INDEX

Serial No. Topic Page No.

I DECLARATION

II ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

III CERTIFICATE

IV AIM OF THE PROJECT

V INTRODUCTION

VI THEORY

VII MATERIALS REQUIRED

VIII PROCEDURE

IX OBSERVATION

X CONCLUSION

XI PRECAUTIONS

XII BIBLIOGRAPHY

DECLARATION

I HEREBY DECLARE THAT THE PROJECT WORK ENTITLED "TO STUDY THE

SETTING OF MIXTURES OF CEMENT" SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF

CHEMISTRY, A.G.P.N CONVENT & EKALABYA RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL,CHAKDA,

PURULIA IS PREPARED BY ME.

SHIVAM GOSWAMI

CLASS XII SCIENCE

BOARD ROLL NO.-

 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this dissertation is a record of the Investigatory Project of

Chemistry done by Shivam Goswami of Class-XII Science Roll No- ………………

Reg. No- …………………. under the supervision of Dr. Nilesh Haldar & Mr.

Koushik Chandra, during the academic session of 2022-2023 as per the guidelines

issued by Central Board of Secondary Education for appearing in AISSCE 2023

................................... ………….………………………………
External Examiner’s Sign Internal Examiner’s Sign

………………………………………..
Principal’s Signature
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, I would like to thank God for helping me to complete

this project on time. Then I wish to express my deep gratitude and sincere

thanks to my Chemistry teachers, whose valuable guidance has been the

one that helped me to complete this project. Their suggestions and

instructions served as a major contribution towards the completion of the

project. I also wish to acknowledge my heart full thanks to our Director-

Principal Krishnendu Chatterjee Sir, my parents and friends who helped me

to complete the project in time.

SHIVAM GOSWAMI
 AIM OF THE PROJECT:

To study the setting of mixtures

of cement.
INTRODUCTION:

In the most general sense of the word, ‘Cement’ is

a binder, a substance that sets and hardens
independently and can bind other materials
together. The word ‘Cement’ traces back to the
Romans, who used the term ‘Opus Caementicium’
to describe masonry resembling modern concrete
that was made from crushed rock with burnt lime
as binder. The volcanic ash and a pulverized brick
additive that were added to burnt lime to obtain a
hydraulic binder were later referred as cementum,
cimentum, cament and cement. The most
important use of cement is the production of
mortar and concrete. The bonding of natural or
artificial aggregates to form strong building
materials that is durable in the face of normal
environment.
 EFFECT OF QUALITY OF SAND ON
SETTINGS OF CEMENT MORTAR:
Sand obtained from different sources has
different qualities. For example, Sea sand
obtained from sea contains unwanted salts
and retards setting of cement and is not
suitable for making mortar. On the other
hand, Pit sand is obtained from pits in the soil
and the River sand obtained from riverbed is
considered excellent for preparing mortar and
concrete.
CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDING USING
CEMENT:
Cement used in construction is characterised
as hydraulic or non-hydraulic. Hydraulic
cements (eg. Portland cement) harden
because of hydration chemical reactions that
occurs independently Of the mixture’s water
content; they can harden even underwater or
when constantly exposed to wet weather. The
chemical reaction that results when the
anhydrous cement powder is mixed with
water produces hydrates that are not
watersoluble. Non-hydraulic cements (e.g.
Lime and gypsum plaster) must be kept dry in
order to retain their strength.

PORTLAND CEMENT:

Cement is made by heating limestone

(calcium carbonate), with small quantities of
other materials (such as clay) to 1450°C in a
kiln, in a process known as calcination,
whereby a molecule of carbon dioxide is
liberated from the calcium carbonate to form
calcium oxide or quicklime, which is then
blended with the other materials that have
been included in the mix. The resulting hard
substance, called ‘clinker’, is then ground
with a small amount of gypsum into a powder
to make ‘Ordinary Portland Cement’, the
most commonly used type of cement (often
referred to as OPC).Portland cement is a basic
ingredient of concrete, mortar and non
speciality grout. The most common use for
 Portland cement is in the production of
concrete. Concrete is a composite material
consisting of aggregate (gravel and sand),
cement and water. Portland cement may be
grey or white.

EFFECT OF TIME ON SETTING OF CEMENT

MORTAR:
Time has an important role on strength of developed
Cement mortar.When a cement paste in the ratio 1:3
in water is allowed to dry,the strength of solid mass
keeps on increasing with increase in time given for
setting.It acquires a nearly full strength in 28 days
 MATERIALS REQUIRED:
Beakers, glass rods, weight box, matchboxes,
Limestone, river sand, cement and fly ash.

PROCEDURE
 Prepare mixtures of various compositions as given in
Observation table.
 Take each of the given mixtures in different beaker sand
prepare their pastes by adding minimum amount of
water.
 Take three cases of empty match boxes and mark
them from 1 to 3.
 Fill the three cases with the paste of each composition.
 Spray water from time to time over the paste to keep it
moist.
 After three days, take out one slab of each
composition and test their strengths.
 OBSERVATION TABLE
Minimum weight required to break the
slab after
S no. Composition 3 7 30
of mixture days days days
Cement: river 18 20 30
1 sand
1:3
grams grams grams
Cement: river 16 18 26
2 sand: fly ash
2:9:1
grams grams grams
Cement: river 10 15 20
3 sand: lime
1:3:1
grams grams grams
 CONCLUSION:
The strength of the slab increases with the increase in
setting time allowed.

PRECAUTIONS:

1) Handle the glass wares carefully and with care.

2) Allow the slab to set in the time required.

3) Spray water only in required amount.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

1) WEBSITES USED:
www.google.com
www.wikipedia.com
www.chemedu.com

2) CBSE CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL CLASS 12

3) VOGEL'S QUALITATIVE INORGANIC

ANALYSIS (5TH EDITION)