SPE 163297

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A New Strategy of Well Pattern Design and Adjustment to Enhance
Production of Oil Fields with Vertical Multiple Series of Reservoirs
Xu Anzhu,SPE;Mu Longxin,SPE;Zhao Lun, Fan ZIfei,SPE, RIPED, Petrochina; Yang Xuanyu, China University of
Petroleum; He Ling, Xue Xia,RIPED, Petrochina

Copyright 2012, Society of Petroleum Engineers

This paper was prepared for presentation at the SPE Kuwait International Petroleum Conference and Exhibition held in Kuwait City, Kuwait, 10–12 December 2012.

This paper was selected for presentation by an SPE program committee following review of information contained in an abstract submitted by the author(s). Contents of the paper have not been
reviewed by the Society of Petroleum Engineers and are subject to correction by the author(s). The material does not necessarily reflect any position of the Society of Petroleum Engineers, its
officers, or members. Electronic reproduction, distribution, or storage of any part of this paper without the written consent of the Society of Petroleum Engineers is prohibited. Permission to
reproduce in print is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words; illustrations may not be copied. The abstract must contain conspicuous acknowledgment of SPE copyright.

Abstract
The well patterns and pattern types of well placement issue in a productive formation is an important aspect of the effective
field development. The problem solution is impossible on the intuitive level due to the reservoir inhomogeneity. At present
the well pattern is accepted to be located basing on the famous criteria, specialist experience and hydrodynamical simulation
on a reservoir model. The designer should analyze many field development variants with different well spacing during
limited time interval. The adjustment of large-scale multiwell field-development projects is challenging because the number
of adjustment variables and the size of the search space can become excessive. This difficulty can be circumvented by
considering well patterns and then optimizing parameters associated with pattern type and geometry. In this paper, we
introduce a new framework for accomplishing this type of adjustment for vertical two or three reservoirs.The development of
vertical multiple reservoirs were usually by a separate well pattern for every reservoir, or through reservoir-by-reservoir from
bottom to top by only one well pattern. A separate well pattern for every reservoir requires drilling many more wells and
higher investment costs, while development through reservoir-by-reservoir from bottom to top by one well pattern made oil
recovery rate and development efficiency very low and uneconomic. Consideration on fully developing every reservoir well
efficiently, firstly, an inverted-nine well pattern was designed for every reservoir and the well space was L (L was defined as
an optimal well space for respective reservoir) and the distance between adjacent well patterns was L. Secondly, all wells
were drilled to the bottom of the lowest reservoir. Thirdly, when average water-cut of producers in every two well patterns
was greater than 80%, the two well patterns interchanged reservoirs. Finally, when all reservoir interchange was completed,
every reservoir was developed by the new equivalent infilled well pattern with well space of L. The adjustment strategy made
the required number of drilling wells in the whole field can be reduced by 50% and achieved better development effect. This
strategy was put into practice on North Buzachi oil field in Kazakhstan and average oil rate of single well was increased by
20%, oil recovery rate has an increment by 12 percent, the recovery factor was increased by 6.7%, economic profit is 1.8
times that of one separate well pattern for every reservoir, the effect was perfect. This work analyzed the performance of this
new strategy of well pattern design and adjustment to effectively develop vertical multiple series of reservoirs and the
methods to determine the reasonable time of two well patterns interchanging reservoirs through simulation study and current
application effects.

Introduction
The conventional well pattern design has been particularly solved by using mathematical models. Even using of modern
simulation software the designer spends a lot of time on creation and analyzing of the different field development scenarios
by the various well configurations and its performance. The final oil and gas recovery depends on the designer work quality.
Thus, the efficient well placing problem is one of the strategic issues in the hydrocarbon field development. The optimal
solution will provide the maximum recovery volumes of the hydrocarbon recourses. By now, the numerous known
publications devote to the effective well spacing problem the reservoir1 . All the well pattern description from known
publications was applicable to vertical one reservoir or vertical multiple reservoirs commingled development2,3.

