 −1
k 1
T 4=T 3
k
=1100 K ( ) 1.4
=740.2451 K T 4=T 3 x =1230 K 1.4
=776.6036 K
P4 4 P3 5

Thus, Then,

T 2−T 1 W net =W t−W c

BWR=
T 3−T 4 Where,
475.5182−320 W t =ma C p 34 (t 3−t 4 )
BWR=
1100−740.2451
W c =ma c p 12 (t 2 −t 1 )
BWR=0.4323
Thus,

W net =ma C p 34 ( t 3−t 4 ) −m a c p 12 (t 2−t 1 )

33. A simple gas turbine has a
temperature of 300 K at the inlet of Also,
the compressor and 1200 K at the
inlet of the turbine. The cycle Qa=ma C p 23 ( t 3−t 2 )
produces a net power of 35 MW with
a pressure ratio of 7. Determine the Assume:C p 34 =C p 12=C p 23
mass flow rate of air in kg/s if both
the compressor and turbine have 85%
isentropic efficiency. W net ma C p 34 ( t 3−t 4 ) −m a c p 12 (t 2−t 1 ) ( t 3−t 4 )−(t 2 −
34. The pressure ratio of an air-standard e= = =
Qa ma C p 23 ( t 3−t 2 ) ( t 3−t 2 )
Brayton cycle is 8 with a minimum
and maximum temperatures of 530 R ( 1230−776.6036 )−( 839.4244−530)
and 1240 R, respectively. Determine e=
(1230−839.4244)
the cycle thermal efficiency.
e=0.3686∨36.86 %
Solution:
T 1=530 R
35. A Brayton cycle operating at 500 R
T 3=1230 R and x R minimum and maximum
temperatures is found to produce 3.2
 x 108 Btu/hr of work. For a pressure
ratio of y, determine the amount of
heat added.
36. What is the mass flow rate of a gas
turbine power plant operating at a
suction pressure of 101.325 KPa, 30°C
and a pressure ratio of x if 200,000
J/hr of heat is added to the cycle?
Temperature of the flue gas entering
the turbine is at y °C.
37. A simple gas turbine takes air at 100
KPa, 30 °C and is compressed to x
KPa. The gas leaves the combustor at
y °C. Find the net work. Use cpa =
0.24 and cpg = 0.27 kcal/kg.C.
38. A gas turbine producing x KW of
power is operating at an inlet
temperature of 1250°C. The pressure
ratio is 10 and the specific heat of the
flue gas is 1.215 KJ/kg-°C. For a mass
flow rate of y kg/sec, determine the
air-fuel ratio.
39. An ideal gas turbine power plant
takes in air at 30°C and 100 KPa. The
compression is up to 850 KPa and
produces x KJ/kg of work. The
compressor utilizes 255 KJ/kg of
work. If the plant has a regenerator
with an effectiveness of y, determine
the increase of its efficiency. Use cpa =
0.24 kcal/kg-K and fuel-air ratio of
0.025.
40. A gas turbine plant receives x
liters/min of air producing y KW of
power. Generator efficiency is 90%.
Fuel air ratio is 0.01 and heating
value of the fuel is at 45420 KJ/kg.
Determine the plant thermal
efficiency.