EFFECT OF WATER INJECTION ON

RESERVOIR PERFORMANCE OF
MATURE FIELD
• PREPARED BY:
1. Palak Patel (19BPE161D
2. MIHIR MODI (19BPE156D)
3. SMIT KACHA (19BPE169D)
4. KRUNAL VASAVA (19BPE170D)
5. DHRUMIT SAVALIYA (19BPE171D)
6. TANU CHAUDHARY (19BPE130)

Submitted to:-
DR. RK VIJ
CLASSIFICATION OF VARIOUS PROCESS
 WATER FLOODING

 Water flooding is a form of oil recovery

wherein the energy required to move the
oil from reservoir rock into a producing
well is supplied from the surface by
means of water injection and the
induced pressure from the presence of
additional water.
 SOURCES OF WATER

(1) PRODUCED WATER FROM THE RESERVOIR THAT IS TO BE FLOODED;

(2) PRODUCED WATER FROM ANOTHER RESERVOIR (WITH SIMILAR PROPERTIES TO
THE ONE BEING FLOODED);
(3) AQUIFER OR SOURCE WELLS IN NON PRODUCING ZONES;
(4) SURFACE WATERS SUCH AS RIVERS, LAKES OR SEAWATER; AND
(5) WASTE WATERS.
 QUALITY OF WATER

 ADEQUATE VOLUME AND RATE

 LOW PLUGGING AND FOULING CHARACTERISTICS
 NON CORROSIVE
 COMPATIBLE WITH FORMATION ROCK
 COMPATIBLE WITH FORMATION FLUIDS
 NONSCALING
 STERILE
 NOT HARMFUL TO PERSONNEL OR THE ENVIRONMENT
 FACTORS AFFECTING WATER QUALITY

suspended solid
Clay swelling
plugging
corrosion
scale formation
microbial problem
oil content
BOD/COD
 COMPATIBILITY OF WATER

TWO TYPES OF WATER COMPATIBILITY EXIST.

THE FIRST TYPE CONCERNS COMPATIBILITY BETWEEN THE WATER THAT IS
INJECTED INTO THE RESERVOIR AND THE WATER THAT IS ALREADY PRESENT
WITHIN THE PORES OF THE FORMATION ROCK.
 THE SECOND TYPE OF COMPATIBILITY IS CONCERNED WITH POSSIBLE
DETRIMENTAL REACTIONS BETWEEN THE INJECTION WATER AND THE
RESERVOIR ROCK ITSELF.
 CANDIDATE WELL SELECTION FOR WATER
FLOODING DEPENDS ON
Reservoir geometry
Fluid properties
Reservoir depth
Lithology and rock properties
Fluid saturations
Reservoir uniformity & pay continuity
Primary reservoir driving mechanism
RECOVERY OF WATER FLOODING DEPENDS ON

THE OVERALL RECOVERY FACTOR (EFFICIENCY) RF OF ANY SECONDARY OR TERTIARY

OIL RECOVERY METHOD IS THE PRODUCT OF A COMBINATION OF THREE INDIVIDUAL
EFFICIENCY FACTORS AS GIVEN BY THE FOLLOWING GENERALIZED EXPRESSION.

RF = E D E V E A

 ED = DISPLACEMENT EFFICIENCY

 EA = AREAL SWEEP EFFICIENCY

 EV = VERTICAL SWEEP EFFICIENCY

 DISPLACEMENT EFFICIENCY

• Displacement efficiency is the fraction of movable oil that has been recovered from the swept
zone at any given time. mathematically, the displacement efficiency is expressed as:
 AREAL SWEEP EFFICIENCY

• The areal sweep efficiency (EA) is defined as the fraction of the total flood pattern that is contacted by
the displacing fluid. It increases steadily with injection from zero at the start of the flood until
breakthrough occurs, after which EA continues to increase at a slower rate.
• 1. Mobility ratio m
• 2. Flood pattern
• 3. Cumulative water injected winj
• 4. Pressure distribution between injectors and producers
• 5. Directional permeability
 VERTICAL SWEEP EFFICIENCY

• The vertical sweep efficiency EV is the fraction of the vertical section of the pay zone that is
contacted by injected fluids. The vertical sweep efficiency is primarily a function of
VERTICAL HETEROGENEITY
 DEGREE OF GRAVITY SEGREGATION
FLUID MOBILITIES
TOTAL VOLUME INJECTION
 STAGES OF WATER FLOOD

1. START—INTERFERENCE
2. INTERFERENCE—FILL-UP
3. FILL-UP—WATER
BREAKTHROUGH
4. WATER BREAKTHROUGH—
END OF THE PROJECT
 STAGE 1

The injection is initiated and a certain amount of water

injected, an area of high water saturation called the water bank
is formed around the injection well at the start of the flood.
This stage of the injection is characterized by a radial flow
system for both the displacing water and displaced oil.
The water bank grows radially and displaces the oil phase that
forms a region of high oil saturation that forms an oil bank
This radial flow continues until the oil banks, formed around
adjacent injectors, meet. the place where adjacent oil banks
meet is termed interference
 STAGE 2

This stage describes the period from interference until the

fill-up of the preexisting gas space
Fill-up is the start of the oil production response
The flow during this time is not strictly radial and is
generally complex to quantify mathematically
 STAGE 3

• The time to fill-up, as represented by point c and mark following four

events
1. No free gas remaining in the flood pattern
2. Arrival of the oil-bank front to the production well
3. Flood pattern response to the waterflooding
4. Oil flow rate QO equal to the water-injection rate IW
During this stage, the oil production rate is essentially equal to the
injection due to the fact that no free gas exists in the swept flood area.
with continuous water-injection
At breakthrough the water production rises rapidly.
 STAGE 4

After breakthrough, the water-oil ratio increases

rapidly with a noticeable decline in the oil flow rate
as shown in figure by point d
The swept area will continue to increase as
additional water is injected.