Vertical multiple reservoirs have different depths, oil-water contacts, temperatures and pressures. Also, these reservoirs have
different reservoir qualities such as porosity and permeability. As a result, there is challenging in designing the well patterns
and pattern types to development vertical multiple reservoirs in high efficiency. Reservoir engineers have done a lot of
2 SPE 163297

researches and usually three well pattern types are accepted4,5,6,7. First, each reservoir had its separate well pattern, which is,
one well only producing the only one of vertical reservoirs; Second, all vertical reservoirs are sharing with only one well
pattern, which is, each well produced reservoir by reservoir from bottom to top. Third, all vertical reservoirs are deployed
only one well pattern, which is, commingled production of each well is from all vertical reservoirs. There have been many
advantages and disadvantages of these well patterns and pattern types developing vertical multiple reservoirs. The weakness
of the first way is that the number of wells need to drilled is the largest among the three ways and also is the drilling cost. The

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disadvantages of the second way is that vertical reservoirs cannot be produced at the same time and oil production rate is the
lowest and oil field development is in low efficiency8,9,10,11,12. The faults of the third way is that reservoir interference among
all vertical reservoir led to cross flow between intervals and reduce oil production because of great difference between
reservoirs. This study introduces a new strategy of well pattern design and adjustment to enhance production of vertical
multiple reservoirs at the same time avoiding reservoir interference which can increase water flooding sweep efficiency, slow
the speed of water-cut rising to improve the oil recovery rate without extra producers.

Characteristics of Vertical Multiple Series of reservoirs and well pattern deployment

Vertical multiple series of reservoirs are separated by several stable shale interlayers and each reservoir has its own water oil
contacts. Figure4 demonstrates there exist three different water oil contacts such as WOC1, WOC2, WOC3 in the Cretaceous
reservoir. But in the Jurassic reservoir there exists the uniform oil-water contacts WOC4.As is shown in Figure 1.The
thickness of the shale is between the Cretaceous reservoir and the Jurassic reservoir reaches to 80 meters and the depth
difference between the two reservoirs reach to 130 meters. Therefore, temperature and pressure of the two reservoirs are also
different. On the basis of above difference analysis of vertical multiple reservoirs, each reservoir must be developed by a
separate well pattern. The location and distribution of the two separated well patterns is especially important because it is
related to the full advantage of every well and the method of well pattern adjustment. Reasonable arrangement of two well
patterns location, not only can reduce the number of deployed wells, but also make the well pattern filled and adjusted
perfectly to reduce development investment and improve oil recovery rate, increase economic benefits of oil field
development.
NB53
NB632 GR RT
NB664
GR RD GR LLD
270
NB52 NB683
GR RT GR RD
280 280 280

NB57 NB16
GR RT GR RT
290 290 290 290 290
Ne oA
NeoA
Neo A

Neo A
NB6124
GR ILD
300
NB6138
300 Ne oA
N eoB1 300 Ne oB1 300 Ne oB1
300 300 300
NeoA
N eoB1

NeoB 1 N eoA
Ne oB1 GR ILD
N eoB2
310 310 310 310 310 310 310
310 Ne oB2 N eoB2 Ne oA
Neo B1

WOC1
Ne oB2

NeoB 2
Ne oB2 Ne oA
N eoB3 Ne oB3
320 320
NeoB 1 320
320 320 320 320 N eoB3 320 320
Neo B2

WOC2
NeoB 3 N eoB1
Ne oB3
Ne oC1
Ne oB3
NeoB 2
330 N eoC1 330 330
330 330 330 330 330 330

Cretaceous
Neo B3
N eoC1 NeoB 3
Ne oC1
NeoC 1

Ne oC1
Ne oC2
340 340 340
340 340 340 340 340 340
N eoC2 N eoB3

Ne oC2 NeoC 1
Neo C1
NeoC 2 N eoC2
350

WOC3
350 350 350 350 350 350 Ne oC2 350 350
Ne oC3
N eoC1
N eoC3
Ne oC3

360
N eoC3
360 360
360 NeoC 3 360 360 360 360 360
Ne oC3 Neo C2 NeoC 2
Ne oD1
Ne oD1
N eoD1
N eoD1

370 370 370

370 370 370 370 370 370 Neo C3
N eoC2
NeoD 1 Ne oD1
Ne oD2 Ne oD2
N eoD2 N eoD2
NeoC 3

NeoD 2
380 Neo D1
380 380
380 380 380 380 380 Ne oD2 380
NeoD 1 N eoC3

Neo D2

390 390 390

390 390 Ne oD3 390 390 390 390 NeoD 2
N eoD1
Ne oD3
N eoD3 N eoD3

Shale
NeoD 3
N eoD2
400 400 400
400 400 400 400 400 Ne oD3
400

Neo D3

410 410 410

410 410 410 410 410 410 NeoD 3

J10 D

N eoD3

420 J10 D 420 420

420 420 420 420 420 420
J10D J10D

J1 0D
J1 0D

430 430 430

430 430 430 430 430 430 J 10D

J1 0D J20 C J1 0D

440 440 440

440 440 440 440 440 440

J20 C
J20C
J2 0C

450 450 450

450 450 450 450 450 450 J 20C
J2 0C
J20C

460 460 460

460 460 460 460 460 460

WOC4
J2 0C

J30 T
470
J30T
470 470
470 470 470 470 470 470

Jurassic
J30T J 30T

J2 0C

480 480 480

480 480 480 480 480 480

490 490 490

490 490 490 490 490 490

500 500 500

500 500 500 500 500 500

510 510 510

510 510 510 510 510 510

J3 0T

520 520 520

520 520 520 520 520 520

530 530 530

530 530 530 530 530

540 540 540

540 540 540

550 550
550 550

gas oil water

560 560

570

Fig.1 oil、water and gas distribution in vertical multiple series of reservoirs

SPE 163297 3

Design and Adjustment Strategy of Simultaneous Development Well Pattern of vertical

multiple reservoirs
Previous and most of the oil field development experience considered two pattern types such as inverted five-spot, inverted
nine-spot and the two pattern types transformation such as inverted nine-spot transformed to inverted five-spot for only single
reservoir, including well pattern infilling13,14,15,16.

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Figure 2 shows the process of conventional well pattern type infilling and pattern type transformation for a single reservoir,
considering different pattern types transformation and an infilled set of well spacing in a pattern water flooding project.
Figure 3 indicates the process of conventional well pattern type infilling and pattern type transformation for two vertical
reservoirs, considering same pattern types for each reservoir and the wells in the same location of the same well pattern for
different reservoirs have the same well site.

Basic producing wells
Infill wells
Injectors

a.Inverted nine-spot basic well pattern b. Inverted nine-spot infill well pattern c. Inverted five-spot infill well pattern
Fig.2 Conventional well pattern type infilling and pattern type transformation

Basic  producers of K
Basic  producers of J
Infill  producers of K
Infill  producers of J
Injector s of K
Injectors of J

a.Two inverted nine-spot basic well pattern b.Two inverted nine-spot infill well pattern c.Two inverted five-spot infill well pattern
Fig.3 Conventional well pattern type infilling and pattern type transformation for two vertical
According to scholar Shelkajef's Equation about the relationship between the recovery factor and well spacing density and
the principle of input-output principle, considering oil viscosity, average permeability, oil displacement efficiency, oil
recovery factor, drilling costs, surface project investment, loan interest rates, the factor of crude oil price fluctuation , the
reasonable well spacing density calculation equation was built :

NRT Be  B / S  M 1  i 
T /2

 TC AS 2
L  1000 1 / S
The results of calculation from above equation is the optimal well spacing. The letter L represent the optimal well spacing in
the following description.

Well Pattern Types Transformation and Infilling for Vertical Two Reservoirs. The two reservoir names from the bottom
to the top are J reservoir and K reservoir respectively. First, the primary well spacing is specified set of 2L and all wells are
drilled to the lowest layer of J reservoir (including all of the following infill wells). The center well of the pattern is injector
and others are producer. Therefore, inverted nine-spot basic well pattern with a specified set of well spacing of 2L is formed.
As is shown in Fig.4(a), Second, infill wells are drilled in the center of all two adjacent producers and the center wells of new
infill well pattern convert into injectors, thus, inverted nine-spot infill well pattern with a specified set of well spacing of
2 L is formed. As is shown in Fig.4(b). In the same way, another same well pattern deployed in the K reservoir. The two
well patterns have a specified spacing of L and one is used to develop J reservoir, the other is used to develop K reservoir. As
is shown from Fig.4(c).The producers in the two well patterns developed their respective reservoirs. When the water-cut of
both K and J reservoir reach above 80%, the producers and injectors produced J reservoir recompleted to K reservoir and the
producers and injectors produced K reservoir recompleted to J reservoir. As a result, the produced reservoirs are interchanged
by the two well pattern and so inverted nine-spot infill well pattern and a specified set of well spacing of L is equally formed
for the both reservoirs. Third, the two inverted nine-spot infill well patterns with the well spacing of 2 L are transformed to
4 SPE 163297

two inverted five-spot well pattern respectively. Again, When the water-cut of both K and J reservoir reach above 80%, the
producers and injectors produced J reservoir recompleted to K reservoir and the producers and injectors produced K reservoir
recompleted to J reservoir, As a result, the produced reservoirs are interchanged by the two well patterns and so inverted nine-
spot infill well pattern and a specified set of well spacing of L is equally formed for the both reservoirs. As is shown from
Fig.4(d). The target reservoirs interchange save 50% of new wells drilled and increase 100% of oil production rate avoiding
interference between the two reservoirs, overcoming the shortcomings of commingled production for the two reservoirs.

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2L
L 2L
2L 2L L L

2L
2L

L
a.Inverted nine-spot basic b.Inverted nine-spot infill c. Two inverted nine-spot d. Two inverted five-spot
well pattern with well well pattern with well infill well pattern with well infill well pattern with well
spacing of 2L spacing of 2 L spacing of 2 L spacing of L

Basic producers of J Injectors of J

Inf ill producers of J Injectors of K
Producers of K

Fig.4 Well pattern adjustment of two vertical serials of reservoirs

Well Pattern Types Transformation and Infilling for Vertical three Reservoirs. The three reservoir names from the
bottom to the top are J ,K , M respectively. First, the primary well spacing is specified set of 2 2 L and all wells are drilled to
the lowest layer of J reservoir (including all of the following infill wells). The center well of the pattern is injector and others
are producer. Therefore, inverted nine-spot basic well pattern with a specified set of well spacing of 2 2 L is formed. As is
shown in Fig.5(a), Second, infill wells are drilled in the center of all two adjacent producers and the center wells of new infill
well pattern convert into injectors, thus, inverted nine-spot infill well pattern with a specified set of well spacing of 2L is
formed. As is shown in Fig.5(b). In the same way, another same well pattern deployed in the K reservoir. The two well
patterns have a specified spacing of L and one is used to develop J reservoir, the other is used to develop K reservoir. As is
shown from Fig.5(c). Third, similarly, another same well pattern deployed in the M reservoir. The third well pattern has a
specified spacing of 2 L and one is used to develop J reservoir, the other is used to develop K reservoir, the third is used to
develop M reservoir. The producers in the three well patterns developed their respective reservoirs. When the water-cut of all
the three reservoirs K,J and M reach above 80%, the producers and injectors produced J reservoir recompleted to K reservoir
and the producers and injectors produced K reservoir recompleted to J reservoir. Again, K,M and J,M reservoirs interchange
through well recompletion to another reservoir when water-cut reach above 80%. As a result, the produced reservoirs are
interchanged by the three well patterns and so inverted nine-spot infill well pattern and a specified set of well spacing of L is
equally formed for the three reservoirs. As is shown from Fig.5(d). Third, the three inverted nine-spot infill well pattern with
the well spacing of 2 L are transformed to inverted five-spot well pattern respectively. Again, When the water-cut of all K, J
and M reservoir reach above 80%, the producers and injectors produced J reservoir recompleted to K reservoir and the
producers and injectors produced K reservoir recompleted to J reservoir. Again, K,M and J,M reservoirs interchange through
well recompletion to another reservoir when water-cut reach above 80%. As a result, the produced reservoirs are interchanged
by the two well pattern and so inverted nine-spot infill well pattern and a specified set of well spacing of L is equally formed
for the both reservoirs. As is shown from Fig.5(e).
SPE 163297 5

2 2L
2L
2 2L 2 2L 2L

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a.Inverted nine-spot basic b.Inverted nine-spot infill c. Two inverted nine-spot
well pattern with well well pattern with well infill well pattern with well
spacing of 2 2 L spacing of 2L spacing of 2L

2 2 2L 2 2L L
L L 2
L
2 2
2L 2L

(d)Two inverted nine- spot infill well patterns of (d)Two inverted five-spot infill well patterns of
well space 2L and one inverted 9 spot infill well well space 2 2 L and one inverted five-spot
pattern of well space 2 L infill well pattern of well space 2 L

Basic producers of J Injectors of K

Inf ill producers of J Producers of M
Producers of K Injectors of M
Injectors of J
Fig.5 Well pattern adjustment of three vertical serials of reservoirs

Numerical Simulation of New Well Pattern Design and Adjustment Process

A three dimensional simulation model was built using ECLIPSE and was tuned with experimental data from the well group.
The model consisted of a vertical matrix block divided into 19 grids in Z direction, 22 grids block in X direction, and 21 grids
block in Y direction. Total matrix block length was 30m with 2m of width and depth in X and Z directions. The well group
model is homogenous and the parameters are summarized in Table 1. The relative permeability curves are shown in Figure 6.
History matching of oil production from the basic well pattern was first conducted according to actual production of the well
group. Sensitivity of the results to input values of the well spacing and water injection rate, the oil recovery rate were studied
and also results such as cumulative oil production, amount of water produced were investigated. And also commingled
production of all vertical reservoirs by only one well pattern were investigated and compared with the results of oil
production of all well patterns( one pattern produced one reservoir) on the base of the same group well model. The group
wells went through in sequence all the three production stages such as in inverted-nine basic well pattern with well spacing of
250m ,in inverted-nine infill well pattern with well spacing of 176m, in inverted-five infill well pattern with well spacing of
176m,and in inverted-five infill well pattern with well spacing of 125m.As is shown in Figure 7. The water injection of
6 SPE 163297

single injector were different but injection-production ratio was kept in balance , what were chosen so as to resemble average
field injection conditions.
1 1

0.8 Kro 0.8

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0.6 Krw 0.6

Krw
Kro

0.4 0.4

0.2 0.2

0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Sw
Fig.6 Relative permeability of oil and water

Table1 Parameters for the well group model

Reservoir depth 280m
Initial reservoir pressure 2.82MPa
Net Pay 21m
Porosity 32.60%
Permeability 1875md
Oil saturation 71%
Dead oil viscosity 316-417cp

Jurassic(J) Jurassic(J) Jurassic(J)

a. Inverted 9 spot of 250m well space b. Inverted 9 spot of 176m well space c. Inverted 9 spot of 176m well space

Cretaceous(K) Cretaceous(K)

Jurassic(J)
Jurassic(J)

d. Two separate inverted 9 spot of 176m well space in K and J e. Two separate 5 spot of 125m well space in K and J
Fig. 7 Remant oil distribution after well pattern adjustment

Figure 8 shows oil rate of two vertical reservoirs developed separately by two inverted nine-spot infill well patterns with the
well spacing of 176m and by commingled production of one inverted nine-spot infill well pattern with the well spacing of
176m. Two separate inverted nine-spot infill well patterns results in significantly greater production. The mean initial daily
production increased from 1000 bbl/d by basic well pattern to 3000 bbl/d. After roughly 20 years of producing, Two separate
inverted nine-spot infill well patterns produced about 150% more oil than that of commingled production of one inverted
SPE 163297 7

nine-spot infill well pattern. The cumulative oil production is 29MMbbl greater than that of saturated steam due to extra oil
production associated with the two separate inverted nine-spot infill well patterns , which increased the recovery rate about
12% of heavy oil feild.

well pattern infilling

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target reservoirs interchange

commingled well work over

Fig.8 The comparision of oil production rate by commingled and seperate well pattern

Figure 9 plots the oil recovery factor of vertical two reservoirs development separately by two inverted nine-spot infill well
patterns with the well spacing of 176m and two well patterns interchange target reservoirs under the condition of water-
cut(WCT) at 50%,60%,70%,80%,90%. With water-cut increase , the final oil recovery factor is improved at the same
time.But this trend is not always before water-cut reaches 90%.When water-cut is higher than 80%, the final oil recovery
factor decreases with increase of the water-cut. As the water-cut increases ,the oil recovery fator reaches a peak, Over water-
cut does not aid recovery. There exists a reasonable water-cut that is 80%.

WCT90%
WCT80%

WCT 70%
WCT 60%
WCT 50%

Fig.9 Selection of optimum time for reservoir interchanging between two vertical reservoirs

The water injection of single injector were different but injection-production ratio was kept in balance during in the
simulation model , what were chosen so as to resemble average field injection conditions. Figure 10 summarized the oil
recovery factor and the recovery increment in the coursing of well patterns infilling and tranform from inverted nine-spot
basic well pattern with spacing of 250m to inverted-nine infill well pattern with well spacing of 176m and 125m.The final oil
recovery factor of inverted-nine basic well pattern with well spacing of 250m is 10.5%.The final oil recovery factor of
inverted-nine infill well pattern with well spacing of 176m is 14.7%. The final oil recovery factor of inverted-five infill well
pattern with well spacing of 176m is 15.8%.The final oil recovery factor of inverted-nine infill well pattern with well
spacing of 125m is 16.9%. The final oil recovery factor of inverted-five infill well pattern with well spacing of 125m is
19.2%.
8 SPE 163297

inverted five-spot with

spacing of 125m
inverted nine-spot with
spacing of 125m

inverted five-spot with

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spacing of 176m

inverted nine-spot with

spacing of 176m

inverted nine-spot with

spacing of 250m

Fig.10 oil recovery fator of differnent well patterns through adjustment

Conclusions and recommendations

Reasonable arrangement of two well patterns location, not only can reduce the number of deployed wells, but also make the
well pattern filled and adjusted perfectly to reduce development investment and improve oil recovery rate, also increase
economic benefits of oil field development. From the application in Noth Buzachi oil field, the target reservoirs interchange
method save 50% of new wells drilled and increase 100% of oil production rate avoiding interference between two vertical
reservoirs, overcoming the shortcomings of commingled production for the two reservoirs.
The major injection and production technologies developed for the oil in Noth Buzachi oil field are mature and advanced,
having solved the problems of well recompletion to target reservoirs. The supporting techniques such as water-cut dynamic
monitoring and separate layer water flood have solved many of the problems encountered during target reservoirs
interchanging, providing technical support for the commercialization of well pattern transformation.
Follow-up study of the tests, strengthening the collecting of monitoring data and timely adjusting the programs are necessary
for ensuring the success of well pattern infill and transformation.
It is recommended to track the expanded tests more closely to provide experience for commercialization and continue the
research of the supporting techniques to provide technical support for commercialization.

Nomenclature
4
N —oil original in place /10 t；

RT —recovery factor, friction;

P —oil price,$/t;
E D —oil displacement efficiency,friction;
B —well pattern index;
2
S —well spacing density,1/km ;
2
A —oil bearing area, km ;
4
M —single well drilling cost,10 $;
i —loan interest rates;
T —investment payback period, a;
3
C —operating cost，$/m
L —reasonable well spacing，m

References
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SPE 163297 9

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